tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74009055191054276852024-03-12T18:16:59.613-07:00「關懷.啟示.文化」──關啟文個人網頁以理性判斷.憑良心說話.敢於挑戰政治正確關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comBlogger253125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-59298155508097232162023-06-04T21:42:00.003-07:002023-06-04T22:28:19.447-07:00神存在與否的當代辯論── 克雷格(William Lane Craig) vs羅森伯格(Alex Rosenberg)<p> <b>神存在與否的當代辯論──
克雷格(William Lane Craig) vs羅森伯格(Alex Rosenberg)</b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>關啟文 </b></p><p>我在大學時期曾經以為神的存在在理性上是無法證明的,但後來研究宗教哲學卻發現當代的情況已有
很大改變:有神論者能在公共論壇最少與無神論者平分秋色,甚至有過之而無不及。最近看了一本書:
Miller, Corey & Paul Gould, eds. 2014. Is Faith in God Reasonable? Debates in Philosophy, Science,
& Rhetoric (London: Routledge). </p><p>它裡面就包含了兩位哲學家就著神的存在進行的辯論,正方是克雷格 (William Lane Craig) ,他是著
名護教學家,經常到不同大學與無神論者辯論,也很少落於下風。反方是羅森伯格(Alex Rosenberg),
他曾著書立說攻擊有神論(Rosenberg 2011)。這場辯論現場舉行時反應熱烈,聽眾人數高達4200人,
這書不單收集了當時的辯論稿,還邀請了多個學者作出評論。比較支持克雷格的有Robert Kaita、
Timothy McGrew和Martin J. Medhurst, 。比較支持羅森伯格的則有Theodore M. Drange、Clarke
Rountree、Michael Ruse和Victor J. Stenger。而Paul K. Moser雖然是有神論者,但他認為辯論並非解答
神存在與否這問題的最佳方法,而是應該透過個人的體驗。我認為這場辯論相當精采,也能讓大家明
白當代哲學有關神的存在的討論,所以在下面介紹一下。 </p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p><br /></p><p><b><u>克雷格的主要論據</u></b> </p><p>克雷格共提出了7個支持神的存在的論據(他的第8點提及的個人經歷並非作為論據提出),基本進路
是說上帝是解釋多個重要事實的最佳說明,這裡用的是常識與科學都會經常使用的「最佳說明推論」
(Inference to the Best Explanation, IBE) 。(參Craig & Rosenberg, 13-18) 要注意,克雷格用演繹論證的方式去陳構他的IBE,是為了容易明白,他並沒有說他的前提都是百分百確定,而只是要求接受他的
前提比否定它們更合理。 </p><p><u>宇宙論證</u> </p><p>1. 每個偶然存在的事物(contingent thing) 的存在都有一個解釋。 </p><p>2. 如果宇宙的存在有一個解釋,這解釋就是一位超越、人格化的存有(transcendent, personal being) 。
[祂且是必然存在的(necessary being)] </p><p>3. 宇宙是偶然存在的事物。 </p><p>4. 所以,宇宙的存在有一個解釋。 </p><p>5. 所以,宇宙的存在的解釋就是一位超越、人格化的存有。[這就是一般人理解的「上帝」。] </p><p>克雷格用一個思想實驗支持前提1:假設你在森林裡碰到一個球,很自然你會奇怪這球從哪裡來,假若朋友對你說:「不用想了,這球就是無緣無故地存在,就是這麼簡單!」你是不會接受這種說法的,這是因為縱然那時你不知道怎樣去解釋,你還是認為某種解釋是應該存在的──你已經假設了前提
1。為何前提2成立呢?當然,要最終解釋偶然存在的事物為何存在,你只能訴諸一非偶然存在的事物
──即必然存有(necessary being) 。假若你再訴諸另一偶然存在的事物,那解釋的要求只會無窮無盡。
另外,由必然存有到偶然存有,唯一合理的解釋是前者有自由意志去選擇創造與否,但擁有自由意志
意味著這必然存有是有位格的。(Craig & Rosenberg, 13)至於前提3,則縱使是無神論者也很少否認。 </p><p><u>宇宙起始論證</u> </p><p>1. 宇宙是有起始的。</p><p>2. 如果宇宙是有起始的,那宇宙就有一個超越的因(transcendent cause) 。</p><p>3. 所以,宇宙有一個超越的因。</p><p>這裡克雷格主要用的是現代科學家大都接受的大爆炸理論(Big Bang theory) ,他特別訴諸
Borde-Guth-Vilenkin theorem (BGV) ──它證明了在絕大部分宇宙模型裡,一個起點是避免不了的。
而其他嘗試繞過這理論的宇宙模型則困難重重。正如著名物理學家Vilenkin說:「我們擁有的所有證
據,都說宇宙是有起始的。」(Craig & Rosenberg, 13)</p><p><br /></p><p><u>「數學可應用於宇宙」論證 </u></p><p>1. 如果上帝不存在,那數學可應用於宇宙這事實就只是巧合。</p><p>2. 數學可應用於宇宙這事實並非巧合。 </p><p>3. 所以,上帝是存在的。 </p><p>現代物理學家發現,一些人所創作的高深數學理論,竟然可以應用到真實的宇宙上,作出解釋和和預
測。但數學裡的事物都是抽象事物,並不能與宇宙產生因果互動,那為何宇宙的具體行為會一絲不茍
地跟隨這些抽象理論呢?純屬偶然?可能性實在太低。有神論則可提供合理解釋:上帝在創做宇宙之
前,就是按照祂心中的數學架構去設計宇宙的定律,所以數學可應用於宇宙這事實並非巧合,而是順
理成章的了。(雖然克雷格沒有提到,但我認為可加另一點:因為人類是照上帝形象被造,所以我們
的理性與上帝設計於宇宙內的理性有相通之處,所以我們才有能力去透過科學研究揭破宇宙之謎。不
然,我們看不到那些高深數學理論,在進化的環境中有何生存作用!假若愛因斯坦生於原始森林中,
他可能是第一個被獵食猛獸所吞噬! )所以,科學之能夠存在,與有神論更吻合。</p><p><u>宇宙微調論證 (Fine-tuning Argument)</u> </p><p>1. 宇宙的微調的原因有三個可能:物理必然性;機遇;設計。 </p><p>2. 宇宙的微調的原因並非物理必然性或機遇。 </p><p>3. 所以,宇宙的微調的原因是設計。 </p><p>宇宙的微調是當代物理學的新發現,就是說自然定律的常數和宇宙的初始情況都好像精心設定好容讓
生命出現,所以縱使是非常輕微的改變,都會令生命不可能出現。然而,自然定律的常數和宇宙的初
始情況可能擁有的數值非常廣闊,為何剛好是那些可令生命出現的超窄範圍內的數值呢?若說是偶
然,或然率實在趨向零;而且這些數值也沒有物理必然性,也不能用更基本的自然定律去解釋,所以
前提2是對的。(若說要否定前提1,反對者從來沒有提出個更合理的第四種可能原因。)而且在廣闊
範圍中用理性找到需要的超窄範圍內的數值,正是有智慧的設計的特色(如黑客破解防火牆的密碼,
或鐘錶匠設計緊密配合的零件。)所以,智慧設計正是宇宙微調的最佳說明。</p><p>克雷格預計無神論者會用多重宇宙去作出另類解釋,但他指出,在多重宇宙中,一個隨機出現於空無
一物的宇宙中的大腦,其存在有更高或然率!那為何我們會觀察到一個如此精密且複雜的宇宙呢?這
事實與多重宇宙說並不吻合。(Craig & Rosenberg, 16)</p><p><u>意識論證</u> </p><p>1. 如果上帝不存在,那有意向性的意識狀態(intentional states of consciousness)不會存在。 </p><p>2. 但有意向性的意識狀態是存在的。 </p><p>3. 所以,上帝是存在的。 </p><p>意識的存在一直是無神論難以解釋的事實,這裡克雷格特別強調意識有意向性(intentionality) 的特
性,這指一些關於(about) 其他事物的思想等,例如我在構想著明年暑假的旅行,這旅行還未發生,
但的確是我的思想的內容(content) ,而我的思想是指向這還不存在的旅行。按照唯物論或自然主義
(naturalism) ,我的思想只不過是某種大腦狀態(因為並不存在獨立的靈魂或精神狀態),但說某大
腦狀態是「關於」另一種事物(存在或不存在),是甚麼意思呢?實在難以理解。再者,羅森伯格是
強硬的自然主義者,他清楚否定有意向性的意識狀態的存在(見Rosenberg 2011),但這似乎與我們
最直接的經驗違背!對比起來,有神論相信心靈和意識──上帝──是終極的存在,而祂創造有限的心靈也一點不出奇。(Craig & Rosenberg, 16)</p><p><u>道德論證</u> </p><p>1. 客觀的道德價值和責任是存在的。 </p><p>2. 但如果上帝不存在,客觀的道德價值和責任不會存在。 </p><p>3. 所以,上帝是存在的。 </p><p>有關前提2,克雷格援引羅森伯格自己的話作支持:「道德上對或錯這種事物…並不存在」(Rosenberg
2011, 145);「個體的人生是沒有意義的…並沒有終極的道德價值…我們要面對虛無主義這個事實。」
(Rosenberg 2011, 17, 95)</p><p><u>歷史論證</u> </p><p>克雷格首先提出三個可以透過歷史考查去確立的事實:</p><p> 事實一:在耶穌被釘死後的星期天,他的一群女跟隨者發現他的墳墓是空的。</p><p>事實二:在不同的場合,不同個體和人們的組別見到從死裡復生的耶穌。 </p><p>事實三:耶穌原來的門徒突然轉而相信耶穌的復活──雖然他們原來的傾向是不相信的。</p><p>克雷格認為有深入研究過新約歷史的新約學者和歷史學家,大多數都同意以上三個事實,然後他的論證如下:</p><p>1. 有三個可確立的事實是關於耶穌的(見上)。 </p><p>2. 「上帝使耶穌從死裡復生」的假設是解釋以上事實的最佳說明。 </p><p>3. 「上帝使耶穌從死裡復生」的假設意味著上帝是存在的。 </p><p>4. 所以,上帝是存在的。 </p><p>當然要支持前提1和2需要大量研究,克雷格在其他地方有不少著作提出論據。(Craig 1989; 1994) 辨
論中他主要提到著名新約學者N. T. Wright的書,Wright在他800頁的巨著中這樣說:有關空墳墓和耶
穌死後的顯現的事實是「幾乎可以肯定的」,就如我們肯定凱撒大帝(Caesar Augustus) 是在公元14
年死去,或耶路撒冷是在公元70年被攻陷。(Wright 2003, 710) [註1]</p><p><u>對自然主義的批評</u> </p><p>克雷格指出羅森伯格的無神論基本上源自他的自然主義,但他認為要區分知識論上的自然主義
(epistemological naturalism) ,和形而上的自然主義(metaphysical naturalism) ──這世界觀認為大自然
就是一切,並不存在大自然以外的事物 。他不同意知識論上的自然主義,因為它過於狹窄和自我推
翻,但無論如何,我們不能從知識論上的自然主義推論出形而上的自然主義。其實他所提出的論據是
符合知識論上的自然主義的,所以接受知識論上的自然主義者也應成為有神論者。(Craig & Rosenberg,
25) 至於形而上的自然主義則問題重重,基本上這種自然主義會導致很多荒謬和明顯不可信的後果,
所以更合理的做法是否定自然主義。(Craig & Rosenberg, 25-28)這論證的結構如下:</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>假若自然主義是真的,那就有這些後果(我們不能思考;沒有句子是有意義的;沒有句子是真的;
我們所有行動都不能說在道德上是可稱讚或怪責的;我們所有行動都不是自由的;我們的自我不
能持續存在;我們的自我根本不存在)。</li><li>但這些後果都明顯是錯的(如我們能思考;有些句子是有意義和真的;我們一些行動在道德上是
可稱讚或怪責的;我們一些行動是自由的;我們的自我存在、且能持續存在)</li><li>所以,自然主義不是真的。</li></ul><div><u><b>羅森伯格的主要論據</b></u> </div><div>羅森伯格主要提出了3個反對神的存在的論據,他認為信徒最好乾脆承認信仰並不是基於理由,而是純粹的信心。(Craig & Rosenberg, 38)</div><div><br /></div><div>無神論科學家論證
羅森伯格指出在美國的National Academy of Sciences的二千位頂尖科學家成員中,有95%是無神論
者,他們對科學的認識肯定不會比克雷格少,但他們仍然是無神論者,這就足以使我們質疑克雷格與
科學有關的論證。這也顯示科學與有神論是衝突的。(參Craig & Rosenberg, 20) 「科學不單不能為有
神論提供好的基礎,更是反對有神論的良好論證。」(Craig & Rosenberg, 38)</div><div><br /></div><div><u>苦難論證</u></div><div>如果全善全能的上帝存在,那所有苦難都應已被消滅。但當然世上有很多苦難,所以全善全能的上帝
並不存在。羅森伯格認為很多有神論的解釋都是令人憎厭的,特別因為他本人就是納粹黨大屠殺
(Holocaust) 的倖存者──除了他父母,他全家都被納粹黨殺死!他認為這論證在邏輯上是不能否認
的。(Craig & Rosenberg, 23-24)</div><div><br /></div><div><u>「毋需上帝」論證 </u></div><div>羅森伯格引用著名18世紀物理學家Laplace的故事,當法國皇帝Louis XIV [註2] 問Laplace上帝在他的理論中佔何位置時,Laplace這樣回答:「我並不需要上帝這假設。」羅森伯格強調上帝的假設(如同牙仙
或聖誕老人)完全無助於科學去解釋或預測事物,所以我們也不應相信上帝,就如我們不會相信牙仙
或聖誕老人的存在。(Craig & Rosenberg, 38) Drange也質疑克雷格為何沒有解釋為何「在科學中上帝
完全被忽略了」。(Drange, 95)</div><div><br /></div><div><b><u>批判地評估克雷格的論據</u></b></div><div>我們在下面會逐一檢視克雷格所提出的7個論據,看它們是否合理。</div><div><br /></div><div><u>宇宙論證</u> </div><div>羅森伯格認為克雷格假設了充足理由原則(Principle of Sufficient Reason, PSR) ,但他用放射性衰變的現象反駁這原則(Craig & Rosenberg, 20-21) 但克雷格指出羅森伯格自己承認宇宙是偶然存在的事物,「空無一物」是邏輯上可能的,那為何現在有東西存在,而並非空無一物呢?這裡「有神論者有
一個解釋,但無神論自己也承認並不能提供解釋。」(Craig & Rosenberg, 33) 他也指出量子力學並不
能推翻他的因果原則,因為它也承認先要有充滿能量的量子「真空」(這不能等同「虛無」),那些
量子效應才能發生。事實上,如McGrew指出,羅森伯格的所謂反例並不成立,因為放射性衰變是一
種事件(event) ,已不是一個事物的存在與否的問題──很明顯,放射性衰變這現象若要發生,必須
先有一些事物的存在。(McGrew, 99-101) 這例子斷言不能類比整個宇宙能如何從虛無產生(這點與下
面的論證也相關)。再者,羅森伯格對放射性衰變的解釋已假設了量子力學是徹底否定決定論的,但
事實上有些科學家(如David Bohm) 相信某種「隱藏變數」(hidden variables) 是存在的,所以最終量子
力學與決定論沒有矛盾,而且「這類解釋不能如此輕易地被排除」。(McGrew, 100) [註3]</div><div><br /></div><div>Drange則認為「為何現在有東西存在而並非空無一物」這問題是不可能解答的,因為任何答案都需要
訴諸某種存有,而我們可無窮無盡地追問其成因。若克雷格訴諸某種必須存有者,那為何數以百萬計
的人不相信神的存在呢?顯然對他們而言神的不存在最少不是不能想像(inconceivable) 的。相反,「絕
對虛無」才是不能想像(inconceivable) 的。(Drange, 86) Rountree則認為克雷格使用一個球的例子之所
以有點說服力,是因為球本來就是「一個被製造出來的物件」,所以我們感到去尋求其原因是順理成章,但把這類比宇宙是不成立的。(Rountree, 145) 他又認為若說上帝創造一切,又如何解釋上帝從何
而來呢?他認為克雷格輸了這場辯論,而且用很多篇幅批評基督徒思想封閉和非理性,但看來他對這
場理性辯論卻沒有很好的把握。[註4] 如克雷格指出他用的例子不必是一個球,「我們同樣可以去問,為
何一株樹或一塊石頭會存在於那裡…難道一塊石頭的存在就不需要解釋嗎?」(Craig 2014, 154) 至於
上帝從何而來的問題,克雷格的論證已說明上帝是形而上必然存在的存有(metaphysically necessary
being),這就是祂存在的解釋。由於必然存在的事物就是必須存在,祂與偶然存在的事物截然不同,
所以可以成為停止無窮無盡追問成因的終點,這也解答了Drange以上的質疑。當然,不同人的神的概
念並不全然相同,對那些數以百萬計不相信神的人,他們的神大多是一位人格神,而未必是那必須存
有者,我同意人格神的不存在是能想像(conceivable) 的。其實「絕對虛無」才是不能想像的說法,與必須存有者的存在並無矛盾!當然,Rountree可以反問:宇宙不也可以是形而上必然存在的存有嗎?
克雷格已預計到這個質疑,並回答:我沒有討論這可能性,「因為我知道羅森伯格並不這樣相信,事
實上,我想不到任何當代的無神論者是這樣相信的。」(Craig 2014, 154) </div><div><br /></div><div><u>宇宙起始論證</u></div><div> Victor Stenger對這論證提出強烈批評,他認為可以找到一個合理的自然主義理論去解釋宇宙的起源,
如Vilenkin提出的永恆暴脹說(eternal inflation) 等,所以根本不需要相信宇宙是有起始的。他且認為「永
恆暴脹說是建基於我們最佳的經驗知識。」他甚至認為「多重宇宙的存在是原則上可偵察到的。」
(Stenger 2014, 56) 例如因為不同的泡沫宇宙早期曾有碰撞,所以留下痕跡。Stenger也不承認克雷格所
援引的BGV理論能證明宇宙是有起始的,他說:建構這理論其中一人──Vilenkin──曾寫信給他:
這理論「證明了宇宙的膨脹必須有起點,但你若假設在這之前宇宙是在收縮,那就能繞過這理論。」
(Stenger 2014, 57) 他提到這樣去解釋的理論有Aguirre & Gratton (2003); Carroll & Chen,[註5] 他認為若克
雷格不能證明這些理論都是不可能的,那他的論證就會失敗。(Stenger 2014, 59) </div><div><br /></div><div>然而克雷格在回應時指出他們的辯論是去探討那種世界觀(有神論或無神論)<b><i>更為合理</i></b>,所以任何一
方都不用證明對手的立場<b><i>邏輯上不可能</i></b>──只要證明對手的立場不及自己的立場那麼合理就足夠
了!所以Stenger的要求似乎是過高了。按照一般科學理論的標準,一個好的理論應該是簡潔、清晰、
全面和符合數據。克雷格認為「沒有起點宇宙論模型就不符合這些標準」,雖然我們可使用很多臨時
的方法去作出補救,但這「只顯示這些模型不大合理。」(Craig 2014, 155) Stenger提到Vilenkin曾寫信
給他,但克雷格指出Stenger沒有引用完整的信,雖然Vilenkin有說過:「你若假設在這之前宇宙是在
收縮,那就能繞過這理論。」但之後他接著說(這Stenger卻省略了):「聽起來膨脹前有一段收縮期
也沒有甚麼問題,然而問題是:一個收縮中的宇宙是高度不穩定的,只要是輕微的波動就會導致各種
各樣且產生混亂的奇點(singularities) ,所以它根本永遠到達不了膨脹的階段。」(Craig 2014, 155) 簡
而言之,我們現有的證據都支持宇宙有起點,而並沒有證據支持宇宙沒有起點,所以前者更合理。(Craig,
156) McGrew也同意雖然在某些奇特的假設條件下,BGV理論或許不能應用到我們的宇宙上,但「按
照我們現在對宇宙論的理解,我們不應把賭注放在這『出路』上。」(McGrew, 100) </div><div><br /></div><div>另一個批評宇宙起始論證的是Theodore Drange,他認為縱使宇宙有起始,也不必需要一個超越的因,
因為它可以無緣無故地「爆」出來。(Drange, 84) 他也認為「超越的人格性存有」(transcendent personal
being) 是「不能理解的」(incomprehensible) ,因為思想和行動都需要時間。(Drange, 85) Michael Ruse
也同意這批評,他認為基督教神觀是自相矛盾的,它一方面認為上帝是人格神(personal God) ,但另
一方面又接受希臘哲學的觀念,認為神是超越時間、不能改變的。但「一個不能改變的上帝基本上甚
麼行動也不能做,而這種上帝不配得我們的敬拜,因為祂既不能創造世界,也不能為我們做甚麼──
無論是在現在或未來。」(Ruse 2014, 114)Drange又認為「科學告訴我們,所有心靈都是倚賴大腦的」,
所以超越宇宙的心靈不可能存在。此外,他又認為克雷格的論證假設了在時間本身出現之前就有一些
事物存在,但這說法是矛盾的。假若我們用「同步的因果作用」(simultaneous causation) 去解釋,這
概念卻是「難以把握」的。(Drange, 87) 我首先簡略回應這點,對我和很多科學哲學家而言,同步的
因果作用這概念不單不難把握,更似乎難以避免。設想有一個因C在T1發生了,但其果E卻在T1+N秒
的時間才發生──延後才出現,那在C與E之間的N秒空隙又如何解釋呢?為何是N而不是N+1或N+3
呢?</div><div><br /></div><div>Drange說科學告訴我們,所有心靈都是倚賴大腦的,這說法假設了唯物論──這很有爭議性(參下面
討論。就科學而言,可指向精神狀態和大腦狀態的相關性,若說精神狀態在邏輯上或本體上都離不開
大腦,則不是科學理論的內容,而是唯物論者的哲學詮釋而已。至於對「超越、人格化的存有」這概
念的質疑,克雷格其實對時間的哲學和上帝的概念下了不少苦功,已有不少著作,他說:「我可以很
有信心地說,我並不知道有任何論證可證明超越時間與人格兩種屬性是邏輯上不相容的。」(Craig 2014,
154) 他也指出,有神論者毋須說上帝是完全超越時間和空間,他只需要說上帝是「超越物理的時間
和空間」,上帝可以存在於形而上的時間裡,只是祂的時間與「各種物理學裡面量度時間的物理方式
都不同」。(Craig 2014, 154) 所以在創世之前上帝是超越時間的,但在創世之後祂卻進入了時間,「祂
現在於受造世界裡在因果上是活躍的,且在不同方面有改變。」(Craig 2014, 154) 他認為這種概念沒
有甚麼不融貫。 </div><div><br /></div><div>Drange有關神的概念的討論相當粗疏,例如他攻擊「無所不在」的概念,他認為克雷格是有自相矛盾,
因為神「既是超越時空,那就根本不能臨在於任何一處,更何況臨在於每一處。」(Drange, 93) 當然,
稍為認識當代宗教哲學的人都應該知道(如看看<i>Richard Swinburne’s The Coherence of Theism</i> [1993]),
神是一個靈,沒有一個身體,所以祂不能說臨在於某一處而不是另一處,但祂的能力郤是在哪一處都可以彰顯,這就是「無所不在」的主要涵義。Drange又說上帝的全能與祂的全知和全善有矛盾,因為
按照「全能」的概念,祂能令自己學習新知識,和祂能作惡。(Drange, 93) 當然,當代宗教哲學已對
「全能」作出更精準的定義或解釋,它不是籠統地說「上帝甚麼都能作」,而是說「所有邏輯上可能的事情都能作」,所以上帝的確不能劃一個「四方形的圓形」,但這無損祂的全能。若神本質上必然是全知和全善的話,那「祂學習新知識」或「祂作惡」都是邏輯上不可能的概念──不能作這些事同樣無損祂的全能。</div><div><br /></div><div><u>「數學可應用於宇宙」論證</u></div><div>羅森伯格認為克雷格沒有充分考慮到人們能想出來的數學理論是如此眾多,就算是非歐幾里德幾何學
也有無數種類。「只是剛好…有一種似乎能應用到這行星,而另一種則能應用到更大的空間」(Craig &
Rosenberg, 31) ,所以根本毋需訴諸上帝去解釋。但克雷格指出,這說法根本不能解釋「為何我們的
物理宇宙擁有如此難以置信地複雜的數學結構」(Craig & Rosenberg, 31) 。[註6]</div><div><br /></div><div>評論員中Robert Kaita是科學家,他則對以上論證持正面態度,他引述著各科學家Eugene Wigner(諾貝
爾物理學得獎者)的名言:「數學在自然科學中是不合理地有效!」(“The Unreasonable Effectiveness
of Mathematics in Natural Sciences”- 這也是他文章的標題(Wigner 1967)。) 他甚至描述這事實為一種「奇蹟」!我自己也有數理的背境,作過數學和物理學的高中老師,一直感到這論證很有趣和有力,
對此也作出不少討論。(參Kwan 2011, chapter 9)基本上羅森伯格的回答就是:數學理論有那麼多,
總有一種可應用於宇宙吧?這種「巧合」也不難解釋,他就舉出非歐幾里德幾何學為例子。然而Kaita
指出,「每種有別於歐幾里德幾何學的選擇本身仍然是一種幾何學,這些幾何學都是建基於一組公理
(axioms) ,再透過一系列的邏輯推理推導出一些理論。…縱使有無限多種類的非歐幾里德幾何學存
在,這仍然見證一個事實,就是它們都符合一種以數學方式承載的邏輯系統。所以,它[羅森伯格的
回答] 並不能回應Wigner所指出的奇蹟。」(Kaita, 49)
</div><div><br /></div><div>我相信Kaita的回應是有道理的(但他的解釋不算很清楚),問題關鍵不是哪種數學可應用於宇宙,
而是為何整體宇宙的運作(橫跨空間與時間)能用數學系統去描述呢?我們不能假定這「事實」必然
會發生,因為物質的運行可能基本是混亂一片,根本不依循任何系統,所以並不會符合任何數學架構。
此外,或許物質的運行有某時期是依循某種系統,但在另一時期則變成符合不同的系統,那也不會存
在能一致地描述宇宙在時間中發展的數學架構。所以羅森伯格似乎並不明白問題的關鍵,但他仍然不
知不覺中已假定了數學的威力。如Kaita指出,羅森伯格所倚重的「多重宇宙」概念,其實不是建基
於經驗,因為我們根本接觸不到其他宇宙。「我們關於它們[多重宇宙] 的存在的『知識』是來自物理
定律,特別是量子物理學」──我們假定了宇宙<b><i>必然要</i></b>符合量子力學的方程式,所以認定那些不可觀測的多重宇宙必定要存在!因此,這裡已假定了「數學<b><i>必定要</i></b>『有效力』,但為何如此呢?這問題仍
然沒有答案。」(Kaita, 50)</div><div><br /></div><div>Stenger也嘗試批評以上論證,他指出數學是人類為了理性解釋世界而創造出來的,而「大多數數學都
與科學無關,因為它不是用來處理觀察…所以很難說數學就是『大自然的語言』」。(Stenger 2014, 63) [註7]這裡就反映Stenger對現代科學的特徵的無知,克雷格當然沒有說過大多數數學理論都能應用到宇宙
上,其實問題正正是因為數學是人創造出來的抽象思維,我們不應預期這些理論能應用到具體的世界
上,所以環顧不同地方和時空的文明,很少會作出這樣的假設,就如中國人會用五行那類思想去解釋
世界的運行,但卻從來沒有強烈相信有一套數學公式會鉅細無遺地規管著自然界的運作。現代科學的
先驅卻有這種強烈信念,無論是伽里略、刻卜勒或牛頓所尋索的就是能應用到宇宙上的數學定律!他
們正是深信數學就是自然的語言!假若他們沒有這種信念,現代科學根本不會誕生。Stenger似乎對這
些都一無所知。然而我們也可以問,他們這種信念從何而來?從Whitehead (1925)開始以至後來很多
歷史學家都指出,他們深信數學就是自然的語言,正正是因為他們相信宇宙是那位有理性的上帝所創
造的──大自然就好比是上帝所寫的一本書,而上帝寫這書時所用的語言就是數學!(另參Hooykaas
1972; Jaki 1986)</div><div><br /></div><div>Drange反駁這論證時卻採取不同的策略,他認為無論我們的觀察如何,我們總可以找到或創造一套數
學語言去描述,所以「數學可應用於宇宙」根本不是巧合,而是必然。再者,縱使是上帝也不能改變
數學的必然真理,所以「把純粹數學應用到物理實在」這說法是沒有意義的!(Drange, 87) 我只能說:
Drange完全不明白克雷格的論證,因為問題關鍵在於宇宙是有可能缺乏數學架構的(如一片混亂),
所以不是說上帝去改變數學的理論,而是說上帝可以利用某種抽象的數學架構去創造宇宙,這樣,那
數學架構就蘊涵於具體的存在──我們的宇宙──裡面了。這樣也解答了為何「純粹數學可應用到物
理實在」的問題。至於「無論觀察如何總可找到數學語言去描述」這點也不是完全沒有道理,但還是
不能成功作出反駁。McGrew似乎有點同情Drange的說法,他也說因為有無數的數學函數的存在,他
也難以想像一個完全不能用數學描述的宇宙到底是怎麼樣的。但他認為這不足以反駁克雷格的論證,
因為現在「宇宙能用一些相對簡單的數學去描述,而這些數學又是我們這種存有能理解的」,這種情
況能發生的可能性其實不大,所以就這點而言仍是需要一個解釋。(McGrew, 102) 克雷格的回答則稍
為不同,他強調的問題是「為何我們的物理宇宙擁有如此難以置信地複雜的數學結構」(Craig &
Rosenberg, 31) ,例如愛因斯坦在能建構他的廣義相對論之前,「就先要去找一個數學家學習tensor calculus」這種高深數學(Craig, 156)。 [註8]</div><div><br /></div><div>其實我認為這兩種答案並不矛盾,甚至是互補的,我們可以考慮幾種可能性: </div><div>P1: 宇宙能用一些非常簡單的數學去描述,如算術中的加減乘除。 </div><div>P2: 宇宙能用一些較複雜的數學去描述,如非歐幾里德幾何學和微分方程等,這似乎是我們的宇
宙。 </div><div>P3: 宇宙基本上是混亂一片,雖然在這種情況下我們仍然能用一些非常複雜的數式去描述(例如
列舉每個時間點的數值),但說這種數式是一種定律則相當牽強,而且這種「數式」難以理解也
沒有預測能力──換言之科學就變得不可能。 </div><div><br /></div><div>有趣的是,我們的宇宙既非P1,也非P3,克雷格強調那點是相對P1而言,因為非歐幾里德幾何學和
微分方程或tensor calculus的確比算術複雜得多,而且從進化論的角度難以解釋為何人類能發展出能理
解和建構這類深奧數學的能力。試想像在原始森林中,某位天才數學家經常沉醉於思考非歐幾里德幾
何學和微分方程的奧妙之處,那他不單沒有生存優勢,反而可能生存不保!那問題就來了,為何我們
的宇宙容許擁有如此奇特的能力的人類演化出來呢?當然,人類這種能力的用處還須倚賴宇宙去配
合,若我們的宇宙是P3,那數學既不能應用,科學也不可能。McGrew所說的「相對簡單的數學」是
相對P3而言的,當然,為何剛好是P2,而不是P1或P3出現了呢?正正是這個問題,有神論能提供良
好解釋,9自然主義或無神論都不能。[註10]</div><div><br /></div><div><u>宇宙微調論證 (Fine-tuning Argument)</u></div><div><u><br /></u></div><div>羅森伯格認為這論證假設了只有以碳為基礎的生命才是可能的(carbon chauvinism) ,但很多其他生命
形式也是可能的,例如可以矽為基礎。他甚至直接說物理學已徹底否認任何形式的目的論
(teleology) 。[註11] 另外提出多重宇宙的可能性。(Craig & Rosenberg, 21)Drange也說:「或許生命比我們
所理解的更硬朗和適應力強很多」。(Drange, 88) 克雷格在回應時指出,他已對多重宇宙作出批評(為
何我們不只是一個大腦?)[註12] 他也指出微調的關鍵不關乎生命是以碳或矽作基礎,因為「若微調不存
在,連物質也不會存在!根本就不會有化學這回事,更遑論可以讓生命演化的星球和行星。」(Craig &
Rosenberg, 28)</div><div><br /></div><div>Stenger也對微調論證發動猛烈攻擊,他認為這是一種訴諸無知的論證,所提出的只是一種要不得的填
隙之神(god-of-the-gaps) :「我們如何能保證我們不能在未來找到一個科學的解釋呢?」(Stenger 2014,
62) 這類反駁其實過於粗疏,微調論證是建基於當代科學的最新發展,而不是科學知識的間隙,如何
能說是填隙之神呢?至於能否在未來為微調找到一個科學解釋,不少學者認為是不大可能(參下面
Collins的話),但無論如何,這個未來的解釋還不存在(我們也不知道會不會存在),當然不能用作反駁微調論證的證據。假若這種解釋將來出現了,我們那時再重新思考也不遲。再者,未來是不可知
的,有神論者同樣可反問Stenger:「你如何能保證我們未來的科學發展不會證明純用科學去解釋微調
是不可能的呢?」
</div><div><br /></div><div>Stenger甚至徹底否定宇宙微調的真實性。(參Stenger 2011)他也認為宇宙的微調並不那麼重要,因
為我們不能每次只考慮一個參數的改變,例如一個參數改變了而產生不良後果(如電磁力的增加會令
到原子核解體──因為同帶正電的質子會互相排擠),我們可以相應地改變另一個參數去作出補償(如
增強核作用力就會加強質子之間的吸引力),這不就解決了問題嗎?(Stenger 2014, 62-63)</div><div><br /></div><div>我看到這個批評時,實在感到啼笑皆非,Stenger使用很多科學術語,儼然有很豐富的科學知識,然而
他的思路實在混亂。13他以上所說的沒錯,但卻完全不能搖撼微調論證,因為問題是:按自然主義的
角度,宇宙並沒有一個目的,也沒有意識去按著那目的去不斷調整其參數。比較小心陳述微調現象的
學者當然知道以上事實,但他們會指出真正不能輕微改動的是電磁力與核作用力的比率,而不是單獨
考慮的電磁力或核作用力,而這比率的微調仍然難以否認。Stenger的確企圖徹底否定宇宙微調的真實
性,但他的論點已被天體物理學家Luke Barnes和哲學家Robin Collis(他是有關微調的專家),批評得
體無完膚。(參Barnes 2013; Collins 2013) 細節無法在這裡交待了,就我所知,Stenger的觀點在科學家
中絕對是少數,Collins在概覽各種證據後得出這樣的結論:「單單是以上微調的例子…已顯示微調的
問題不大可能被未來的物理學所解決…微調的例子數目相當多、涵蓋範圍廣,所以縱使就著個別證據
我們還不能完全確定,它們結合起來的證據強力地顯示我們的宇宙的確是一個極其奇妙地精細調較的
宇宙。」(Collins 2013, 44)</div><div><br /></div><div>Stenger為了打敗克雷格的論證,甚至採納科學反實在論(scientific anti-realism) 的進路,他認為數學定
論只是我們用的模型去描述觀察,沒有人能知道觀察背後大自然的內在真理,所以電力和磁力都是「虛
構的」!(Stenger 2014, 65) 他認為很多自然定律是因為我們先假設了大自然擁有各種對稱性
(symmetry) ,然後再用邏輯推論出來的。但這種解釋並不能支持反實在論(對稱性可能真正內蘊於大
自然裡!),而且奇妙的地方正是這樣:科學家很多思路都受到一些邏輯甚或美感考慮(aesthetic
considerations) 去塑造,但奇怪的是這些看似「主觀」的思路往往令我們發現一些自然定律,而且這
些定律又能預測一些新的事實──是這點令我們相信這些定律縱使並非絕對,但也不是純粹虛構的!
這點其實可鞏固克雷格那「數學可應用於宇宙」的論證。此外,Stenger還自打嘴巴,因為他不能真箇
堅持反實在論,他在很多地方(特別在攻擊有神論時﹚都假設了科學理論最少是接近真理的,例如他
提及的宇宙暴脹論(參上)。</div><div><br /></div><div>微調論證經常談到假若自然定律的常數有些微改變,生命的演化就不可能,但Drange質疑這種說法:
「但為何要相信這些常數的變化在物理上是可能的呢?單單因為人們能想像這些常數能擁有不同的
數值,並不表示這就是可能的。」(Drange, 88)14 當然,這種反駁是很牽強的,一般而言,若一個語
句可清楚地被理解(如「豬能飛上天」),而我們又看不到它有邏輯矛盾,那我們就有理由相信這語
句是邏輯上有可能真的。所以,「豬能飛上天」雖然現在是假的語句,我們都相信這<b><i>邏輯上</i></b>是可能的
(例如因著某超級突變)。同樣,我們實在看不到物理常數邏輯上不可能大一點或小一點,其實就算
無神論中,好像Drange質疑這點的也不多。</div><div><br /></div><div>Rountree則認為微調不是問題,因為假若生命處於一個敵意的環境中(如太陽過熱、水不能喝),那
當然生命是不能存在的,我們也不會存活下來去講這故事。(Rountree, 144) 言下之意,微調是理所當然和可以預期的──因為我們的確存活了下來。這種批評相當常見,有時被稱為「人擇原則」或觀察
者的選擇效應(Selection effect of observers)──這是說觀察者能夠觀察到的宇宙必然是一個能容許他
存在的宇宙,其他的宇宙縱使存在也不是我們可以觀察的。這樣看來,好像是我們的存在解釋了宇宙
的微調,但這其實是倒果為因的說法,科學家面對的難題是,在無數可能的宇宙之中,只有很少數適
合生命生存,若大爆炸的速率和自然定律的常數沒有智慧的安排,是隨機而來的,那剛巧能產生一個
適合生物生存的宇宙的機會微乎其微;但若有智慧的安排,這難題就迎刃而解了。我們能生存是果,
宇宙微調的「巧合」是因,如何能用果去解釋因呢?參考以下對話:</div><div><br /></div><div>問:「為甚麼我的父母會相遇、結婚並生下我來?」 </div><div>答:「這有甚麼出奇,假若他們不曾相遇,你今天也不會在這裡提出這問題了!」 </div><div><br /></div><div>我看這答案對解釋他父母的相遇沒甚麼幫助吧?McGrew雖然承認微調論證「直覺上相當有吸引力」,
但仍有一些問題要解決(McGrew, 104),特別是微調的或然率問題。(參McGrew, McGrew & Vestrup
2001; McGrew & McGrew 2005)我認為這問題是可以解決的(參關啟文2014),另參Timothy O’Connor
(2008) 。 </div><div><br /></div><div><u>意識論證</u></div><div>羅森伯格也承認:「一團物質(如我的腦袋)能本質上是關於(about) 另一團物質,這如何可能?這
是哲學中一個深刻的奧秘…這對科學(神經科學)而言是問題」,然而他認為「這問題與無神論或有
神論完全無關。」(Craig & Rosenberg, 30)克雷格則指出羅森伯格看不到問題所在:「在有神論世界觀
中上帝是終極的心靈,所以心靈很容易安置於這世界觀內,有限心靈的存在也一點不神秘。然而心靈卻沒那麼容易安置於無神論世界觀內。」(Craig & Rosenberg, 33)Ruse雖然是無神論者,他也承認「沒有人能解決意識的問題」,但他「看不到理由去論證意識是物質世界以外的東西」。他又說他有時傾
向二元論,但再想時又感到「不可能成為二元論者」,到最後他說自己是一個「新奧秘論者──相信
我們還未能解決[意識的]問題」,而且很有可能永遠不能解決這問題。」
15他也認為我們還未能解決
「生命起源的問題」,但他最少能想像這問題的答案大概是怎樣的,但有關意識起源的問題,他說:
「我甚至不能想像這問題的答案是怎樣的。」(Ruse 2014, 119) 但他認為他不明白上帝在這裡如何介
入,因為若上帝是不能改變的,那祂也不可能有意識。「正如我們不能解答Goldbach’s conjecture的難
題(這猜想說每個數字都是兩個質數之和),但我看不到上帝與這有甚麼關係。」(Ruse 2014, 120) 最
終Ruse承認有些問題(如為何有東西存在)是科學解答不了的,而基督教信仰「既不是合理的,也不是不合理的。」(Ruse 2014, 120) 我認為以上的類比並不恰當,Goldbach’s conjecture純粹是一個數學
難題,的確與有神論與無神論的爭辯沒有直接關係。然而心靈或意識的存在是我們經驗中最重要的事
實,而在比較兩種世界觀時,能對此事實作出更佳解釋者當然佔有優勢。若Ruse所說的是對的,那有
神論在這問題上就有優勝之處。[註16]</div><div><br /></div><div>Drange也明白,純粹用物理的方法去解釋有意向性的意識狀態可能「相當複雜」,但他不認為就完全
不可能。此外,他認為克雷格假設了只有兩種世界觀存在,但「很明顯還有很多類型世界觀。」(Drange,
89) 所以自然主義縱使失敗,不就代表有神論的勝利。然而McGrew不同意,他認為意識論證是「反
對自然主義的一個非常嚴肅和重要的論證」。(McGrew, 104) 從有神論角度看,「意識和意向性從最
基本層面而言已是實在的一部分,但對無神論而言則並非如此。雖然相信自然主義的心靈哲學家在過
往數十年不斷努力,但他們還不能提供一個合理的解釋,去說明意識和意向性如何能產生(若一開始
時它們並不存在)。」(McGrew. 104-105) 我非常同意這個判斷。[註17] 例如Rountree也訴諸進化論去解釋
意識的出現:「若有意向性的意識狀態帶來進化的優勢,那達爾文就為它們的存在提供了一個良好解
釋。…計劃去打獵…種植農作物都需要『有意向性的意識狀態』。」然而有趣的是,他仍然承認「透過生物進化所產生的意識的起源是神秘的。」(Rountree, 143) 但他堅信「意識所須的物理元素在未來
是會被理解的。」(Rountree, 144) 當然,這樣訴諸「未來的真理」是沒有說服力的(參上面討論﹜。
再者,進化論的解釋實在有點太濫了,只要能帶來生存優勢的東西都能輕鬆進化而來了嗎?那我若能
好像超人般刀槍不入,並且能從眼睛射出「死光」,當然會有很強生存優勢,那為何我們當中還未有
出現超人或X-men了呢?解識意識的難題主要不是意識有沒有用途的問題,而是難以想像,縱使大腦
結構如何複雜,為何就會突然產生出紅色、花香、冷熱等感覺(qualia) 呢?大腦又如何能產生思想,
和把握必然真的邏輯定律呢?大腦是由很多清晰分開的部分組成的,為何會產生一種統一的意識
(unity of consciousness)呢?這些問題Rountree完全沒有回答。再退一步,其實化約主義式的唯物論的
確會質疑意識有沒有用途,很簡單,按照這種思路,心靈在因果能力方面完全倚賴大腦或其他身體條
件,所以獨立的mental causation根本不可能。但能影響生存的是我們的具體行動,而這些行動是完全
受人的物質條件決定。所以,有沒有意識也不應會影響生存!</div><div><br /></div><div><u>道德論證</u> </div><div>羅森伯格主要用猶希佛兩難題去批評道德論證,我們可以問:「上帝之所以命令一件事,是因為它是
善的,抑或它是因為被上帝命令,所以才成為善的?」若有神論者採納前者的進路(即神聖的事物本
身就是神聖的),那似乎承認一種客觀的良善或道德標準,是獨立於神存在的。這不是傷害了神的終極權威和主權,和為神的行動構成一種外在的限制嗎?若採納後者的進路(是諸神的喜愛令事物成為
神聖的),則神的喜愛或旨意似乎呈現一種任意性(arbitrariness),但神的命令必然是善的嗎?假若神
命令我們單單為了「過一大把癮」去折磨他人又如何?難道這就使它正確了嗎?兩頭都好像不是出
路。另外,我們可以用進化論去解釋為何道德會出現,而且現在已存在很多不訴諸上帝的規範道德理
論,克雷格要反駁所有這些理論!(Craig & Rosenberg, 22) [註18] 這個要求當然是不必要的,道德論證的討
論屬於後設倫理(metaethics) 的層次,是討論道德事實(moral facts) 本身是否存在、本質為何等問題,有神論的解釋是其中一個答案。但義務論與功利主義等爭論屬於規範倫理(normative ethics) 的層次,是討論那一種標準能判別對錯。有神論倫理是與自然主義倫理或道德反實在論矛盾,但卻與不同規範
倫理的理論相容,所以不用去反駁它們。羅森伯格似乎又有誤解了!</div><div><br /></div><div>克雷格則指出有神論者已對猶希佛兩難題作出有力回覆,例如第三條路就是說:「上帝本身就等同善,
而祂的命令必然是祂的本性的表達,所以祂的命令並非任意性的,而善[的標準] 也並非外在於上帝。」
(Craig & Rosenberg, 29) McGrew也認為羅森伯格訴諸猶希佛兩難題去反駁道德論證,其實「是重大的
錯誤。神諭倫理的當代陳構方式已決定性地處理了猶希佛兩難題…所以,客觀道德價值的存在是支持
神的存在的一些證據。」(McGrew, 105) 我對這問題也有詳細分析,指出解答猶希佛兩難題的合理方
案其實不只一個(關啟文2022)。連Ruse也同意猶希佛兩難題是可以解答的,他就提出自然法的答案。
(Ruse 2014, 117)</div><div><br /></div><div>Drange 為了反駁克雷格,說很有可能「道德價值只不過是個體或組別對事物的主觀評價」,最少克雷
格沒有證立「客觀的道德價值是存在的」這前提。(Drange, 90) Rountree 同樣「否定客觀道德價值的
存在…可以肯定說,歷史中人們並沒有普遍地跟隨這些『客觀』價值,如羅馬人就毫不留手地屠殺很
多無辜人」(Rountree, 143)首先要指出,客觀價值的存在不代表所有人都會跟隨,而是說若不跟隨
(如羅馬人),就是不道德的(無論當事人或其他人怎樣想)。所以,Rountree 所提的問題根本不相干。克雷格的確在辯論中沒有用太多時間反駁道德反實在論,這主要因為大多數聽眾的問題不會是這個。
我自己認為從常識和實踐來看,實在難以否認客觀道德價值的存在,若無神論者為了反駁道德論證,
就要否定客觀道德,我相信實在代價太大。從我經驗看來,一些忠誠的自然主義者或許口頭上會這樣
說,但若聽其言、觀其行,沒有幾個能真誠地在實踐中否定客觀道德價值的。(參 Kwan 2011, chapter
13; 關啟文 2006) </div><div><br /></div><div>Ruse也同意我們可以用進化論或其他理論去解釋為何道德會出現(道德的存在有助整個社會生存),
所以「若克雷格認為自然主義者不能解釋道德,則他根本是錯的。」(Ruse 2014, 116)19 但其實這裡反
映了Ruse的誤解,或者他根本就是在轉移話題。克雷格要問的不是「為何道德會出現?」而是「為何
客觀的道德價值和責任會存在?」其實Ruse自己承認,面對強姦那類行為,「我們感覺到它真的是{道
德上}錯誤的──這是我們生物學[本性]的一部分…根本毋需假設有一些東西[如客觀道德價值] 是
『外在於我們而存在的』」。(Ruse 2014, 117) 他在其他地方明白地說,如果上帝不存在,單從進化
論等自然主義解釋而言,客觀道德價值不大可能存在。(Ruse 2003, 152-153) 簡而言之,若正確理解
克雷格的道德論證,Ruse的立場不單不能作出反駁,反而是對它提供支持!有趣的是,Ruse勸告基督
徒不要浪費精力去用理性支持基督教,而應多關心「道德議題…如教育和醫療衛生」(Ruse 2014,
120) ,但若道德只是進化過程加於我們的幻覺,那道德議題真的那麼重要嗎?Ruse在這裡又是否有
點前後不一致呢?[註20]</div><div><br /></div><div><u>歷史論證</u></div><div>羅森伯格認為以上論證是荒謬的,Joseph Smith不也說摩門經是上帝的啟示嗎?可蘭經也說穆罕墨德
升了天。若相信耶穌復活,不也應相信這些荒誕不經的說法嗎?還有聖母像流淚的「神蹟」等。他也
質疑目擊證人的可靠性,不少冤案就是建基於目擊證人的證供!(Craig & Rosenberg, 23) [註21] 克雷格回
應時則指出:我們根本不能把新約的可信性與Joseph Smith的宣稱(很有可能是謊言)或穆罕墨德的升
天(很有可能只是傳說)相比,因為新約是建基於目擊證人的證供,而這些證供並非謊言或合謀。此
外,假若羅森伯格普遍地否定目擊證人的可信性,就不能只把這種懷疑限於一個特殊案例,但這種普
遍懷疑論似乎與我們日常生活和法庭等實踐不相容。若羅森伯格不是訴諸一種普遍懷疑論,那就要舉
出具體理由解釋為何福音書是不可靠的。(Craig & Rosenberg, 29) 我們不能透過攻擊其他文獻,作為
否定新約文件的論據,克雷格重申大部分專家學者在研究新約文件後都同意他所列舉的三個事實。
(Craig & Rosenberg, 33) </div><div><br /></div><div>McGrew也認為羅森伯格提出的例子有不少問題,例如聖母像流淚的例子難以用來質疑目擊證人的可
靠性,頂多指出一般人缺乏科學解釋的知識。他認為羅森伯格的懷疑論不能成立,近年相關研究的確
指出在某些不利條件下,目擊證人的證供未必可靠:如相關人士於彼此都是陌生人;見證人受藥物影
響;那些見證牽涉跨種族的內容;目擊的時間太短(如只有12至45秒);高度壓力或有武器在場的情
況等。但這些條件都不能應用到見證耶穌復活的門徒身上,所以以上研究不單沒有取消復活的證據,
反而使以下問題更難解答:「親密認識耶穌的人如何能錯得這樣『離譜』──他們竟然能相信耶穌在
釘死後一次又一次向他們顯現,且有數週之久」?(McGrew, 106) 他也指出嚴格而言,克雷格的歷史
論證並不需要「目擊證人的可靠性」這前提,他只需要一些大多數歷史學者都承認的事實,再從那裡
尋找最佳說明。</div><div><br /></div><div>在反駁時,羅森伯格指出按照新約研究,福音書最早成書於耶穌死後幾十年,所以「各種錯誤的可能性」都很高,而且「當基督徒學者論到基督教文件時,為何我們要接受他們的可信性呢?」(Craig &
Rosenberg, 36) 但克雷格又指出,羅森伯格攪不清福音書本身和當中的資料來源之間的分別,沒錯福
音書成書較晚,但「有關耶穌復活的資料來源可追溯到事件發生後五年之內。」(Craig & Rosenberg,
37) [註22] Drange也堅持福音書的歷史可靠性能被質疑,但他沒有列舉歷史材料去支持這說法,而只是簡
單地提到「有關復活的記載之間的大量矛盾」。(Drange, 91) 他也認為還有很多方法去解釋各種事實,
例如「耶穌根本沒有死,他恢復意識後就逃出墳墓,離開市鎮」,又或者「耶穌的屍體遺失了」。(Drange,
91) 這類解釋有多合理?下面會作出回應,這裡先討論Drange提到福音書中的矛盾的問題。要知道我們在這裡並非討論聖經無誤或福音書整體的可靠性等問題,而是復活的問題。克雷格論證的起點是幾
個基本事實,他並不需要假設福音書每一點都是正確的。事實上同意那些基本事實的聖經學者中,有
不少是採取較懷疑的態度和使用高等批判等工具,但縱使面對有錯誤的文獻,我們仍然能夠透過各種
歷史批判方法去找出背後的一些事實。再者,福音書中有關復活的記載有看起來不一致的地方,這反
而證明這些文獻並非不同作者合謀編出來的故事,所以它們反映<b><i>多個獨立的</i></b>歷史源頭。這樣,當它們
有共識時,那些敘事為真的可能性就更高。最後,一些看起來矛盾的故事其實可能只是不同角度的描
述,一些學者就曾整理各種記載,找出調和所有事實的敘事。所以,Drange提到的問題並不能推翻克雷格的歷史論證。
</div><div><br /></div><div>羅森伯格質疑信徒對新約的見證,[註23] Medhurst就不以為然:他們的「見證是一個理由──好的理由─
─去相信新約的記載。為何?因為他們作這些見證時是自由的,並非強逼的。作見證的不只一兩個人,
而是來自各行各業的眾多人們;他們的見證不單被其他見證印證,也被後來的行動和事件所印證;甚
至基督徒的對頭人也認真看待他們的見證;不單與耶穌在時間上最接近的人肯定他們的見證,後期的
教會歷史和經驗也如此肯定。」再者,其他印證包括「釘十架作為死刑等物理事實,彼拉多作為猶大
procurator的歷史紀錄,那時候羅馬士兵有打斷罪犯的骨頭以加速他們死亡的公認做法,在一個石墳
裡埋葬[的習俗](今天以色列仍有數以千計的石墳),大石被滾開的空墳墓,多個見證人看到耶穌的
身體顯現」等等。(Medhurst, 132) 克雷格回應時指出,按批評者的懷疑論,基本上我們要「放棄所有
[古代歷史] 的知識」,如「亞歷山大大帝」,事實上,古代歷史中沒有見證是完全中立和「客觀」的。
(Craig 2014, 159) 與摩門教起源的故事不同,「把福音敘事一律消解為騙局的做法並不合理。」(Craig
2014, 160) </div><div><br /></div><div>當然,以上提到的事實和其詮釋還有很多討論空間,但很多護教學家已對這些問題作出詳細探討,從
而得出一些基礎事實,從而論證「上帝使耶穌從死裡復生」的假設是解釋所有事實的最佳說明,他們
也仔細對其他解釋作出批評,指出這些解釋相當牽強。例如耶穌根本沒有死的假設,如何能解釋門徒
們能堅定信奉這已半死的耶穌為復活的主,且願意為這信仰犧牲生命呢?按猶太習俗,石墳的出入口
被大石堵住,且有羅馬士兵看守,縱使耶穌在墳中甦醒,他已傷痕處處,如何有力氣推開大石呢?又
如何逃避被士兵抓住甚或殺害呢?所以,Drange提出的解釋基本上是難以置信的。</div><div><br /></div><div><u>對自然主義的批評</u></div><div>羅森伯格嘗試回應克雷格對自然主義的批評,他的基本策略是說這些批評與有神論與無神論之間的辯
論無關。他想論證的其實是科學有14個重要涵義,他也承認「這些涵義大多都聽起來怪異,正如克雷
格教授所說的那樣。」然而它們並非「是由無神論推論出來的。」(Craig & Rosenberg, 29) 所以克雷
格對他的書有很大誤解,羅森伯格認為不應把有關自然主義的辯論和神的存在的辯論混為一談。羅森
伯格認為「這些看似荒謬的後果和無神論,都是由科學的真理推論出來的。」若拒絕接受這些後果,
「你必須否定科學。」(Craig & Rosenberg, 29) </div><div><br /></div><div>我認為羅森伯格的說法明顯是錯的,科學本身告訴我們很多物理或生物的事實,但單從這些事實是不
能推論出自我、意義或自由意志等事物都是不存在的──除非再加上一個前提:「科學不能告知我們
的東西就根本不存在」。所以羅森伯格的所謂推論並非單從科學本身,而是從科學主義這假設推論出
來的。McGrew也同意這點:「這些奇怪的後果並非是由現代科學所確立的成果所推論出來的,而是
由一種預先接受的哲學[即自然主義]立場推論出來的。」但其實「疫苗的發展、盤尼西林的發現或天
體逆行運動的解釋」等科學成就「都不能歸功於自然主義」。所以,挾著科學的威望,去為自然主義
作支持,其實是不對的。(McGrew, 109)</div><div><br /></div><div>克雷格結論時說:「羅森伯格博士今晚為我們描述了一個無神論世界會是怎樣的,這世界裡沒有意義、
沒有真理、沒有關於任何事物的思想、沒有道德價值、沒有持續的自我、沒有第一身的視角。他的唯
一錯誤是認為這樣的世界就是我們的世界。但很明顯我們的世界並非這樣的。」(Craig & Rosenberg,
37)McGrew也同意,羅森伯格這種自然主義世界觀是問題重重的。(McGrew, 110)</div><div><br /></div><div>Drange也嘗試指出無神論者不一定相信自然主義,例如「無神論者能一致地相信各種非物理的事物…
如抽象實體…命題…笛卡兒式的心靈…鬼魂、神仙、吸血鬼…輪迴」等等。(Drange, 95) 所以他也認
為攻擊自然主義是與神的存在的辯論不相干的。但克雷格指出,若上帝不存在,「最合理的無神論版
本…就是形而上的自然主義」(Craig & Rosenberg, 34) 事實上Drange自己承認以上那種無神論世界觀
並不大合理!克雷格也直接說他這種無神論是「怪異的無神論」(Craig 2014, 158)我認為Drange這
裡只是為辯論而辯論,就我所知,真正深思熟慮的無神論者大多接受自然主義,而斷然不會接受Drange
那種「滿天神怪」的怪異無神論。</div><div><br /></div><div><b><u>批判地評估羅森伯格的論據</u></b></div><div> 羅森伯格主要提出了3個反對神的存在的論據,他認為信徒最好乾脆承認信仰並不是基於理由,而是
純粹的信心。(Craig & Rosenberg, 38)
</div><div><br /></div><div>「無神論科學家」論證羅森伯格利用某特別科學群體中的主流無神論者,作為攻擊有神論的論據,[註24] 我實在感到有點奇怪,
基本的批判思考課程不是告訴我們,單單從人們的意見(縱使是共識)跳到真理,不是一種謬誤嗎?
如McGrew指出,「誰關心[這些數字] 呢?訴諸優秀科學家的調查去決定一個他們專業領域以外的課
題,從辯論而言,看來是一個不幸的誤入歧途。這就好像透過調查一大群優秀神學家的意見,去決定
如何詮釋量子力學。」(McGrew, 107) 25他指出克雷格對科學的理解與這些專業科學家沒有兩樣,他
們的分別在於如何詮釋當代宇宙論,但當然詮釋科學的結論要求的不單是科學知識,還需要邏輯思維
和哲學理論,在這些方面我們不能假設無神論科學家就一定比克雷格優勝──要支持這點需要的是指
出克雷格錯謬的具體論證。 </div><div><br /></div><div>評論員Robert Kaita本身是科學家(其專業是plasma physics),他就對這論證提出異議。他首先指出縱使
在當代科學中,科學的主流意見也在改變之中(如可見物質在宇宙中所佔比率),那又如何能用某一
時期的主流科學家意見,去否定科學領域以外的事物呢?(Kaita, 43-45) 最重要的問題是:「若抽離
處境,我們根本不清楚有關他們信仰的結論,是否與他們作為科學家所認識的東西有特別關聯。我與
很多在主要研究機構的同事有互動,我能理解他們對宗教的敵視,他們經常把宗教與一種促進無知的
反動狂熱主義結連起來。…有不少科學家…宣稱是無神論者,但他們從來沒有真正想過為何如此。」
(Kaita, 45)</div><div><br /></div><div>Kaita接著指出,縱使那群頂尖科學家只有5%是有神論者,那也有一百人,那也要解釋這一百個頂尖
科學家為何相信神的存在呢?難道就可輕易說這群人都是無知、愚蠢或有偏見嗎?其實我們若參考其
他調查,所得出的圖晝就很不同,例如Elaine Ecklund (2010)就訪問了很多美國頂尖研究大學的科學家
(如Harvard, MIT, Stanford, Johns Hopkin),他們當中就有近半相信某種宗教,實在難以說這群人在
智力和訓練上有特別問題,所以使用NAS成員的超凡智力和訓練去解釋為何他們大多是無神論者,似乎有欠說服力。(Kaita, 46) 更合理的解釋是某些非認知理由令到有宗教信仰的科學家較難被選進
NAS,例如有宗教信仰者會用更多時間去照顧家庭或參與宗教活動,這令他們用於研究的時間減少;
也可能因為沒有宗教信仰的科學家有更強動機透過進入NAS去獲得社會的訊同。(Kaita, 48) 我個人認
為以上解釋還有待驗證,但這些和其他很多可能性足以說明羅森伯格的無神論科學家論證是過於草率,事實上若我們參考非西方的數據,得出的圖晝也可能甚為不同(Ecklund et al 2019),這顯示羅森
伯格所提到的數據,反映的不是科學與基督教的衝突,而是科學主義和自然主義在西方知識分子中有
更強大的影響。 </div><div><br /></div><div><u>苦難論證</u></div><div>我同意苦難論證的確是無神論者手上最強的武器,然而現在宗教哲學家都區分邏輯的苦難論證(logical
problem of evil) 和歸納的苦難論證(inductive problem of evil) ,前者認為苦難的存在本身就是與神的
存在邏輯上不相容(logically incompatible),而後者只是說苦難的存在會令上帝的存在不大可能
(improbable)。而羅森伯格堅持的是邏輯的苦難論證,但這論證多年前曾被John Mackie提出,Alvin
Plantinga已針對他的論據逐點反駁,後來更建構一個自由意志辯護(free will defence) 去證明苦難的存
在與神的存在其實在邏輯上是相容的。(Plantinga 1974)這辯護相當嚴謹,曾經有一段時間大多數宗教
哲學家(包括無神論者)都承認邏輯的苦難論證基本上是難以成功的。近年的確有一些哲學家挑戰
Plantinga的自由意志辯護,但最少可以說:要證立邏輯的苦難論證並不容易,但羅森伯格似乎對這些
發展一無所知。所以克雷格在回應時指出:「在哲學家當中(縱使是無神論者),邏輯的苦難論證已
廣泛地被否定… 羅森伯格博士需要證明上帝邏輯上不可能擁有充足的道德理由去容讓世上的苦難發
生」(Craig & Rosenberg, 24) 。McGrew也同意:「現在[哲學家們] 廣泛地承認,何何人若要復甦邏輯
的苦難論證,他要承擔的證明責任是相當沉重的。」(McGrew, 108)</div><div><br /></div><div>羅森伯格的一個策略就是去反問:「為何上帝不可能不容許第一次世界大戰、大躍進運動或三十年戰
爭發生──這些事件殺害了數以百萬計的人」!(Craig & Rosenberg, 30) 他也指出:「看來上帝創造
了一些有自由意志的人,但他們沒有為別人製造苦難。…為何上帝不能創造一種宇宙,以致我們都有
自由意志,但我們從不面對誘惑,或在面對誘惑時我們都能永遠作出正確選擇呢?」(Craig &
Rosenberg, 35) 克雷格則指出無神論者不能假設全能的神能創造所有可能的世界,因為若神創造了有
自由意志的受造物,那「強逼人自由地做事情」就是邏輯上不可能的。至於全不犯錯的可能性,克雷
格指出有一些”subjunctive conditionals of freedom” 可能存在,這非上帝可以保證的。羅森伯格所說的
可能性並未被證明,只是他的推測。(Craig & Rosenberg, 36) 我稍作解釋:「一個有自由意志的人永
遠作出正確選擇」的確是有可能的,但這可能性是否實現取決於這個人的具體自由抉擇,而不是上帝。
所以,「上帝確保一個有自由意志的人永遠作出正確選擇」卻是不可能。若說全善的神就不可能容讓
苦難,克雷格則指出:「人生的目的不僅僅是快樂,而是認識上帝。」(Craig & Rosenberg, 32) 很多
苦難的存在未必能促進快樂,但卻可能導致更多人得到救恩和永生。</div><div><br /></div><div>Drange大力支持苦難論證,他認為若克雷格否認上帝有意圖盡量減少人類的苦難,那祂就不是全善
的。若說上帝最少以盡量減少人類的苦難為次要目標,則難以解釋這目標遠遠未能達成!但全能意味
著無論目標是主要還是次要,上帝都應能把目標完全達成。(Drange, 93) 最後,克雷格也要解釋為何
上帝沒有向更多人顯現,特別當克雷格宣稱上帝的主要目標是更多人能認識祂。他特別強調上帝向人
顯現並不會干擾人的自由意志。所以,那麼多非信徒的存在,已是反對神的存在的好證據。(Drange,
93-94)Drange認為很容易想像一個更少痛若而整體而言更美好的世界,例如「人們對癌症有免疫力」,
或「人們有更強傾向去遵守道德」。(Drange, 94) 然而克雷格反駁:「Drange根本不可能知道這樣一
個世界(除了沒有癌症)會是怎麼樣的。在這個世界裡或許人們會自由地做出很多可怕的惡行,又或
者更少人能找到救恩和永生。證明的責任在Drange身上,去證明神能取締那些苦難,但又不會導致其
他苦難。」(Craig 2014, 162-163)</div><div><br /></div><div>Ruse則對各種神義論有更多理解,但他最終援引《卡拉馬佐夫兄弟們》當中的無神論者Ivan對神的抗議,表達對苦難論證的支持。(Ruse 2014, 115-116) 這種論證不單單從苦難本身開始推論,而是聚焦
於一些特別可怕的苦難(horrendous evils) ,如大屠殺(Holocaust) ,然後論證基督教難以作出解釋。我
認為這的確是一個很難處理的問題,的確面對可怕的苦難,不少神義論的解釋都顯得蒼白無力。然而
我不同意這最終能推翻有神論,參我在《我信故我思》第25章的討論。我認為更完整的回應要充分利
用更高美善(higher good) 的辯護,例如癌症的存在與其他更高美善的實現息息相關:病人顯現生之勇
氣和承受痛苦的耐力;病人的親友的關愛和犧牲精神;醫生和研究治療癌症者的獻身精神;造福後代
的醫療進步等等。又假如人們有更強傾向去遵守道德,那自發的道德行為和超英勇地克服誘惑等美善
就會相應減少。關鍵是:批評容易,但因為苦難與美善存在千絲萬縷的關係,要證明剷除了某明顯的
苦難必定會帶來更好的局面(整體而言),卻不是那麼容易。 </div><div><br /></div><div><u>「毋需上帝」論證</u></div><div>Laplace說過:「我並不需要上帝這假設。」但McGrew反問,就算科學不需要上帝,那又如何?(so what?)
「凱撒大帝的存在也一點不能對科學的預測能力作出貢獻,但他仍然充斥於歷史文獻中──雖然對科
學研究而言他一點用處也沒有。」(McGrew, 108) Kaita則認為羅森伯格對Lapalce的說話過分詮釋了,
作為物理學家,他指出Lapalce當時是希望建構一理論,去解決太陽系的多物體問題(many-body
problem) ,而這理論能用第一原則去解答,而不需要訴諸一些需要後期調整的參數(parameters) 。(Kaita,
50-51) 這不代表是去否定神的存在,正如Kaita自己雖然是基督徒,但一般而言,在日常科學研究中
他也不會用神的存在去解釋實驗結果等。(Kaita, 51) 最終,Kaita作為科學家認為:「從科學的角度,
相信神的存在對我而言是合理的。」(Kaita, 52) 其實克雷格根本沒有說上帝是用來解釋<b><i>一般科學研究</i></b>的問題,而是說科學成果所衍生的終極問題,以及科學以外的各種事實,都指向上帝的存在,因為上
帝能為全面的事實提供最佳說明(IBE),這方法論其實與科學家所用的科學方法相仿,只是應用範圍
更廣。若羅森伯格不能反駁到克雷格的IBE,那他以上論證的前提根本不能成立。 </div><div><br /></div><div><b><u>結論</u></b></div><div>
Timothy McGrew是科學哲學家,他認為是克雷格贏了這場辯論,因為羅森伯格沒有成功證立他的主
張,而且他「相對而言準備不足」。(McGrew, 97) 雖然他認為克雷格的論證或許仍有改進的空間,
但他基本上同意支持神的存在的論據是「值得嚴肅考慮的。」(McGrew, 98) 我同意以上判斷,並感
到無神論一方其實沒有認真研究有神論的論證。當然,論證還是會繼續,我希望以上的介紹讓更多人
明白當代的討論,不要再停留在四五十年前那階段。對基督徒而言,當然不能輕言已獲勝,但近年的
發展的確令人鼓舞,而且的確有愈來愈多的有力論證,支持神的存在。</div><div><br /></div><div>註:</div><div>1. 另參Groothuis 2011, chapters 19-22; Swinburne 2003.</div><div>2. 這裡羅森伯格犯了一個錯誤:問Laplace的人是拿破侖,而不是Louis XIV,Kaita指出Louis XIV在Laplace出生前34年已
死去!(Kaita, 50)</div><div>3. McGrew雖然較同情克雷格的宇宙論證,他也指出克雷格的論證需要加強和多點解釋,這我同意,但在一個辯論的時間
中,有點簡化是難以避免的。有興趣深入探討宇宙論證的讀者,可看Joshua Rasmussen與Felipe Leon的辯論。(Rasmussen &
Leon 2019) McGrew也指出克雷格的論證其實只需要一個較弱的前提:「若宇宙是偶然存在的事物,那它的存在就有一個
解釋。」這樣,對PSR那類原則的反例就不必能用來質疑這前提。(McGrew, 100)</div><div>4. Rountree有不少誤解,例如說大爆炸論假設了「永恆的存有」,他又認為克雷格「假設了在存有之前先是虛無」。(Rountree,
145) 毫無疑問,這兩點都是錯誤的理解。</div><div>5.
Stenger也提出一些「奇怪」的批評,他認為有神論所提供的解釋根本算不上是解釋,但這假設了一種已被哲學家摒棄
的實證主義,參我在《我信故我思》的討論(第17章論到「科學說明」的霸權)。他又批評克雷格不能證明他所「證明」
的神就是基督教的神,但克雷格的論證不是包括了有關耶穌復活的歷史論證嗎?若不能反駁這些論證,那克雷格當然可
以說能解釋所有這些事實,而又是最簡潔的解釋,就是基督教的神的存在。</div><div>6. 克雷格近年又進一步發展這數學論證(參Craig 2021),其實愛因斯坦也傾向支持這論證(參Feuer 1983)。</div><div>7. Rountree也認為數學是人類作出的適應,因為數學有果效我們才會使用數學,而且數學之所以可能,是因為「宇宙中的
物理定律所創造的規律。」(Rountree, 144) 其實這點與克雷格的論證沒有矛盾,而問題正是:這種規律為何存在?為何
以數學方式存在?為何這種數學結構是原始森林中進化出來的人類可以把握的?Rountree沒有解答這些問題。</div><div>8. 類似的論證近年也有不少,參Koons (2000); Steiner (1998) 。</div><div>9. McGrew提出一個問題,若全知的上帝存在,他創造世界時所用的數學模型不必是我們能理解和相對簡單的那種,所以
克雷格在這裡還沒有解釋清楚。(McGrew, 102) 這是他友善的提問,看來他還是支持以上論證的。其實這問題也不難解答
因為按照基督教,上帝創世的一個目的就是讓人類作萬物的管家,並在過程中發揮上帝給人的潛能(神的形象),所以
神賜給人類作科學研究的潛能。若上帝創作P3或比P2複雜得多的宇宙,那科學就不可能。若上帝創造P1,則對人類而言
則太沒挑戰性了!
</div><div>10. 當然,自然主義者還是有各種回應的,一個常見答案是:一些基本認知能力是我們生存必須的,所以能進化出來一點
不出奇。高深數學的能力的確在原始森林裡作用不大,但這種能力剛好(意外都)與一些基本認知能力掛鉤起來,所以
高深數學的能力(和其他現代科學所需的能力)就是這樣偶然進化出來的(用術語說是一種spandrel)。我在書中對這類
解釋有更詳細討論(Kwan 2011, chapter 9)。
</div><div>11. 當然,羅森伯格這種說法基本上是乞求論點,若微調論證成功,就是目的論的證據。</div><div>12. Drange仍然說:克雷格「沒有提供反對多重宇宙的證據」,他認為「只有一大腦」的說法不單沒有證據,而且是「荒
謬」的。(Drange, 88) 似乎他對這方面的論據認識不多,其實道理很簡單,我們現在的宇宙除了有很多大腦,還有很多複
雜的事物(如山河、生物、星球等等),所以比起「只有一大腦」的宇宙所需的能量和物質都多很多,若多重宇宙真箇
存在,後者那種宇宙形成的或然率,會比我們現在的宇宙大很多。這就是所謂Boltzmann brain,是著名科學家Boltzmann
用熱力學的原理推論出來的。Sean Carroll最少知道這些問題,並嘗試回應。</div><div>13. 例如他說: “Perhaps the range of possible values of all the parameters is so great that even events with infinitesimal
probabilities can happen” (Stenger 2014, 62) ,我就實在不知他想論證甚麼。其實要使很少概率事件都有機會發生,關鍵是
增加嘗試的次數,而不是擴闊它可能擁有的數值範圍!Stenger連這麼基本的或然率概念也弄錯?</div><div>14. Ruse說他對微調論證那類設計論證都有點反感,因為他認為達爾文已把它們徹底解決。他也認為訴諸設計在神學上也
是錯謬的。他也引用了Steve Weinberg一大段話,但我看不到那段話如何能解釋掉支持微調的多樣證據。當然,縱使達爾
文主義能解決生物設計的問題,它是不能解釋宇宙微調為何存在的,因為進化之所以可能,就已經假設了宇宙微調的存
在,不然生物進化所需要的元素根本不會存在。</div><div>15. 這種奧秘論大多來自心靈哲學家Colin McGinn,他的書就稱意識為「神秘的火燄」(McGinn 1999) ,我在牛津大學時也
有參加他的研討會,他雖然是唯物論者,但他坦白承認現時唯物論難以解釋意識的存在,這種誠實的態度我甚為欣賞。
另一個受他影響的心靈哲學家是Galen Strawson。</div><div>16. 當代提倡意識論證的有J. P. Moreland和Richard Swinburne,參Moreland (2008; 2009) 和Swinburne (2018; 2019) 。</div><div>17. 這方面的參考書很多,可看 Koons & Bealer (2010) ──這書的名稱就叫《唯物論的衰落》(<i>The Waning of Materialism</i>) 。</div><div>18. Drange也作出類此批評。(Drange, 89)</div><div>19. Rountree也有類似觀點。(Rountree, 143) </div><div>20. 近年維護道德論證的學者有不少,如Adams (1999); Baggett & Walls (2011, 2016); Ritchie (2012)。 </div><div>21. Drange也有類似觀點。(Drange, 91) </div><div>22. Drange到後來還是弄不清這個區分。(Drange, 91)</div><div>23. 評論員Clarke Rountree也「質疑新約學者的中立性,他們大多來自神學院,那裡往往假設了(或要求)復活的信念。」
(Rountree, 142)</div><div> 24. 其實羅森伯格沒有清楚交待他的數字從何而來,McGrew也說他找不到他的數字的源頭,他能找到的調查結果(1998年)
是這樣的:NAS成員中,72.2%不相信宗教;20.8%有懷疑宗教或接受不可知論;7%相信宗教。(McGrew, 106) 這些數字
沒有羅森伯格說的那麼嚴重,但無神論者較多的情況仍然存在。 </div><div>25. 評論員Martin Medhurst也反問:難道我們可以引用有21億人信奉某版本的基督教這事實,去證明基督教嗎?當然不能!
但他最終認為,基督教的信心並非盲目或非理性的,基督教是有論證支持,而這些論證對他而言「是有說服力的。」(Medhurst,
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Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences] </div><div><br /></div><div>Wright, N. T. 2003. The Resurrection of the Son of God. Minneapolis: Fortress. </div><div><br /></div><div>關啟文,《我信故我思—真理路上的摰誠探索》,香港:基督徒學生福音團契,1998年9月。 </div><div><br /></div><div>關啟文,《上帝、世俗社會與道德的基礎》,香港:天道,2006年4月。 </div><div><br /></div><div>關啟文,〈由宇宙的微調到智慧設計〉,載關啟文、陳海智、湯靈磐、譚振基編,《智慧設計的當代
爭論》,香港:天道書樓,2014年7月,頁113-152。 </div><div><br /></div><div>關啟文,〈有神論倫理與猶希佛兩難〉,《建道期刊》,第57期,2022年1月,將會出版。</div><div> </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><p></p>關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-75152834996292069822020-11-18T20:36:00.001-08:002020-11-18T20:36:08.450-08:00科學已經推翻了自由意志的存在嗎?從森美的專欄談起<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; text-align: left;">關啟文(香港浸會大學宗教及哲學系教授)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都市傳說</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">疫情期間我最享受的一個活動,就是一個人去「飲茶」,吃幾籠點心,讀兩份報紙,自得其樂。這個星期五(</span><span lang="EN-US">2020</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日),我讀到藝人森美的專欄,他論到一個重要的哲學問題(自由意志是否存在),這吸引了我的注意。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/matthewmak/Downloads/ART-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97(Libet's%20experiment).rtf#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他提到利貝特的實驗</span><span lang="EN-US">(Libet’s
experiment) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他這樣理解這實驗的結果:「腦部比意識更快有反應,即人在知道自己要做決定前,腦部已作出決定。」他認為這證明了「人不但沒有自由意志,連不自由意志也沒有。」最後他感到困惑:「若然意識代表靈魂,那麼靈魂可以做甚麼呢?若意識不代表靈魂,那麼靈魂又是甚麼呢?」</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我發現「利貝特實驗這類科學研究已推翻自由意志的存在」已成為一個都市的傳說,我的不少學生都提及這種實驗,有一次看港台電視部的節目《哲學有偈傾》,一個女嘉賓也說有實驗推翻了自由意志,但有趣的是,她(和不少同學)說不出利貝特的名字──這似乎顯示她雖然不知道利貝特實驗的細節,但卻清楚記得這類實驗的涵義。相對而言,森美則能說出這實驗的一些內容,我在這裡也不是要針對他,畢竟報章專欄並非學術論文,他願意閱讀和思想這個課題,也反映森美是好學和認真的人,對此我是欣賞的。然而自由意志的存在與人生的意義息息相關,而我認為利貝特實驗這都市傳說基本上是錯誤的,所以我希望簡略提出一些問題。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主要概念和立場</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先要釐清一些重要的概念。假設我前面有一杯咖啡,我可以用手把咖啡舉起,也可以不去動那杯咖啡。最後我在時間</span><span lang="EN-US">T</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">把咖啡舉起,我相信我有自由意志選擇這行動</span><span lang="EN-US">(action) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這表示我在時間</span><span lang="EN-US">T</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我也有自由不把咖啡舉起。雖然事實上我把咖啡舉起了,但這行動不是被</span><span lang="EN-US">T</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之前的先前條件</span><span lang="EN-US">(antecedent conditions) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所決定的(這些先前條件包括我的身體和週遭世界的狀況)。但按照決定論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Determinism</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以上的立場是錯誤的,因為</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人的<b><i>所有</i></b>行為都被它們的先前條件<b><i>完全</i></b>決定的。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自由意志論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Libertarianism</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">則是與決定論相反的立場,它認為</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至少有一些</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人的<b><i>一些</i></b>行為不是被它們的先前條件完全決定的,這也是說當事人是可以選擇不同的路的,未來對他而言某程度是開放的,而不是完全封閉的。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/matthewmak/Downloads/ART-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97(Libet's%20experiment).rtf#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們要強調,自由意志論沒有說人的<b><i>所有</i></b>行為都是可自由抉擇的,縱使一個人的<b><i>某些</i></b>行動是被它們的先前條件完全決定的,這不代表他<b><i>另一些</i></b>行為也是被它們的先前條件完全決定的。因此,這不能證明決定論和推翻自由意志論。再者,決定論認為人的行為都是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">完全</i></b>被先前條件決定的,自由意志論否定這點,但它不用否定所有行為都有一些因果條件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(causal conditions)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,能某程度影響那些行為</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡而言之,在討論這課題時,要緊記下面兩點,不然就很容易犯上謬誤:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 33.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 33.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">某些</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行為被決定</span><span lang="EN-US"> =/=> </span><b><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">行為被決定</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 33.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 33.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">某行動受一些因果條件影響</span><span lang="EN-US">
=/=> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">該行動<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">完全</i></b>被決定</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">利貝特實驗:要區分科學事實與哲學詮釋</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進行相關實驗的科學家叫利貝特</span><span lang="EN-US">(Benjamin Libet) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他找了一些自願的參與者,叫他們在實驗期間隨意選擇一個時間去移動手腕,並且在作出這個抉擇時告訴他。同一時間,利貝特把一些儀器放在參與者的頭上,可以量度他們的大腦活動,而且也有一些儀器量度他們的手腕動作。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(Mele 2014, p. 9) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">實驗結果是這樣的:儀器顯示在手腕移動之前大腦已有增強的活動,這叫做</span><span lang="EN-US">readiness potential</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。最耐人尋味的結果是,</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是在手腕移動之前的</span><span lang="EN-US">0.55</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒發生,而參與者「抉擇」去移動手腕則發生於行動之前的</span><span lang="EN-US">0.2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒──即是說在</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之後的</span><span lang="EN-US">0.35</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上就是利貝特實驗的事實,但很多人進一步推論出決定論:既然</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發生在抉擇之前,也在動作之前,</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是那抉擇和之後的動作真正的因。而那所謂抉擇既然不是真正的因,它也只是被</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">決定的果而已。這也表示人沒有自由意志,決定論才是真理!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不幸的是,以上的推論存在不少謬誤,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">決定論的詮釋只是<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i>其中一種</i></b>可能性,利貝特實驗其實不能用來證明決定論,下面會作出解釋。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">利貝特實驗能否定自由意志嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先,利貝特自己並不認為他的實驗推翻了自由意志,因為縱使某大腦事件(如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">RP</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)導致我們作出某行動的「抉擇」,但這個抉擇並不能完全決定我們的行動,因為我們還有大概</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">0.1</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">秒的時間去否決這「抉擇」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(Mele 2014, p. 12)<a href="file:///C:/Users/matthewmak/Downloads/ART-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97(Libet's%20experiment).rtf#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,森美把</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等同「腦部已作出決定」,但</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發生在</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之前,不代表</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就必定是</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的因,更遑論</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><b><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">決定性</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的因</span><span lang="EN-US">(deterministic
cause) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。假若某人每天必定在洗臉之前擦牙,難道我們就可推論出「擦牙」就是「洗臉」之決定性之因嗎?當然不能,不然就犯了謬誤。</span><span lang="EN-US">Alfred Mele</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是對這問題有深入研究的學者,他就指出,我們不能確知當</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出現時,就代表一個絕對的決定(所以森美以上的描述已包含了一些有待證實的詮釋),或許</span><span lang="EN-US">RP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最後會導致一個絕對的決定,但也可能不會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(Mele 2014, p. 12)RP</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或許只是預備最終行動的必須條件,就如神槍手在開槍前也要先預先瞄準,但已預先瞄準不代表他之後必定會開槍,因為還要等待指揮官最後的命令:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"> “Fire!”</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又如在不少儀式中,重要嘉賓或講員出場之前必先有司儀鄭重的介紹,但不能說司儀的介紹已決定了嘉賓的出場!相反,是那嘉賓先前決定了出席該場合,決定了司儀要作出介紹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第三,決定論是關乎我們所有的行為,縱使利貝特實驗能證明在那實驗處境下手腕的移動是被大腦決定的,但這能證明在其他情況,所有行動都是同樣被決定的嗎?不能。所以,由利貝特實驗的結果推論到決定論的結論(我們姑且忽略當中的詮釋問題),已犯了不當地普遍化特定結果的謬誤</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(improper generalization)</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。我們要指出,參與者身處的是一個相當人為的處境,而他要抉擇的行為是無關痛癢的。而一些自由抉擇的典範是,當我們面對重大決定時(如生死攸關或在重大善惡之間的抉擇),非常清醒、有意識地和長時間掙扎下所作的決定。縱使利貝特實驗中的手腕動作是被決定了,也不代表以上那類抉擇同樣是被先前條件所決定的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Mele 2014, p. 15)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第四,只把注意力放在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">RP</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和之後的抉擇上,其實是對整個事件的扭曲,因為這忽略了這一切是源自參與者的一個自由抉擇,就是願意聽從實驗的安排。所以相關事件的正確時序如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T1</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──參與者自由地決定參與實驗,已同意在某個時間移動手腕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T2</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">RP</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">出現。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T3</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──參與者告訴利貝特他們剛決定去移動手腕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T4</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──參與者移動了手腕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">[T1</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T2</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">之前的時間,如此類推。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這也是說,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T1</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這自由抉擇可能是一切之源,利貝特實驗並不能否定這可能性,因此也不能否定自由意志。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們要知道我們很多行動都是幾乎可以全自動的,因為對某些熟習的行動而言(如駕駛汽車),我們的大腦已建立了一些程式,一旦被啟動就會自動繼續,但啟動之因卻是我們的自由抉擇。以駕駛汽車為例:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T1</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">A</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">君自由地決定要駕車回家。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T2</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">A</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的大腦在運動神經區域出現頻繁的活動。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">T3</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">A</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">移動身體坐到司機座上,且用手腕扭動軑盤等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">難道我們可以因此推論出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">A</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">駕車的行動是完全沒有自由的嗎?當然不能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><u><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正如哲學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Peter Simons</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所言:「幾乎所有關於利貝特實驗的事情和由它所推論出的結論,在哲學和科學上都是有爭議性的,類似的實驗也如是。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">…</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有多個詮釋它們結果的方式都是可能的。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(Simons 2011, p. xiv)Tim Bayne</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是另一個詳細探討這課題的哲學家,他的結論是:「總而言之,自由意志『已死』的各種傳言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">…</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都被嚴重地跨大了。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"> (Bayne 2011, p. 42)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我無法在這裡全面探討自由意志與決定論之間的辯論,對利貝特實驗的詮釋還有很大討論空間(包括後期的實驗),也因為這主要是普及化的文章,我不能嚴謹地檢視每一個論</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">証。我只是希望一般讀者明白,「利貝特實驗這類科學研究已推翻自由意志的存在」的都市傳說,並非已確定的真理,無論是支持或反對決定論的人都應提出更多和更詳細理據。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/matthewmak/Downloads/ART-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97(Libet's%20experiment).rtf#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考書目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Bayne, Tim. 2011. “Libet
& the Case for Free Will Scepticism,” in Richard Swinburne, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Free Will & Modern Science </i>(<st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city>: <st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Oxford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place></st1:placename>
Press), pp. 25-46.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoTitle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Mele, Alfred
R. 2014. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Free: Why Science Hasn’t
Disproved Free Will. </i></span><st1:city w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Oxford</span></st1:city><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">: <st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Oxford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place></st1:placename>
Press.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Simons, Peter. 2011.
“Foreword,” in Richard Swinburne, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Free
Will & Modern Science </i>(<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city></st1:place>:
Oxford University Press), pp. vii-xv.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2020</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="file:///C:/Users/matthewmak/Downloads/ART-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97(Libet's%20experiment).rtf#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">森美,〈不存在的自由意志〉,《星島日報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">2020</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">13</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日。</span></p>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/matthewmak/Downloads/ART-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97(Libet's%20experiment).rtf#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外一個主要立場是調和論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Compatibilism</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:雖然一切事物已被決定,但人<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">自願</i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">(</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">非強逼</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">做的行為仍算是自由的。因著空間的限制,我在這裡不會評論這立場。</span></p>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/matthewmak/Downloads/ART-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97(Libet's%20experiment).rtf#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">森美也提到這可能性,但他認為某些科學發現也推翻了這可能性。因他沒有說清楚他那些「發現」的源頭是甚麼,我無法進一步探討。</span></p>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="file:///C:/Users/matthewmak/Downloads/ART-%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97(Libet's%20experiment).rtf#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">森美在之前的專欄也談及一些進化心理學</span><span lang="EN-US">(evolutionary psychology) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的觀點,也誤以為這有很大爭議性的理論已經是科學家的共識,其實並非如此,將來有機會再談進化心理學的種種問題。</span></p>
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</div>關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-67048638957217744122018-11-04T21:07:00.000-08:002018-12-23T18:25:53.933-08:00蘋果是蘋果,橙是橙?──記筆者與李亦豪律師的對話<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">關啟文(香港性文化學會主席)</span></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">奇妙電視籌備製作一輯全新電視節目,叫《志雲拆局》,全輯13集,每集由主持人陳志雲訪問二至三位嘉賓,和促使他們就著城中熱點對話。在第二集他們邀請了我和李亦豪律師(Henry)對話,李律師是香港同志律師協會公共政策組的委員,他去年於英國與其同志伴侶Edgar註冊結婚,而Edgar也是第二集的特別嘉賓。2018年10月13日,我們進行了錄影,而這節目將於11月3日(星期六)10:30pm播放。這一集的主題本來是「同性撫養:衝擊傳統家庭價值?」,但後來在沒有徵求我同意下改為:「 同性戀,就不配擁有一個『家』? 」</span><br />
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">和而不同</span></h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">當天我與Henry的討論相當順暢,當然就著同性婚姻或同性撫養的問題,大家的立場相當不同,所以有針鋒相對的時刻,但總體而言,大家都能互相尊重和聆聽。陳志雲訪問Henry的故事時,我感受到他是真誠和善良的人。陳志雲也有一起訪問Edgar與Henry,主要讓Edgar也說他們的故事,和讓他作點回應。嚴肅討論完結之後,我們一起以積木建「家」,同時也輕鬆對話。最後,我們以握手和擁抱作結,這一切表明我們雖然立場不同,但仍然願意和平、友善地共處。</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我多年關注同運的議題,但一直提倡要區分高度政治化的同運與活生生的同性戀者。縱使我們不一定認同同運的議程,但必須尊重同性戀者,無論從倫理或信仰的角度,我們應該肯定同性戀者與其他人擁有同樣的尊嚴,和基本人權(如言論自由、結社自由)。然而尊重某人不代表要完全認同他的主張,特別當我們論及一些影響所有人的社會政策時(如同性婚姻、同性撫養)。所以,我認為「 同性戀,就不配擁有一個『家』? 」這個新題目有誤導之嫌,當我們討論婚姻與家庭的公共制度時,不是個別或某類人士「配不配」的問題,而是怎樣的公共制度最能促進社會公益和平衡地照顧各持分者的權利(如孩童)。</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">例如,爭取同性婚姻者也未必贊成把二男一女的婚姻納入公共制度中,難道他們是在說那三人「不配擁有一個『家』? 」我很高興有這一次互相尊重的對話,但好些Henry當時提出的論點,節目也沒有時間讓我回應。在下面我延續這對話,進一步澄清我的觀點。</span></div>
<h2 style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">蘋果和橙都是水果──公共政策必須一致的原則</span></h2>
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<img alt="gay-parenting" class=" size-full wp-image-4071 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="4071" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35" data-large-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35.jpg?w=700?w=626" data-medium-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35.jpg?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35.jpg?w=700" data-orig-size="626,417" data-permalink="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%e7%8f%be%e6%99%82%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e6%92%ab%e9%a4%8agay-parenting%e7%9a%84%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e7%b5%90%e8%ab%96%e6%98%af%e7%94%9a%e9%ba%bc/adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35/" sizes="(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px" src="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35.jpg?w=700" srcset="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35.jpg 626w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35.jpg?w=150 150w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/adult-and-child-hands-holding-seedling-plants-in-eggshells-eco-gardening-montessori-educ_49149-35.jpg?w=300 300w" style="clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 20px auto; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">討論同性婚姻時,我指出要改動現時的婚姻制度時不能單獨考慮同性婚姻,而須考慮提出者背後的原則,並思量若按這原則一致地演繹下去,會為婚姻制度和社會帶來怎樣的衝擊。最後,還要評價這些衝擊是否合情合理,和是否對社會弊多利少。為甚麼要如此考慮?因為推動公共政策或法律改革必須基於一致的原則,不然就會對不同市民不公平。若基於「彼此相愛」這原則把現有婚姻制度擴充到同性婚姻,那現時也已有一男兩女、三個男人等組合,而一男兩女、三個男人之間也能「彼此相愛」,若不進一步把婚姻制度擴充到三人婚姻,不是對他們不公平嗎?在考慮同性婚姻時,我們必須全盤考慮這些可能改變是否可取。</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我馬上聽到這種反對聲音:「蘋果是蘋果,橙是橙,你不能把這兩者混為一談,而且我們現在也沒有這個訴求。將來若有這些訴求,社會再討論也不遲。」我不同意這看法,認為這對社會政策的合理性、一致性欠缺重視,也不是對社會未來發展和我們下一代的負責任態度。打一個比喻:某些國家是禁止旅客把水果帶入境的,假若入境處官員(O)在某旅客(T1)的行李搜到蘋果,要求T1把蘋果扔掉,但T1情辭懇切地請求O網開一面(或許他沒有蘋果吃就感到很痛苦),因為只帶一個蘋果不見得會傷害那國家,最後O也容讓T1帶蘋果入境。翌日,另一旅客T2的行李中發現一個橙,O也要求T2把橙扔掉,然後有以下對話:</span></div>
<blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2:「但我知道你昨天容許人把蘋果帶入境,那為何今天又不容許我把橙帶入境?」</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">O:「你不能把這兩者混為一談,蘋果是蘋果,橙是橙!我容許蘋果進境,不代表我一定要容許橙。你這推論太不理性了!」</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">T2:「但兩者都是最常見的水果,若你們國家已不堅持『禁水果』的原則,那為何只容許蘋果卻不容許橙呢?這似乎是在針對我!除非你能解釋橙對比蘋果而言,有甚麼獨特的危害,不然你的做法是不公道的!一個國家的入境政策豈能如此朝三暮四,欠缺一致性,我看不理性的是你才對!」</span></div>
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<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我認為道理在T2一方,要避免如此責難,O一開始就不應對T1網開一面(縱使他同情T1)。</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">孩子的福利優先──不能輕忽處理同性撫養</span></h2>
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<img alt="gay-parenting" class=" size-full wp-image-4072 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="4072" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"Ivan Svyatkovsky","camera":"NIKON D600","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1488629791","copyright":"svyatkovsky.com","focal_length":"50","iso":"250","shutter_speed":"0.00625","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863" data-large-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863.jpg?w=700?w=624" data-medium-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863.jpg?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863.jpg?w=700" data-orig-size="624,417" data-permalink="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%e7%8f%be%e6%99%82%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e6%92%ab%e9%a4%8agay-parenting%e7%9a%84%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e7%b5%90%e8%ab%96%e6%98%af%e7%94%9a%e9%ba%bc/top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863/" sizes="(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px" src="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863.jpg?w=700" srcset="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863.jpg 624w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863.jpg?w=150 150w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/top-view-of-father-and-son-playing-with-an-orange-car_23-2147615863.jpg?w=300 300w" style="clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 20px auto; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我們也討論到同性婚姻的問題,Henry認為探討同性伴侶撫養孩子的研究已非常豐富,而且得出的結果亦相當一致:同性撫養的孩子的成長,比異性撫養的孩子並無明顯分別。其實我已詳細處理這問題,<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[1]</a>這裡只簡略說些重點。第一,一些學者的嚴謹評論指出,幾乎所有支持同性撫養的研究都不是使用具代表性的樣本,而且絕大部分的樣本來自女同性戀者家庭,根本難以推廣到男同性戀家庭。所以,從嚴肅學術的標準而言,這些是片面和不合格的「證據」,難以支持「同性撫養與異性撫養沒有分別」的結論。但Henry提到一些「權威組織」(如美國心理學會 APA)也支持「沒有分別」的結論,如他們2005年的摘要就引用了59份研究。然而,科學講究的是證據而不是「權威」。在2012年,美國路易斯安那州立大學(Louisiana State University)副教授Dr. Loren Marks檢視了APA引用的59份文獻,<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[2]</a>發現當中超過四分三的研究使用了數量少於100,而且沒有代表性的便利樣本(convenience samples);超過一半的研究樣本數量少於50,有一份研究甚至只有5位受訪者!還有其他問題也不提了。我沒有看到任何人反駁到這些批評。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[3]</a></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">再者,近幾年更有學者利用具代表性的樣本做研究,發現不利於同性家庭撫養孩子的數據,進一步質疑「沒有分別」的迷思。例如:2013年,加拿大Simon Fraser University經濟系教授Dr. Douglas Allen利用了2006年加拿大人口普查數據的20%樣本作統計分析,發現數據中同性雙親家庭孩子只有異性雙親婚姻家庭孩子的65%高中畢業率。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[4]</a>男同性戀家庭的女孩尤其不利,比起一般異性雙親婚姻家庭的女孩,竟然只有15%的高中畢業率!此外,2012年,德克薩斯大學(奧斯丁)的副教授Dr. Mark Regnerus。比較其父母有或曾經有同性戀關係的青壯年與其他6種家庭模式的青壯年,發現在40項有關社會、情感及人際關係的結果變項上,這些青壯年表現都一般,甚至強差人意。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[5]</a>還有Paul Sullins (2015)的研究指出受同性撫養的孩子的情緒問題比異性撫養的大2-3倍,這研究找到了512個同性撫養的孩子,可能是至今研究中最大的代表性樣本。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[6]</a>他另一個2015的研究也發現類似結果,最令人意外的是:受同性撫養的孩子的家長若是結了婚的,孩子被他們撫養的時間會愈長,而孩子的情緒問題會愈嚴重。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[7]</a>另參Sullins (2016) 。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[8]</a></span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">當然,爭議還存在,還需要進行更多使用具代表性樣本的研究。但撫養權是與孩子的終生幸福攸關,文明社會應以孩子的福利為優先,這凌駕於成人的「權利」,我們要盡最大可能避免他們受傷害。因著孩子與親生父母的血緣關係,孩子撫養權首先屬於親生父母──除非有證據證明父母在傷害孩子。同性關係不會產生親生子女,所以若要把孩子的幸福交在他們手裡,證明的責任在支持那方,他們要充分證明同性撫養能給孩子幸福,不會帶來傷害,我們才應在制度上接納同性撫養權。</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">必須聆聽「同二代」的心聲</span></h2>
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<img alt="gay-parenting" class=" size-full wp-image-4073 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="4073" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"Father teaching son how to tie a tie","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"Rawpixel Ltd.","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"Father teaching son how to tie a tie","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Father teaching son how to tie a tie" data-large-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/father-teaching-son-how-to-tie-a-tie_53876-15914.jpg?w=700?w=626" data-medium-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/father-teaching-son-how-to-tie-a-tie_53876-15914.jpg?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/father-teaching-son-how-to-tie-a-tie_53876-15914.jpg?w=700" data-orig-size="626,462" data-permalink="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%e7%8f%be%e6%99%82%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e6%92%ab%e9%a4%8agay-parenting%e7%9a%84%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%b8%e7%b5%90%e8%ab%96%e6%98%af%e7%94%9a%e9%ba%bc/father-teaching-son-how-to-tie-a-tie/" sizes="(max-width: 626px) 100vw, 626px" src="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/father-teaching-son-how-to-tie-a-tie_53876-15914.jpg?w=700" srcset="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/father-teaching-son-how-to-tie-a-tie_53876-15914.jpg 626w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/father-teaching-son-how-to-tie-a-tie_53876-15914.jpg?w=150 150w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/father-teaching-son-how-to-tie-a-tie_53876-15914.jpg?w=300 300w" style="clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 20px auto; max-width: 100%;" /></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Henry強調他們是活生生有血有肉的人,不應單單被視作「議題」,我同意,而同樣原則可應用到被同性撫養的孩子──可稱他們為「同二代」。以下是一些例子:</span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">多恩.史提芬諾華茲 (Dawn C. Stefanowicz) 由兩位男同性戀者撫養,她說:「同性戀父親… 叫我接觸很多不同的次文化——同性戀、女同志、雙性戀、變性。這些次文化中沒有界線,沒有道德和單一伴侶的原則… 六歲時,我的家庭已使我受到創傷——我受到性騷擾、身體上和言語上的侵害,也被遺棄,因而出現口吃、經常暈倒和發惡夢。… 我為自己的生存感到恐懼… 父親曾鼓勵我在性方面更開放,而且他的榜樣告訴我,性是無需理由的… 我感到自己毫無價值,所以在十二歲時已想贏得男孩子的愛。長遠來說,我不但有憂鬱、精神緊張等問題,更有自殺傾向。」<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[9]</a></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Millie Fontana是女同性戀母親透過捐精生的孩子,她說:「成長過程中,我渴望一個父親。…故此,我很難確立一個穩定的身份。因此我的行為和情緒穩定大受影響。… 在同運人士裡,沒有人想聽像我這類人的心底話。因為現在是說『愛就是愛』,對嗎?我們並不存在。… 十一歲遇見父親,大概是唯一讓我覺得安全的時刻。我首次知道我是誰… 我能夠在這個人身上肯定自己的身份。如果我沒有遇見父親,今日我不可能站在你們面前,因為生命中缺少了父親,對我的情感反應帶來災難,即使在小小年紀之時候,已經阻礙我的成長。」<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[10]</a></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">無名:「我真的不知道其他人是否明白這情況有多壞,一些像我媽媽一樣的人敢這樣自行把一個孩子帶進這世界。… 媽媽永遠不知道,…沒有爸爸,帶給我多大的傷害。…我想知道我親父親的生活是如何,我想知道他是否看著同一個天空,然後知道我也在世界另一個地方看著這個天空。」<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[11]</a></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Robert Oscar Lopez:「媽媽是個同性戀者… 成長於不尋常的性文化中,我變得沒有底線,我敢說,一些你難以接受的事物,在我而言只是家常便飯。… 兒童就被迫要與扮演媽媽的人建立情感依賴關係,這樣造成很多傷害。同性婚姻依然錯誤,我沒在想甚麼宗教原因,只是它迫使兒童失去父親,卻又不能彌補兒童所需的支持,硬放一個人在兒童生命裡 是行不通的。」<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[12]</a></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">男孩:「我兩歲時,是我第一次問她:「我的爹地在哪裡?」她好似是這樣回答:「你沒有爹地,只有捐精者。」…現在我沒有任何動機去找誰是我的捐精者,他真是一個混蛋。」<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[13]</span></a></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">無名:「我跟兩個爹地一起居住… 我非常憎恨我的爹地… 你不覺得那些用捐卵者及代孕母取得嬰孩的同性戀者是很可怕嗎?我覺得他們像地獄般可怕… 我這種想法是否很壞?… 所有人都希望我接納所有我不想及不希望的事情」</span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">無名:「在一個沒有爸爸的環境下成長不是一件有趣的事。我需要接受治療… 我明白爸爸被取代是甚麼一回事,我明白不顧死活地廿四小時尋求男性的注意是甚麼感受,我也明白那份空虛,是源自永遠無法體會那賜你生命的男人對你無條件的愛… 若你們是女同性戀伴侶或選擇型的單親媽媽(single mother by choice),並計劃懷下一個「沒有父親」的孩子,只是為了證明你所謂「同志平權」口號或一些非常愚蠢的「女權主義者」的宣言,我會認為這是非常自私及妄顧他人感受的行為。」<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[14]</a></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nankitty:「同性戀雙親某程度是很自私,不會考慮像我一樣的孩子,生活在他們的世界,會是甚麼一回事。… 我很想有一個爸爸,這是否代表我是一個壞女兒?… 我渴望有一個像我好友一樣的父親,這種想法是否一件錯事? 」<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[15]</a></span></div>
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<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">類似的故事還有很多,但Edgar指責我「以偏概全」。當然,在討論這些故事前我已討論過一些代表性的研究。再者,以上故事不一定代表所有被同性撫養的孩子,但每個故事能具體讓我們明白可能發生的問題,縱使只是一部分,我們真的希望更多這樣的故事發生嗎?我們願意見到有孩子在成長時要面對這種經驗嗎?Edgar又說這些孩子的痛苦源自社會的歧視,另一在場女士對我說:「制度改革需要慢慢發展配套,過程中有問題是免不了的,將來配套齊全問題就應可解決了。」但主要問題似乎不是源自社會歧視和配套不齊全,而是結構性的:同性撫養<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">必然</em></span>欠缺一個爸爸或媽媽,以上的故事主人翁的痛苦往往源自這結構性缺憾。另一主要原因是同性群體中的獨特性文化和次文化,讓孩子缺乏邊界和安全感,這也不能歸咎於社會歧視。事實上,也有不少研究指出,養育孩子需要性別互補──父親與母親都需要,父養(fathering) 不能被母養(mothering) 取代,相反亦然。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[16]</a></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">末了的話</span></h2>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">還想簡略提幾點:</span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Henry認定自己的性傾向是先天的,我尊重他的自我了解,但一般而言,一個人的某些特徵是否先天,就算當事人也難以決定,還是需要看客觀的研究和證據。但現今的科學證據還未能證明同性戀傾向主要成因是先天的,反而後天因素的存在是難以否認的。(參《同性與變性》,第2章。)</span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Henry從他的經驗說同性戀者並不如一些標籤所言,大多是濫交的。我也尊重他的生活體驗,但對公共議題而言,還是需要一些調查數據的支持。就著現在各式各樣的證據而言,同性戀者比異性戀者,一般而言擁有較多性伴侶,似乎是較合理的結論。(參《同性與變性》,第3章。)</span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我們曾提出一折衷方案:不接受同性婚姻或公民結合,但可用「緊密關係授權書」保障同性伴侶和親密朋友之間的權利,Edgar說可「袋住先」,我們雙方可就著這類方案進一步對話吧。</span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; quotes: "" ""; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我提到婚姻制度的理性根據在於能把父母與親生子女結連在一起,Henry指出異性夫妻不一定會選擇生育,而另一些是不育。其實我已在不同地方處理這問題(參《同性與變性》,第6章),這裡只簡單指出我的說法所指的是一個一般性事實:異性夫婦<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">原則上可以並大多會</em></span>生產和養育親生子女(而同性伴侶不成),這在今天仍然成立,並不用假設每一對異性夫婦<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">事實上</em></span>會有親生子女。然而,這已確保<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">假若</em></span>有子女出生在婚姻制度中,他們會首先由親生父母養育──這才是重點,而同性婚姻肯定會破壞這點。</span></div>
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<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Henry最後謬讚我是認真的人,我也認為他是認真的人,並祝福他和Edgar幸福。然而他們在同運活躍分子中相信是較溫和的,也有其他更激進的人。Henry和Edgar感性的故事會打動不少觀眾,但面對同性婚姻與同性撫養的爭議,我們還是要理性地全盤考慮這些「改革」會對社會帶來甚麼衝擊,對下一代的幸福有甚麼影響。</span></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">就讓和平、理性的對話延續吧!</span></div>
<h2 style="border: 0px; clear: both; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">注釋:</span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[1]</a> 關啟文,《同性與變性》,香港:宣道,2015年6月,第7章。另參香港性文化學會的《性文化評論》第一期,2014年9月,主題為〈拆解同性撫養的迷思〉,見<a href="http://www.scs.org.hk/comment/2014/Vol1/comment1.pdf" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.scs.org.hk/comment/2014/Vol1/comment1.pdf</a>。</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[2]</a> Marks, L. (2012). Same-sex parenting and children’s outcomes: A closer examination of the American Psychological Association’s brief on lesbian and gay parenting. <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Science Research</em>, 41(4), 735-751.</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[3]</a> 去年我和蔡玉萍教授在《五夜講場》節目討論同婚時,她舉出哥倫比亞法學院收集到的七十多份支持同性撫養的文獻,但我們看過那批研究,發現仍離不開偏差性的細小樣本、女同家庭為主等的限制。參<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E7%8F%BE%E6%99%82%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%92%AB%E9%A4%8Agay-parenting%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%90%E8%AB%96%E6%98%AF%E7%94%9A%E9%BA%BC/" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/現時同性撫養gay-parenting的科學結論是甚麼/</a>。</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[4]</a> Allen, D. (2013). High school graduation rates among children of same-sex households. <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Review of Economics of the Household</em>, 11(4), 635-658. 報告也可在以下網址下載:<a href="http://www.terpconnect.umd.edu/~pnc/allen-ss-grad.pdf" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.terpconnect.umd.edu/~pnc/allen-ss-grad.pdf</a>。</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[5]</a> Regnerus, M. (2012). How different are the adult children of parents who have same-sex relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study. <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Science Research</em>, 41(4), 752-770.</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[6]</a> D. Paul Sullins, “Emotional Problems among Children with Same-Sex Parents: difference by Definition,” <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioral Science </em>7(2): 99-120, 2015.</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[7]</a> D. Paul Sullins, “The Unexpected harm of Same-Sex Marriage: A Critical Appraisal, Replication & Re-analysis of Wainwright & Patterson’s Studies of Adolescents with Same-sex Parents,” <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioral Science </em>11(2): 1-22, 2015, p.20.</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[8]</a> D. Paul Sullins, “Invisible Victims: Delayed Onset Depression among Adults with Same-sex Parents,” <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Depression Research & Treatment</em>, Volume 2016, Article ID 2410392, 8 pages.</span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[9]</a> Dawn C. Stefanowicz, “Public Hearing of the Judiciary Committee on the Marriage Amendment," Boston, Massachusetts, <a href="http://www.voteonmarriage.org/leghearing.shtml#dawn" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.voteonmarriage.org/leghearing.shtml#dawn</a></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[10]</a> 【Millie Fontana : 同二代親證「婚姻平權」的虛妄】<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-NyaVmvsf8" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-NyaVmvsf8</a></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[11]</a> <a href="https://anonymousus.org/parent-thinks-donor-conceived-child-simply-doest-care/" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://anonymousus.org/parent-thinks-donor-conceived-child-simply-doest-care/</a></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[12]</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=eAKAflug8Co" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=eAKAflug8Co</a></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[13]</a> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20021005005242/http:/www.familyresearchinst.org/FRI_homokids.html?story=831" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20021005005242/http://www.familyresearchinst.org/FRI_homokids.html?story=831</a></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[14]</a> Anonymous Us Project, “Anger”, 網絡連結:<a href="http://anonymousus.org/stories/index.php" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://anonymousus.org/stories/index.php</a></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[15]</a> Experience Project , “I have gay parents”, 網路連結:<a href="http://www.experienceproject.com/stories/Have-Gay-Parents/2573828" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.experienceproject.com/stories/Have-Gay-Parents/2573828</a></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/10/17/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%98%AF%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C-%E6%A9%99%E6%98%AF%E6%A9%99-%E8%A8%98%E7%AD%86%E8%80%85%E8%88%87%E6%9D%8E%E4%BA%A6%E8%B1%AA%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[16]</a> 參Dean Byrd, “Gender Complementarity & Child-rearing: Where Tradition & Science Agree,” <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Journal of Law & Family studies</em>, Volume 6 Number 2.</span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-9857633884594236332018-10-15T01:12:00.003-07:002018-10-15T01:24:13.999-07:00良心自由與宗教自由的回歸?反思亞設餅店的終極勝訴<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">關啟文</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">近期良心自由的勝利</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又一個令人振奮的消息:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2018</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,英國最高法院判北愛爾蘭亞設餅店(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Ashers Bakery</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)店主麥阿瑟(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Daniel McArthur</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)勝訴,</span><a href="file:///G:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/RD%20case_%E4%BA%9E%E8%A8%AD%E9%A4%85%E5%BA%97%E5%8B%9D%E8%A8%B4%20(%E5%88%A4%E8%BE%AD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90)KKM_re.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">結束四年多的訴訟夢魘,而他惡夢的起源是因為他拒絕為李加雷(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Gareth Lee</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">)製作一個寫上「支持同性婚姻」字樣的蛋糕。英國最高法院的判辭(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Lee v Ashers Baking Company Ltd & Others</span></i><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">)說:「這案件牽涉到歐洲人權公約所賦予的思想自由、良心自由和宗教自由等權利,這是清楚的。」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">#49</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">[</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">下面這判辭會簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Lee</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">在美國也有類似的案例,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Jack </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Phillips</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是蛋糕設計師,但自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2012</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年夏天他基於自己的信仰,拒絕為同性婚禮設計蛋糕,他就經歷了近六年的噩夢——不斷被科羅拉多州的法律機關定罪。然而,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">2018</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">6</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">4</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">日,美國聯邦最高法院以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">7</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">2</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">的大多數判</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Phillips</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">勝訴,認為科羅拉多州公民權利委員會沒有尊重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Phillips</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">的宗教自由</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,且持雙重標準,這反映了對宗教信仰的歧視和敵意——這有違美國憲法!</span><a href="file:///G:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/RD%20case_%E4%BA%9E%E8%A8%AD%E9%A4%85%E5%BA%97%E5%8B%9D%E8%A8%B4%20(%E5%88%A4%E8%BE%AD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90)KKM_re.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">其實美國加州亦有結婚蛋糕引發的風波,</span><span lang="EN-US">2017</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月,</span><span lang="EN-US">Mireya and Eileen Rodriguez-Del Rio</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">要求</span><span lang="EN-US">Tastries Bakery</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的店主</span><span lang="EN-US">Cathy Miller</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">為她們製作結婚蛋糕,</span><span lang="EN-US">Miller</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雖然願意為她們提供各種服務,但認為製作同性婚禮蛋糕有違她的宗教信仰,所以拒絕了,她因此被控告性傾向歧視。</span><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月,</span> <span lang="EN-US">Kern County Superior Court</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的法官</span><span lang="EN-US">David Lampe</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">判</span><span lang="EN-US">Miller</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">勝訴,他認為第一修正案所賦予的言論自由權應凌駕於國家確保自由市場的目的,思想自由的權利「包括說話的權利,也包括拒絕說話的權利,有時緘默是最深刻的抗議。」這話與英國最高法院的判辭的說法一致(詳後)。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">以往不少西方法庭的判決單方面強調同性戀者有不受歧視的權利,而往往忽視、甚或輕蔑良心自由和宗教自由,這案件中北愛爾蘭平等委員會(</span><span lang="EN-US">Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, ECNI</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)一直力挺李加雷,為他支付約</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">萬英鎊的訟費,卻對亞設餅店的打壓毫不手軟。英國最高法院卻指出:「上訴庭曾表達一些關注,就是</span><span lang="EN-US">ECNI</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">與亞設餅店的通信可能會令人產生一種印象,就是當一些信仰群體成員因著他們的深刻宗教信仰而遇到困難時,</span><span lang="EN-US">ECNI</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">對幫助他們一點興趣也沒有。」然後強調:「</span><span lang="EN-US">ECNI</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這種組織,應為所有因著某種受保護特徵而求助的人提供服務,而不應給人偏重一種特徵多於其他特徵的印象,這明顯是必須的。」(</span><span lang="EN-US">Lee, #14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)坦白說,過往與香港平機會打交道的經驗給我們相同印象:他們絕對化同性戀者不受歧視的權利,而對良心自由和宗教自由嗤之以鼻。希望他們今後好好反省,並從這案例(特別是以上判辭)吸收教訓。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">本文會對此判例作出分析,但判辭中有部分論到北愛法庭與英國最高法院的權限問題(</span><span lang="EN-US">Lee, #63-90</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),對我們的處境適切性不大,會略過不提。</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">事情始末</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月,同運組織</span><span lang="EN-US">QueerSpace</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的義工李加雷(</span><span lang="EN-US">Gareth Lee</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)去到位於北愛首都貝爾法斯特(</span><span lang="EN-US">Belfast</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)的亞設餅店訂做一個芝麻街圖案(這是</span><span lang="EN-US">QueerSpace</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的標誌),而上面寫上「支持同性婚姻」的蛋糕</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這用來慶祝一個同運活動。數日後,亞設餅店致電李加雷,表示那個蛋糕有違他們的信仰,通知取消訂單及退款。(後來李加雷找到另一店鋪給他弄這蛋糕。)隨後李加雷向北愛爾蘭平等委員會投訴亞設</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">餅店歧視他的性傾向。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">2015</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年的地區審訊及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">2016</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年的上訴官司,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">麥阿瑟</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">都輸了,被罰款</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">500</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">英鎊。他的罪名有三項:因著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Equality Act (Sexual Orientation)
Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2006 </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">SOR</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),他被判性傾向歧視;因著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Fair Employment & Treatment
(Northern Ireland) Order 1998 </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US">FETO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),他被判宗教歧視和政見歧視。(北愛的律政司對這判決卻有疑問。)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">2017</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年他上訴到英國最高法院,終獲得最後勝利。</span><span lang="EN-US">2018</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日,五位最高法院法官一致裁定亞設餅店三項罪名皆不成立,因為拒絕製作一個寫上支持同性婚姻字句的蛋糕,根本並非歧視,且受歐洲人權公約保護。最高法院院長何熙怡女男爵(</span><span lang="EN-US">Baroness Hale</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)裁定亞設餅店並非因為李加雷的性傾向而拒絕訂單:「無論性傾向是甚麼,他們都會拒絕為任何顧客製作這樣的蛋糕</span><span lang="EN-US">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">他們反對的是蛋糕上的信息,而不是李先生的個人特徵。」</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">亞設餅店店主麥阿瑟當然十分高興,因為他們這些小生意不用被強逼去支持別人的政治運動。但他認為很多人也會高興,因為這判決維護了所有人的表達自由和良心自由。他也強調,他們的店甚麼時候都仍然歡迎李加雷。</span><a href="file:///G:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/RD%20case_%E4%BA%9E%E8%A8%AD%E9%A4%85%E5%BA%97%E5%8B%9D%E8%A8%B4%20(%E5%88%A4%E8%BE%AD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90)KKM_re.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">並非性傾向歧視</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"> (Lee, #20-36)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">亞設餅店除了被控直接歧視外,也被控間接歧視,但法庭認為這控訴並不成立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(#21)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">若要證明直接的性傾向歧視,一般來說我們要證明某人是因著他自己的性傾向而受到較差對待</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">less favorable treatment</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">,這「較差」是相對於其他不同性傾向的人而言。然而地區法官承認亞設餅店不提供服務,不是因為李加雷的性傾向,而是因著他所要求的蛋糕的訊息;也同意若異性戀者要求亞設餅店製作有支持同婚的訊息的蛋糕,同樣會被拒絕。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(#22)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">那究竟有何理據說亞設餅店犯了性傾向歧視呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">第一,地區法官這樣作出比較,現在亞設餅店拒絕服務李加雷,但若有異性戀者要求亞設餅店製作支持異性戀婚姻的蛋糕時,則不會被拒絕。所以,李加雷是因著其性傾向而受到較差對待!然而這種比較方式是明顯錯誤的,我們應比較的是不同性傾向人士,<b><i>在同樣情況下,</i></b>會否受到差別對待,而不是<b><i>不同訊息</i></b>會否受到差別對待!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(#24)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">第二,地區法官認為「支持同性婚姻」與「同性戀性傾向」是不可分割的</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">indissociable</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但英國最高法院指出這是誤解</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">。「不同性傾向人士</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">──</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">同性戀、異性戀或雙性戀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">──</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">都可以和事實上支持同性婚姻。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(#25)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">北愛上訴庭則堅持這是一種關連性歧視</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">associative discrimination</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">,因為歧視法也禁止一個人因著與他關連人士的性傾向而受到較差對待。在這案例,這是說李加雷與同性戀群體有著關連,而亞設餅店因著這群體的性傾向而較差對待李加雷,所以亞設餅店仍然犯了性傾向歧視。但英國最高法院指出,並沒有證據支持亞設餅店曾作出這種歧視性行為,它有聘用同性戀員工,和服務同性戀顧客,不分性傾向。也沒有理由相信,亞設餅店拒絕服務李加雷,是因為他與同性戀群體的關連。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(#28) </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">英國最高法院認為雖然關連性歧視是違法,但我們不能過分寬鬆詮釋這概念:「我們不能說,因為某些較差對待是與某人的性傾向有點兒關係,所以這較差對待的『理由』</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">grounds</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">就是性傾向。我認為,一種較緊密的連繫必須存在。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(#33)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">
</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">但如何定義這「緊密連繫」,法庭並沒有說清楚。它只是重申:亞設餅店「反對的是訊息,而不是任何一個或多個人。」</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(#34)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">英國最高法院表明繼續支持反歧視,和「促進平等對待的企劃」,但指出:<b>「若嘗試把這企劃過分擴展,超越其正當範圍,是不會對這企劃有利的。」</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">(#35) </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">說得好!我們認為西方眾多逆向歧視的案例,正是現今反歧視反過頭、超越其正當範圍的鐵證。總結而言,英國最高法院認為亞設餅店根本沒有作出性傾向歧視,這叫我們反省,應否僵化地執著「較差對待」和無限擴充「關連性歧視」等概念?這看來是北愛區域法庭和上訴庭的毛病,我們應明白「歧視」這概念本來就相當複雜(特別是「間接歧視」</span><a href="file:///G:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/RD%20case_%E4%BA%9E%E8%A8%AD%E9%A4%85%E5%BA%97%E5%8B%9D%E8%A8%B4%20(%E5%88%A4%E8%BE%AD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90)KKM_re.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">),何況應用到「性傾向」另一個有高爭議性的含混且複雜概念上呢!老實說,看完英國最高法院對他們的批評,實在非常詫異那些法官的論點如此低質素,和如此充斥著偏見。或許,「性傾向歧視」這種爭議性概念根本不適宜成為禁制性法律的基礎,不然,只會爭加濫權的空間,和產生更多亞設餅店和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Jack Phillips</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">那樣的受害者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">──</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">他們最終得到平反不代表他們沒有受到壓逼,何況還有很多未獲平反的受害者,和不少人生死未卜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">並非政見歧視</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"> (Lee, #37-48)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由於北愛有支持同性婚姻的訴求,在這背景底下,「支持同性婚姻」屬一種政見,英國最高法院同意這點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(#41) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">地區法院認為,餅店基於不認同李加雷的政治主張而拒絕提供服務,所以構成政見歧視。但為何也判餅店犯了宗教信仰歧視呢?其實亞設餅店並不知道李加雷的宗教信仰,然而地區法官似乎認為,亞設餅店有違</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">FETO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的宗教信仰歧視條文,是因為亞設餅店基於<b><i>自己的宗教信仰</i></b>而作出歧視!我初看判辭時也大惑不解,按一般理解,假若</span><span lang="EN-US">D</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(</span><span lang="EN-US">discriminator</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)被控歧視</span><span lang="EN-US">V</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(</span><span lang="EN-US">victim</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),這是因為</span><span lang="EN-US">V</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">認為</span><span lang="EN-US">D</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">因著</span><span lang="EN-US">V</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的宗教信仰或政治主張等,而對</span><span lang="EN-US">V</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">作出較差對待,而不是因著</span><span lang="EN-US">D</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">自己的信仰等!</span>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">幸好,英國最高法院頭腦清醒,指出以上那種理解是錯誤的。</span><span lang="EN-US">(#44-45) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">他們說:「基於宗教信仰或政見的較差對待,若被</span><span lang="EN-US">FETO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所禁止時,擁有這宗教信仰或政見的人,必須不是作出較差對待的人。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#45)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(他們有些不肯定是否應如上面那樣理解地區法官的判決,但若不是如此理解,那就更難以明白為何地區法庭判亞設餅店宗教歧視的罪名成立。)最後,他們又重申現時「差別對待所針對的是訊息,而不是人。」他們也提出了一個比喻:「這猶如一個基督徒的印刷公司被要求去印製提倡無神論訊息的單張。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#47)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">看畢以上討論,實在令人對有關宗教歧視的判罪產生疑問,地區法庭的判決實在理據欠奉。會否這判決更多是意識形態主導呢?再回到政見歧視的罪名,因為英國最高法院同意「支持同性婚姻」可算一種政見,那又如何處理亞設餅店的政見歧視有罪判決呢?他們認為這就要考慮歐洲人權公約對詮釋</span><span lang="EN-US">FETO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的影響了。</span><span lang="EN-US">(#48)</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歐洲人權公約</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在這段落,英國最高法院一開始就說:「這案件牽涉到歐洲人權公約所賦予的思想自由、良心自由和宗教自由等權利,這是清楚的。」(</span><span lang="EN-US">#49</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)所指的是公約第</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">款。他們引用歐洲人權法庭的話去強調這些人權的重要性:「如</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">歐洲人權公約</span><span lang="EN-US">] </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">第</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條所說的,思想自由、良心自由和宗教自由是本公約理解的『民主社會』的基石。其宗教向度固然是構成信徒身分和生活理念的最重要元素之一,而且對無神論者、不可知論者、懷疑論者和不關注</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這些問題</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">者,這也是寶貴的財產。民主社會是經過多年的奮鬥才成功爭取到的,而與民主社會不可分割的多元主義正正倚賴這幾種自由。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#50) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">誠哉斯言!所以現今一些絕對化反歧視的趨勢叫人憂慮,因為它會壓縮甚或在某些領域摧毀多元主義(如對同性戀議題的看法),而這也會摧毀民主社會。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">英國最高法院從歐洲人權法庭的判例指出,「強逼一個人表達一個他並不持守的信念,也是限制了他的權利。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(#50) </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所引的案例包括</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Buscarini v San Marino</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(1999)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">和</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Commodore of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force v Laramore </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2017)</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,前者指出非信徒不應被強逼以基督教形式宣誓,後者則指出伊斯蘭</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">教徒不應被強逼參與基督教儀式。表達自由也受公約第</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">款保護,「雖然表達自由字面上不包含不表達的自由,但長久以來,我們都認定前者包含後者。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#52)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">他們亦援引美國的第一修正案,亦包含不被強逼去表達的自由。</span><span lang="EN-US">(#53) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">當然,公約第</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條也有限制,假若李加雷單純因著自己的同性戀傾向,或因為他支持同運,便被餅店拒絕所有服務,這是不容許的。但現在的情況完全不同,餅店只是拒絕表達某種訊息的蛋糕。英國最高法院認為:「無論蛋糕所傳遞的訊息是甚麼</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">如支持活在罪中、支持特定政黨、支持某宗教宗派,他們都有權拒絕。現在這訊息是與性傾向有關這事實,其實與</span><span lang="EN-US">FETO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">無關。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#55) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這也是說,他們這次判決維護的並非特定的反同性戀的自由,而是一種廣泛的表達自由、良心自由和宗教自由(包括信與不信的自由),這種種自由應一視同仁地應用到廣泛的道德、政治和宗教觀點。按照</span><span lang="EN-US">1998</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年的人權法(</span><span lang="EN-US">Human
Rights Act 1998</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),所有法例應盡可能以與公約吻合的方法詮釋,所以雖然英國最高法院認為政見歧視的指控有可能成立(然而他們也不確定),我們不應把</span><span lang="EN-US">FETO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">理解為「可強制貨品、服務和設施提供者去表達自己不同意的訊息」</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">除非有很強的理據。</span><span lang="EN-US">(#56) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這判決的意義深遠,按同樣的邏輯,基督教設施(如會所)或基督徒的婚禮策劃公司或印刷所,被強逼去服務同性婚禮,也會違反他們的表達自由、良心自由和宗教自由。無論如何,在此案中,英國最高法院「維護公約第</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條賦予麥阿瑟夫婦的權利。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#57)</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">反思</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我們歡迎這個判決,也為麥阿瑟夫婦和亞設餅店高興。連同美國最高法院有關菲利普斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Jack Phillips, Masterpiece Cakeshop</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)的判決等,我們好像看到在西方有一種逆流,因著「平權」運動過激,反而做成其他人的不平等和受到逆向歧視,所以一些頭腦清醒的人看到這並非真箇平權,所以願意撥亂反正,重拾平衡。例如英國最高法院對</span><span lang="EN-US">ECNI</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的「勸勉」就可圈可點。當然,我們也不會過分樂觀,只是期望頭腦清醒的人愈來愈多。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">這些案例也印證了我們一直對性傾向歧視立法(特別在香港的處境)的憂慮。第一,財政壓力不平等的問題。這次李加雷控告亞設餅店,李加雷一方受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">ECNI</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">以數以百萬(港元)的公帑資助,從個人來說可說是幾乎沒有成本,敗訴也無妨。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麥阿瑟一方呢?雖然</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">他們得到基督徒協會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">The Christian Institute</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">)支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">20</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">萬英鎊的訴訟費(折算逾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">200</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">萬港元),但就我所知,這組織也並非財雄勢厚,所得的費用主要是募捐而來,能籌到這麼多費用,其實代表很多市民同情</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麥阿瑟,但這過程相信也艱辛無比。而且</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">歧視法的特點是雙方各自支付訟費,縱使</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">麥阿瑟現在</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">勝訴,也難以取回訟費。試問這樣的訴訟壓力有多少人能承擔?更莫說長達四年多的精神壓力。若這次亞設餅店敗訴,其他想維護自己良心自由的小店鋪恐怕命途堪虞。香港的歧視訴訟也類似,被控告一方縱使最終勝訴也難以取回訟費,而控告一方往往有公帑資助。這樣真的公平嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">第二,規管範圍不平等的問題,這在美國的菲利普斯案特別明顯。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國最高法院判他勝訴的原因,是因為科羅拉多州的判決有違宗教中立的責任——首先因為州政府犯了對宗教敵視</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">religious hostility</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的錯誤;此外,科羅拉多州的法庭判決顯示雙重標準,並不公正。在那期間發生另一些相關的歧視案例:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">William Jack</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也在科羅拉多州找三個蛋糕師傅去為他做一個有反對同性婚姻訊息的蛋糕,但都被拒。他也作出投訴,但在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,那三位蛋糕師傅都被判無罪——他們雖然拒絕服務某些顧客,但並沒有違法。對比起來,</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">菲利普斯屢戰屢敗,如何申訴、上訴也被判有罪。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國最高法院指出,若當時的州法律有空間容許商人拒絕創造令他們冒犯的訊息,如貶低同性戀者和同性婚姻的訊息,那也應公平對待</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">菲利普斯</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:「在這案例的所有情況下,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Phillips</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的宣稱都應該得到中立和尊重的考慮。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們一直指出,若在香港制定性傾向歧視</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">法</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,那</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">拒絕服務同性戀顧客,或與同性戀關連的人和訴求,或不讓同性戀者或同運團體租借房屋、會所、營地、結婚場所等等,或對同運作出嚴正批評(「中傷」?),或解僱同性戀員工、不讓他們升職(縱使有正當且與性傾向無關的理由),都會令當事人提心弔膽、動輒得咎。但反過來,若因著某人或相關團體的保守立場(如反對同性婚姻)而作出以上那類行為,如解僱反同運的員工,和中傷家庭價值組織,卻完全沒有法律後果。在社會爭議的一方,法律的利刃只是長期掛在一方的頭上,另一方如何激進卻完全沒有後果,這樣真的公平嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">第三,性傾向歧視法的基礎概念,如性傾向、歧視、中傷、間接歧視等等,都並非清晰的,因此有很大空間讓法官滲入自己的價值觀(甚或偏見),而致作出偏頗和不公正的判決。我認為這案例中北愛地區法官和上訴庭的判決,和美國科羅拉多州針對菲利普斯的判決和態度,都清楚彰顯這些問題。上面已提到不少例子,我們再舉一例。北愛上訴庭把同性戀群體,等同受益於同性婚姻的群體,故此認定反對倡導同性婚姻的機構等同於歧視同性戀者。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/2/null" name="_ftnref4">因此,他們維持亞設餅店歧視的罪名。但若按這邏輯,同運團體提倡同性婚姻、激進性教育、甚或多元婚姻與性解放,都不容反對了嗎?若反對,就是犯了性傾向歧視的罪嗎?很明顯,這種詮釋是利用性傾向歧視法去把同運訴求變成社會正統,只可贊成,不可反對</a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref4;"><span lang="EN-US">──</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref4;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">若心裡反對也不可表露出來。這恐怕並非性傾向歧視法的原意,但如何能防止它被濫用呢?</span></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">有些人說,這次案例正正說明這道理:不用怕,法律是公正的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">──</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">英國最高法院不是還了亞設餅店一個公道嗎?首先,這公道還得太遲了,麥亞瑟所付出的代價,已如潑出之水,不能收回。此外,誰擔保英國最高法院一定會頭腦清醒呢?其實這一次北愛上訴庭根本不願意把案件送到英國最高法院再審,其中一個原因是北愛的律政司</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Attorney General</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">堅持要這樣做,不然亞設餅店一案到了北愛上訴庭就要以悲慘的命運作結了!所以,能上訴到英國最高法院取回公道,對亞設餅店來說也並非理所當然,也有運氣的元素。因此,我們要認真考慮性傾向歧視法的利弊和風險,若並沒有處境逼切性,或許教育而不是立法,才是處理性傾向歧視的最佳辦法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u style="text-underline: black;"><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">參考資料</span></u><u style="text-underline: black;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">梁永豪,〈性小眾權益與宗教自由〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2017</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日。網頁:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.truth-light.org.hk/nt/article/%E6%80%A7%E5%B0%8F%E7%9C%BE%E6%AC%8A%E7%9B%8A%E8%88%87%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1">http://www.truth-light.org.hk/nt/article/<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN-US">性小眾權益與宗教自</span></span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">由</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">北愛地區法庭裁決,明光社資料室,〈從兩個法庭案件中看性傾向歧視與宗教自由及言論自由〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日。</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://goo.gl/I4FBlU">http://goo.gl/I4FBlU</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">北愛上訴庭裁決,</span><span style="color: #2c3e50; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; letter-spacing: 1.15pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.bailii.org/nie/cases/NICA/2016/39.html" target="_blank">http://www.bailii.org/nie/cases/NICA/2016/39.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">新聞:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-45789759">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-45789759</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">亞設餅店訴訟事件簿:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-northern-ireland-37753930/gay-cake-case-key-dates">https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-northern-ireland-37753930/gay-cake-case-key-dates</a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///G:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/RD%20case_%E4%BA%9E%E8%A8%AD%E9%A4%85%E5%BA%97%E5%8B%9D%E8%A8%B4%20(%E5%88%A4%E8%BE%AD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90)KKM_re.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這店名出自聖經:「亞設之地必出肥美的糧食,且出君王的美味。」(創</span><span lang="EN-US">49</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:</span><span lang="EN-US">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)</span></div>
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<a href="file:///G:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/RD%20case_%E4%BA%9E%E8%A8%AD%E9%A4%85%E5%BA%97%E5%8B%9D%E8%A8%B4%20(%E5%88%A4%E8%BE%AD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90)KKM_re.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">我對這案件已作出詳細分析:〈宗教自由的初步勝利</span><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「反同」蛋糕師傅的平反──美國最高法院就著</span><span lang="X-NONE">Jack Phillips</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的判案〉。網頁:</span><span lang="X-NONE"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%E8%8B%A6%E9%9B%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%90%E6%9D%9F-%E6%88%B0%E7%81%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%B6%E7%BA%8C-%E7%B0%A1%E8%A9%95%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2/">https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">苦難的結束</span>-<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">戰火的延續</span>-<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">簡評美國最高法院</span>/</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">;另有一文:〈苦難的結束</span><span lang="X-NONE"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「戰火」的延續──簡評美國最高法院就</span><span lang="X-NONE">Jack Phillips</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">的判案〉,見</span><span lang="X-NONE"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E5%8B%9D%E5%88%A9-%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%8C%E8%9B%8B%E7%B3%95%E5%B8%AB%E5%82%85%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%8D/">https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">宗教自由的初步勝利</span>-<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">反同蛋糕師傅的平反</span>/</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span></div>
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<a href="file:///G:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/RD%20case_%E4%BA%9E%E8%A8%AD%E9%A4%85%E5%BA%97%E5%8B%9D%E8%A8%B4%20(%E5%88%A4%E8%BE%AD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90)KKM_re.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Hugh Collins & Tarunabh Khaitan, eds., <i>Foundations of
Indirect Discrimination Law </i>(<st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city> & <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Portland</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Oregon</st1:state></st1:place>:
Hart Publishing, 2018). </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">這書的編者指出:「間接歧視的法例持續地引起爭議──有關這些法例的存在、範圍和理據。這爭議的源頭也不難找,間接歧視的法例在我們的道德推理中看來呈現了一些悖論。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)</span></div>
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<br />關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-61950209634922447612018-10-03T02:03:00.002-07:002018-10-03T02:44:09.148-07:00你無可替代的一票──你必須支持婚姻公投的六大理由<br />
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt;">你無可替代的一票──<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt;">你必須支持婚姻公投的六大理由<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><br />
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">近年台灣的同運勢如破竹,已直接挑戰一夫一妻的婚姻制度,和影響到孩子的教育。一些民間組織(如下一代幸福聯盟)認為一定要用公民投票的方式讓市民表達意見,<a href="file:///G:/SCS/TW/%E5%AE%88%E6%9C%9B%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3SSM%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95(Nov%202018)KKM.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>並成功推行在<span lang="EN-US">2018</span>年<span lang="EN-US">11</span>月<span lang="EN-US">24</span>日的九合一選舉中進行三項公投:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">「婚姻定義公投」,即婚姻限一男一女組成;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">「適齡性平教育公投」,即不應對心智未成熟的兒少實施同志教育;<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">「採婚姻以外形式保障同性二人權益之公投」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">筆者認為所有台灣公民都應該投過此次公投支持一夫一妻的婚姻制度,和向極端的性解放運動說不,六大理由如下。<a href="file:///G:/SCS/TW/%E5%AE%88%E6%9C%9B%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3SSM%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95(Nov%202018)KKM.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">一,這幾乎是你唯一的機會去突破封鎖,表達你的價值觀。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">現時的台灣政府和官方組織(如某些教育委員會)大多被親同的力量把持,再加上任意解釋憲法的大法官,我們根本無能為力。而且無論在大眾傳媒或網頁上,或在大學與不同專業中,支持家庭價值的聲音也多被滅聲,被標籤為「歧視」,甚或被恥笑和打壓(如「洗版」)。現在你不用滔滔雄辯、舌戰群雄,只要平實地投下一票,就能表達你的價值觀,並透過公投這「擴音器」讓社會聽到你的聲音。這實在是千載難逢的機會啊!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">二,現在的形勢凶險,急不容緩,必須即時的回應。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">台灣的社會被親同傳媒操縱,新一代被宣揚激進同運和性解放的「教育」洗腦。現在還有不少市民和家長心底裡不認同這些激進思想,但很多人已不敢發聲,只餘下些少反對的空間。一旦同性婚姻制度化,整體的公共制度和文化只會更絕對地向同運和性解放傾斜,恐怕那些餘下的反對空間也會消失。若公投能凝聚強大的異議聲音,或許能在這關鍵的一刻重新壯大支持家庭價值的運動,阻止台灣在未來出現最壞的發展。縱使未來政府願意進行一些改革(如廢除激進的性平教育),也會面對極大阻力,強大的民意則能賦予其合法性和力量。不然積習難返,台灣社會只會繼續沉淪。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">三,這是行使公民自決的民主權利,和家長的人權,無可指責。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">有些人把這公投多方抹黑,然而台灣社會以民主和人權的價值自豪,而公投正是表達民主自決的終極方式。再者,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》所</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">強調的一個人權,就是要</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「尊重父母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">確保子女接受符合其本人信仰之宗教及道德教育之自由。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">條</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">然而現時台灣推行的「同志教育」和「性教育」,往往與很多子女的父母的宗教及道德信念南轅北轍,所以家長的教育權一點也不見得被「尊重」!因此,這次公投讓市民有機會</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">行使公民自決的民主權利和家長的人權,實在是無可指責。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">四,你那一票是獨一無二的,沒有其他人可替代。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">每人只可投一票,沒有人可代替你投票。你若不站出來投票,那這一票的力量就會永遠流失了!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">五,現在是對決的情況,若不積極承擔自己責任,袖手旁觀,就等同向對手投降,並縱容一些極端勢力肆虐。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">台灣的同志團體也同樣發起支持同運的公投,這也是他們的權利,他們也必然會全民總動員。所以現在是兩種價值觀對決的情況,最後的結果和影響將會視乎兩種公民力量的較勁,若支持家庭價值的市民不盡自己的責任,那雙方力量此消彼長,恐怕後果也與棄械投降、甚或支持對方沒有分別!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">六,激進的同運已大舉侵入亞洲,若能在台灣公投反映亞洲人維護家庭價值的決心,將會是對其他面對同運衝擊的人民很大的鼓舞。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">唇亡齒寒,台灣的發展也與其他亞洲地方息息相關,特別是與台灣背景相似的城市(如香港)。台灣的持續淪陷將會是對其他城市的打擊,使更多人麻木或絕望。相反,台灣的人民力量的甦醒(無論公投的最終結果如何),也會大大鼓舞那些在其他地方努力守望社會的人。所以你的一票,不單影響著台灣社會,也可能影響整個亞洲,意義重大。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">以上六大理由對所有人都適用,而對宗教信徒而言,這公投更是他們見證他們所相信的主宰和真理的寶貴機會。最後要強調,我們對事不對人,寬容而不縱容,並非敵視與我們不同意見之人,但為了守護下一代的幸福,糾正台灣社會現時的種種流弊,我們只能溫柔而堅定地支持這次公民投票。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">2018</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">年<span lang="EN-US">10</span>月<span lang="EN-US">3</span>日<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">(本文歡迎轉載,不設版權。)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///G:/SCS/TW/%E5%AE%88%E6%9C%9B%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3SSM%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95(Nov%202018)KKM.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">幸福盟網址,</span><span lang="EN-US">https://taiwanfamily.com/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///G:/SCS/TW/%E5%AE%88%E6%9C%9B%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3SSM%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95(Nov%202018)KKM.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">支持這點的理性論據我已多方論證,參我的書《同性與變性》,和很多網上文章(我的部落格和臉書專頁)。本文論及的主要是這次公投行動的理由。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-1733481262077829902018-06-11T18:50:00.002-07:002018-06-11T18:50:59.217-07:00苦難的結束 「戰火」的延續──簡評美國最高法院就Jack Phillips的判案<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Phillips只是一個普通的蛋糕設計師,但自2012年夏天他基於自己的信仰,拒絕為Charlie Craig與Dave Mullins的同性婚禮設計蛋糕,他就經歷了近六年的噩夢──不斷被科羅拉多州的法律機關定罪。然而,2018年6月4日,美國聯邦最高法院以7比2的大多數判Phillips勝訴,認為科羅拉多州公民權利委員會(CCRC) 沒有尊重Phillips的宗教自由,且持雙重標準,這反映了對宗教信仰的歧視和敵意───這有違美國憲法!(判辭叫Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd,. et al. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission et al. ,我對這判辭已作出詳細分析:〈<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9D%E6%AD%A5%E5%8B%9D%E5%88%A9-%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%8C%E8%9B%8B%E7%B3%95%E5%B8%AB%E5%82%85%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%8D/" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">宗教自由的初步勝利 「反同」蛋糕師傅的平反──美國最高法院就著Jack Phillips的判案</a>〉。)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">對這件事有很多誤解,有人說他完全拒絕服務同性戀顧客,這還不是偏見嗎?不對,事實上Phillips願意賣生日蛋糕和其他糕點給同性戀者,但因著他的基督教信仰,他不願意參與或支持一個同性婚禮,所以不能為他們設計結婚蛋糕(也不會為<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">任何人</em></span>設計慶祝同性婚禮的蛋糕)。有人說所謂宗教自由只是一種借口(CCRC的委員也這樣說),用以掩飾Phillips內心的歧視與憎恨。但這種解釋合理嗎?Phillips為著這件事已有巨大經濟損失,心理的壓力和煎熬也無與倫比,不單要面對龐大官方機構的無情檢控、偵訊、法庭的判罪和CCRC的敵意攻擊,更是千夫所指──被主流媒體標籤為「反同」蛋糕師傅;而且他也要面對最終被美國最高法院定罪的風險──這樣他就會「永不超生」!真的只是為了偏執內心一點情緒就要付上這麼巨大的代價嗎?</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">從各種資料看,Phillips並非這樣的偏執狂,而是一個真誠善良的人。看看Thomas大法官的描述:「Phillips為了使Masterpiece Cakeshop能按照他的基督教信仰運作,經常要犧牲利益。他的店鋪在星期天關門,他給員工的薪金比一般的水平高,有需要時他還借錢給員工。Phillips也拒絕製作含有酒精的蛋糕、包含種族歧視或恐同訊息的蛋糕、批評上帝的蛋糕,以及萬聖節的蛋糕──縱使對蛋糕店而言,萬聖節是最能賺錢的時節之一。」(p. 10)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">你或許覺得Phillips愚蠢,但我們可以合理相信Phillips只是在真誠地實踐他的信仰,捍衛他自己的良心自由(這也是國際人權文獻承認的人權和普世價值),然而他卻因此面對長期的攻擊和打壓。Gorsuch大法官這樣說:「Phillips先生決定性地證明違反第一修正案的情況發生了﹐差不多有六年他面對政府不合法的指控,他應該得到[平反的]判決。」這也標誌著Phillips的噩夢和苦難的結束,我們在這裡恭賀他。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">然而面對這種噩夢的人還有不少,例如還有好些類似Phillips的蛋糕師傅(Oregon的一個蛋糕師傅甚至被罰款港幣一百萬!)也有人拒絕為同性婚禮提供鮮花和攝影的服務而被控等等。他/她們的苦難還未結束,而且美國最高法院會對這些案例如何判決還未可知。雖然這一次他們判定科羅拉多州政府犯了對宗教敵視的錯誤,所以對Phillips的判決要作廢。但書寫大多數意見的Kennedy大法官指出這是一個困難的案例,因為牽涉兩大原則的潛在衝突。一是保護同性戀者的權利與尊嚴;二是第一修正案賦予的基本自由(言論自由和宗教實踐的自由)。怎樣的行為牽涉到言論自由也是一個困難問題。Kennedy認為案例的細節可產生重大分別,例如蛋糕師傅只是拒絕製造有某些字眼或形象的蛋糕,抑或一律拒絕為某類顧客(如同性戀者)弄蛋糕,就可能影響判決。所以,因著主流判決有不少模稜兩可之處,法庭上的戰火還是會延續下去。</span></div>
<div class="wp-caption alignnone" data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_3796" style="background-color: white; border: none; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 20px 0px 1.5em; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 833px;">
<img alt="supreme court LGBT" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3796" data-attachment-id="3796" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Jack Phillips and cake" data-large-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png?w=700?w=700" data-medium-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png?w=700" data-orig-size="823,505" data-permalink="https://blog.scs.org.hk/%e8%8b%a6%e9%9b%a3%e7%9a%84%e7%b5%90%e6%9d%9f-%e6%88%b0%e7%81%ab%e7%9a%84%e5%bb%b6%e7%ba%8c-%e7%b0%a1%e8%a9%95%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e6%9c%80%e9%ab%98%e6%b3%95%e9%99%a2__trashed/jack-phillips-and-cake/" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" src="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png?w=700" srcset="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png?w=700 700w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png?w=150 150w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png?w=300 300w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png?w=768 768w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/jack-phillips-and-cake.png 823w" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 8.39063px auto 0px; max-width: 98%; padding: 5px;" /><div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: rgb(239, 239, 239); border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8075em; margin-top: 0.8075em; max-width: 98%; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 686px;">
Phillips會為同性戀者做生日蛋糕或其他蛋糕,因此他並非基於性傾向而拒絕服務,他只是拒絕為有違信念的同性婚禮做蛋糕,正如他也拒絕製作萬聖節蛋糕或貶損同性戀者的蛋糕。(圖:ADF截圖)</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">然而這主流判決還是有令人鼓舞的地方,我列舉一些重點:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 20px 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">「宗教與哲學反對同性婚姻的觀點也要受保護,而且在某些情況下是受保護的表達方式。」這點很重要,不少人認為自美國最高法院制度化了同性婚姻之後,反對同性婚姻的意見已是不合法,所以把這種意見排斥和打壓也是合理的。Kennedy清楚地說這種觀點並不符合美國憲法。</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy認為,神職人員不可被強逼去主持同性婚禮,不然就是侵犯了他的宗教自由。</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">法庭明言執行歧視法時不能有雙重標準。這是重要案例:William Jack也在科羅拉多州找三個蛋糕師傅去為他做一個有反對同性婚姻訊息的蛋糕,但都被拒。他也向CCRC投訴,但在2015年,那三位蛋糕師傅都被判無罪。CCRC沒有公平對待Phillips。(Kagan大法官和Ginsburg大法官都嘗試為CCRC開脫,我的長文中有作出反駁。)</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy指出,若要按照第一修正案去保障宗教自由,政府不能對市民的宗教信仰持有敵意,或假定某些宗教信念與實踐是不合法的。這原則相當重要:<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">“the government, if it is to respect the Constitution’s guarantee of free exercise, cannot impose regulations that are hostile to the religious beliefs of affected citizens & cannot act in a manner that passes judgment upon or presupposes the illegitimacy of religious beliefs & practices.’ (16-17)</span></span></li>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy明確地肯定宗教自由應受到尊重,但又感到不應為宗教信仰提供過多的豁免。我認為<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在美國現在的處境</em></span>,或許他有點過慮了。現時在美國,不見得有很多人會拒絕服務同性戀者,一方面在金錢掛帥的社會中為何不多做點生意,賺多點錢?另一方面縱使有些人想這樣做,但真的敢嗎?不少案例顯示,若拒絕服務同性婚禮,只會為服務者而不是同性戀者帶來污名化。Phillips本身就受到猛烈攻擊和主流媒體的醜化,以前在美國也有一間薄餅店只是輕輕提到不一定服務同性婚禮,已被群起攻擊,甚至受到死亡威嚇。還有許多逆向歧視的實例,都令我們懷疑Kennedy似乎有點脫離當代美國社會的現實。</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">這案例也令我們反思在香港提出的性傾向歧視法(SODO),我另文處理。</span></div>
關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-64066195295540625622018-06-11T18:49:00.001-07:002018-06-11T18:49:27.093-07:00宗教自由的初步勝利 「反同」蛋糕師傅的平反──美國最高法院就著Jack Phillips的判案<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: -webkit-center;"><img alt="" data-cke-saved-src="/scs09/web_files//CAKE.png" src="https://scs.org.hk/scs09/web_files//CAKE.png" style="cursor: default; height: 235px; width: 500px;" /></strong></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">誰會想到一個結婚蛋糕會引發法律和社會上的軒然大波?哪個蛋糕師傅會料到只是因著良心的不安,拒絕為顧客設計結婚蛋糕,就要經歷近六年的噩夢?這故事發生於美國科羅拉多州(Colorado),主人翁叫Jack Phillips,是Masterpiece Cakeshop的店主,在2012年夏天他拒絕為Charlie Craig與Dave Mullins的同性婚禮設計蛋糕,他明言他願意賣生日蛋糕和其他糕點給他們,但因著他的基督教信仰,他不願意參與或支持一個同性婚禮,所以不能為他們設計結婚蛋糕(也不會為任何人設計慶祝同性婚禮的蛋糕)。</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Craig & Mullins感到受到不公平對待,而科羅拉多州也有相關的歧視法(Colorado Anti-Discrimination Act, CADA)(這類法例有時叫public accommodation law),所以他們在2012年8月投訴到科羅拉多州公民權利委員會(Colorado Civil Rights Commission, CCRC) ,而Phillips也被判有罪,在這過程還牽涉一個Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) 的判決。Phillips不服判決,但在2015年科羅拉多州上訴庭(Colorado Court of Appeals) 判他敗訴。後來科羅拉多州的最高法院不願意聽Phillips的申訴,但美國聯邦最高法院(SCOTUS)卻願意審理此案,並於2017年12月5日聽取了雙方口頭辯論。2018年6月4日,美國聯邦最高法院以7比2的大多數判Phillips勝訴,認為CCRC對Phillips的判決沒有尊重他的宗教自由,且在執行法律時持雙重標準,這反映了對宗教信仰的歧視和敵意───這有違美國憲法,所以判Phillips上訴得直。(判辭叫<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd,. et al. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission et al.</em>)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">這判決也產生不少爭議,和引發不少問題。宗教自由有多重要?抑或只是歧視的借口?如何與同性戀者得到服務的平等權利平衡?未來美國最高法院還要面對類似案例,這個判決對這些案例又意味著甚麼?本文會對整個判辭作出初步分析和探討。</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">五個判辭──由右到左的光譜</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">其實Masterpiece的判辭相當複雜,是由五個獨立的判辭組成,執筆寫法庭大多數意見的是Kennedy,和議他的大法官有Roberts、Alito和Gorsuch三位保守派法官,和兩位自由派法官Breyer和Kagan; 再加上獨立寫判辭的Thomas也支持這大多數判決,所以這判決是以七比二勝出──反對的兩位自由派法官是Ginsburg和Sotomayor。這個主流判決處理的問題主要是:「CCRC等<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">現時</em>的判決有沒有問題?」而他們的答案是肯定的。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">有趣的是,Kagan雖然贊成這個主流判決,但她自己又寫了一個判辭,去答另一個問題:「若去除了一些毛病,CCRC等的判決<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">原則上</em>有沒有問題?」而她的答案是否定的,她的意思是現時CCRC和上訴庭的確犯了一些嚴重錯誤,但若糾正了那些錯誤,CCRC原則上還是有理據判Phillips有罪的。所以Kagan相對於主流判決而言的立場較左。另一方面,Gorsuch和Thomas的立場則較右,他們分別寫了判辭去解答另一個問題:「為同性婚姻弄結婚蛋糕是否意見或宗教信仰的表達,受第一修正案的保護?」主流判決沒有清楚解答這問題,而這兩位大法官的答案卻是肯定的。所以,總共有五個判辭,在處理三個問題,相當複雜,我以下表作出綜合。(另一有趣之事,就是右傾的Thomas和Gorsuch,以及左傾的Kagan和Ginsburg,雙方唇槍舌劍,進行了精采的辯論。)</span></div>
<table style="background-color: white; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 700px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="151"></td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="84"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
判辭一</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="84">判辭二</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="168">判辭三</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="72">判辭四</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="96"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
判辭五</div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="151">主筆</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="84"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Thomas</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="84">Gorsuch</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="168">Kennedy<br />
[法庭大多數意見]</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="72">Kagan</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="96"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Ginsburg</div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="151">和議</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="84"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Gorsuch</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="84">Alito</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="168">Roberts; Breyer; Alito; Kagan; Gorsuch</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="72">Breyer</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="96"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
Sotomayor</div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="151">為同性婚姻弄結婚蛋糕是否意見或宗教信仰的表達,受第一修正案的保護?</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="84"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
是</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="84">是</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="168">不清楚</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="72">否</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="96"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
否</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="151">CCRC等<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">現時</em></span>的判決有沒有問題?</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="84"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
有</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="84">有</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="168">有</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="72">有</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="96"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
沒有</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="151">若去除了一些毛病,CCRC等的判決<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">原則上</em></span>有沒有問題?</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="84"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
有</div>
</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="84">有</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="168">不清楚</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="72">沒有</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="96"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
沒有</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">的大多數意見──憲法不容許對宗教信仰的敵意和歧視</span></h2>
<div class="wp-caption alignnone" data-shortcode="caption" id="attachment_3806" style="background-color: white; border: none; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 20px 0px 1.5em; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1469px;">
<img alt="supreme court judges" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3806" data-attachment-id="3806" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="six judges" data-large-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=700?w=700" data-medium-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=700" data-orig-size="1459,574" data-permalink="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/six-judges/" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" src="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=700" srcset="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=700 700w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=1398 1398w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=150 150w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=300 300w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=768 768w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/six-judges.png?w=1024 1024w" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 8.39063px auto 0px; max-width: 98%; padding: 5px;" /><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: rgb(239, 239, 239); border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8075em; margin-top: 0.8075em; max-width: 98%; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 686px;">
撰寫及和議主流判決的六名美國最高法院法官,左起Kennedy、Roberts、Breyer、Alito、Kagan及Gorsuch。(網上圖片整理)</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy首先指出這是一個困難的案例,因為牽涉兩大原則的潛在衝突。一是保護同性戀者的權利與尊嚴;二是第一修正案賦予的基本自由(言論自由和宗教實踐的自由)。(1-2)不錯,或許只有少數人在看到漂亮的結婚蛋糕時,會想到它是受憲法保護的言論,但我們不能否定可把憲法所保護的自由應用到新的處境。所以,這案例是否牽涉到言論自由,是一個困難的問題。(2)(簡單而言,就著這重要課題,主流判決拒絕正面回答,但Thomas大法官的判辭卻用不少篇幅論證,Phillips的行動也應視作一種意見的表達。)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy認為案例的細節可產生重大分別,例如蛋糕師傅只是拒絕製造有某些字眼或形象的蛋糕,抑或一律拒絕為某類顧客(如同性戀者)弄蛋糕,就可能影響判決。同樣,要判定一個蛋糕師傅甚麼情況下的宗教自由應受保障,也是困難的問題,因為也存在很多不同可能性。(2)然而,<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">無論如何解答以上問題,</em></span>CCRC現時的判決有違宗教中立的責任(obligation of religious neutrality)。(2)因為現時州政府犯了對宗教敵視(religious hostility)的錯誤,所以有違第一修正案。它的判決也要作廢。(3)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">由IA到IC,Kennedy介紹了事件經過、科羅拉多州的反歧視法(CADA)和CCRC的判決等等,有一點值得注意,就是CADA同時保障人們不應因著其性傾向或宗教信條(creed)而受歧視,其他不贅了。在IIA,Kennedy繼續他的分析。他認為現時社會已承認同性戀者和同性配偶的平等尊嚴與價值,所以保護他們的公民權利是合理的,但「同時宗教與哲學反對同性婚姻的觀點也要受保護,而且在某些情況下是受保護的表達方式。」<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[1]</a>我認為這點很重要,不少人認為自美國最高法院制度化了同性婚姻之後,反對同性婚姻的意見已是不合法,所以把這種意見排斥和打壓也是合理的。Kennedy清楚地說這種觀點並不符合美國憲法。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy接著探討一些具體情況。他認為我們可以假定,神職人員不可被強逼去主持同性婚禮,不然就是侵犯了他的宗教自由。但話說回來,這種基於宗教自由的豁免要有限度,不然很多人可能拒絕為同性婚禮服務,這又會導致同性戀者廣泛的污名化(stigma)。(10)所以,若Phillips完全拒絕為同性婚禮提供任何貨物或蛋糕,則他的行為可能難以維護。但Jack Phillips所爭取的是較狹窄的自由,就是他有權不利用他的創作技巧去肯定一個同性婚禮。(10-11)<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[2]</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">這裡還有一個重要資料,就是在這期間發生另一些相關的歧視案例:William Jack也在科羅拉多州找三個蛋糕師傅去為他做一個有反對同性婚姻訊息的蛋糕,但都被拒。他也向CCRC投訴,但在2015年,那三位蛋糕師傅都被判無罪──他們雖然拒絕服務某些顧客,但並沒有違反CADA。Kennedy指出,當時的州法律是有空間容許商人拒絕創造令他們冒犯的訊息,如貶低同性戀者和同性婚姻的訊息。(11-12)這就產生一個問題,CCRC有沒有公平對待Phillips,Kennedy在作出詳細討論前,先設定以下原則:「在這案例的所有情況下,Phillips的宣稱都應該得到中立和尊重的考慮。」(12)<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[3]</a> 接著在IIB,Kennedy論證CCRC等違反了以上原則。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">首先,Kennedy提到CCRC成員在2014年的敵意言論,他們認為宗教信仰不能合法地在公共或商業領域表達,他們甚至上綱上線,把Phillips的宗教信仰類比奴隸制度和對猶太人的大屠殺,他們也否定Phillips的真誠信仰,認為所謂宗教自由只不過是可恥的藉口(despicable rhetoric)。Kennedy認為這些是貶低宗教的言論,反映的情緒也與委員會的責任不符,顯示他們並沒有中立和公平地執行CADA──這法例也禁止宗教歧視。(14)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">另一個顯示敵意的證據,就是CCRC對待Phillips,和對待拒絕服務William Jack的蛋糕師傅,並不一致。(拒絕賣蛋糕給Jack的分別是Gateaux Ltd、Le Bakery Sensual和Azucar,下面簡稱GLA。)同樣是拒絕服務,Phillips被懲罰,而GLA則安然無恙。他們所用的理據也不一致,在Phillips的案中,他們說若顧客要求結婚蛋糕,若包含任何訊息也只代表顧客而不是蛋糕師傅。但當蛋糕包含反同性婚姻訊息時,他們卻不提出這點。他們開脫GLA的一個原因,就是他們願意賣其他有宗教訊息的產品給其他顧客,但當Phillips提到他也願意賣生日蛋糕等給同性戀顧客時,委員會又說這點毫不相干。(15)上訴庭把這種不一致的解釋放在一註腳中,說拒絕服務William Jack並非不可容許的歧視,因為蛋糕所包含的訊息有冒犯性(the offensive nature of the requested message)。當然,Phillips也感到被要求去慶祝同性婚禮,對他而言也是有冒犯性的,但這又不足以為他開脫。這又是不一致。Kennedy認為,不應由法庭或政府去決定那些是真正的冒犯,而科羅拉多法庭重視William Jack所產生的冒犯,卻不重視Phillips因他的宗教信仰而感到的冒犯,這種輕此重彼的做法傳達了否定Phillips宗教信念的訊息。所以,上訴庭的解釋也難以令人滿意。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在IIC Kennedy指出,若要按照第一修正案去保障宗教自由,政府不能對市民的宗教信仰持有敵意,或假定某些宗教信念與實踐是不合法的。這原則相當重要,原文是:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">「the government, if it is to respect the Constitution’s guarantee of free exercise, cannot impose regulations that are hostile to the religious beliefs of affected citizens & cannot act in a manner that passes judgment upon or presupposes the illegitimacy of religious beliefs & practices.」(16-17)</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">從種種現象看來,CCRC已對Phillips的宗教理由作出負面評價(negative normative evaluation),這當然是不要得的。在權衡州的利益時,州應堅持宗教中立,現時違反了這條件,所以其判決不能成立。有人或許說這只是CCRC幾個委員的個別錯誤,但Kennedy指出那些對宗教敵視的是「正式的表達」(official expressions),而這些表達在其後的司法程序中完全沒有被糾正。(18)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">雖然對Phillips的案件美國最高法院有明確的決定,但Kennedy沒有明言若確保了宗教中立,那權衡的結果會是甚麼。所以,其他類似案例應如何解決,還要等待法庭進一步解釋。但總是要尊重三大原則:一,寬容;二,對真誠宗教信仰的尊重;三,不令同性戀者在開放市場中在尋求服務時喪失尊嚴。</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">是否過慮了呢?</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">筆者基本上同意以上的主流判決,也同意Phillips一直受到不公的對待,而Kennedy的判辭也揭露了西方法律界和政府中,往往存在對宗教的偏見、敵意和歧視。我也同意如何平衡保護同性戀者的權利與尊嚴,以及言論自由和宗教實踐的自由的原則,的確是困難的問題。讓我重申,我從來不贊成任何人要針對同性戀者的身分而拒絕服務他們,正如Phillips,他並不是拒絕服務同性戀者,他有賣各種蛋糕給他們,他所拒絕提供的是一種與其信仰違背的產品。簡而言之,他是對事而不是對人。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kennedy明確地肯定宗教自由應受到尊重,但又感到不應為宗教信仰提供過多的豁免。我認為<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">在美國現在的處境</em></span>,或許他有點過慮了。縱使法庭為拒絕為同性婚禮提供服務的人都提供豁免,那又如何?其實美國的背景是曾廣泛存在對黑人的歧視(包括拒絕為他們服務),所以這些public accommodation laws才有重要性。但現在美國情況並非如此,不見得有很多人會拒絕服務同性戀者,一方面在金錢掛帥的社會中為何不多做點生意,賺多點錢?另一方面縱使有些人想這樣做,但真的敢嗎?不少案例顯示,若拒絕服務同性婚禮,只會為服務者而不是同性戀者帶來污名化。Phillips本身就受到猛烈攻擊和主流媒體的醜化,以前在美國也有一間薄餅店只是輕輕提到不一定服務同性婚禮,已被群起攻擊,甚至受到死亡威嚇。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[4]</a>又如一炸雞店的老闆只是表示接受一夫一妻制,已馬上被排擠。還有許多逆向歧視的實例,都令我們懷疑Kennedy似乎有點脫離當代美國社會的現實。</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">──Phillips</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">的行為是受憲法保障的表達自由</span></h2>
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<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: rgb(239, 239, 239); border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8075em; margin-top: 0.8075em; max-width: 98%; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 686px;">
法官Thomas同意主流判決,並另撰協同意見書。(網上圖片整理)</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas大法官同意主流判決,他說:CCRC委員的敵意評論故然令人困擾,但CCRC等應用法律時的雙重標準本身已是在侵犯Phillips的權利。但對比主流判決,Thomas大法官走得更前,他不單肯定Phillips的宗教自由權,更認為他的行為(拒絕製作同性婚禮蛋糕)也牽涉他的言論或表達自由權。Thomas指出public accommodation laws一般而言是規管行為而不是言論,但在某些情況它也可能侵犯一些受保護的言論,那我們就要應用第一修正案。他以<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hurley</em>的判案為例,美國麻省(Massachusetts)的public accommodation law是禁止性傾向歧視的,當這法律強逼St. Patrick’s Day parade的負責人加進同志遊行的單位時,法庭認為這違反了負責人的言論自由,因為遊行是一種有表達性的行為(expressive conduct)。(3)這類表達性行為還包括裸體舞、燒國旗、穿軍服等等。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas認為Phillips所做的也是一種表達性行為,他把自己定位為藝術家,他主動參與婚禮的慶祝,在設計前會先與顧客詳談,確保那蛋糕能忠實反映客人的要求。他有時也會參與婚禮,與賓客打交道。對他而言,結婚蛋糕是一個符號,在傳遞這訊息:「一個婚禮已發生,一段婚姻剛開始,這對新人應受祝賀。」(6)Thomas進一步引經據典,顯示結婚蛋糕是婚禮中不可或缺的符號,簡而言之,結婚蛋糕的「目的是去顯示新一段婚姻的開始,並去祝賀那對新人。」(6-7)總結以上原因:「Phillips’ creation of custom wedding cakes is expressive. The use of his artistic talents to create a well-recognized symbol that celebrates the beginning of a marriage clearly communicates a message- certainly more so than nude dancing.」(7)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">或許結婚蛋糕上沒有字眼,但判案先例顯示,一個表達性行為的意義是視乎處境的。(8)這也是說,縱使結婚蛋糕的具體設計還沒有定下來,它已可算是一種訊息。強逼Phillips去為同性婚禮做蛋糕,就是強逼他去承認同性婚禮真正是婚禮,且值得慶賀──而這些正正違反他的信仰。我認為Thomas的論點很有說服力,與常識相符,也與我們華人社會的經驗吻合。想像一下,假若在婚禮時主持人把一個箱子推進來,打開時卻發覺不是蛋糕,而是一堆狗屎,難道他可以辯解說:「這不代表任何訊息」嗎?</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">科羅拉多州上訴庭把Phillips被定罪的行為界定為「拒絕為了慶祝同性婚禮去設計和製造一個蛋糕」(refusal to “design & create a cake to celebrate [a] same-sex wedding”),但仍然認為他的行為不是「受保護的言論或表達」。上訴庭認為,縱使Phillips做了那蛋糕,外人可以認為Phillips只是跟隨法律,而不是表達自己意見。再者,Phillips也可事後作出「不代表他觀點」的聲明(disclaimer)。Thomas則對科羅拉多州上訴庭作出批評,他認為這種論點違反了保護言論自由的基本司法原則,因為若採納這種說法,我們基本上可合理化任何強逼個體發言的法律。(2)回到<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hurley</em>的案例,法庭認為強逼遊行負責人加進同志遊行就是在強逼他作某些表達,而不是說:「因為旁觀者可以認為負責人只是跟隨法律,而不是表達自己意見,而且負責人也可作出不代表他觀點的聲明,所以法律就可強制那負責人。」(9)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">筆者也聯想到Kennedy提到的情況:他認為神職人員不可被強逼去主持同性婚禮,不然就是侵犯了他的宗教自由。難道我們可以這樣推論:法律可強逼神職人員去主持同性婚禮,因為旁觀者可以認為負責人只是跟隨法律,而且該神職人員可作出這不代表他觀點的聲明,所以,這就沒有侵犯他的宗教自由嗎?Thomas還對上訴庭的其他論點作出反駁,不贅了。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas既然認為Phillips的行為是一種表達,所以也受第一修正案保護,若要懲罰之,必須經過法庭嚴格的審視或審查(strict scrutiny)。有些人認為科羅拉多州的法律可滿足這審視,因為它防止了Phillips去使同性戀顧客尷尬和感到羞辱。然而Thomas認為:「States cannot punish protected speech because some group finds it offensive, hurtful, stigmatic, unreasonable, or undignified.」(p. 12)言論自由的真諦就是,政府不能純粹因為去防止某些人被冒犯,或保護某種正統觀點,就去禁止某種言論。(12)過往美國最高法院已有不少這類型的判案,對比那些案例,Thomas看不到有甚麼理由要懲罰Phillips。(13)總結而言,縱使美國最高法院在<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Obergefell</em>的判案中制度化了同性婚姻,「第一修正案賦予市民不贊同<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Obergefell</em>的權利,和道德上不贊同同性婚姻的權利。…若Phillips持續這種理解使他在<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Obergefell</em>的判決後成為少數,我們有更多的理由去堅持他的言論應受到保護。」(p. 14)<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[5]</a> Thomas自己在<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Obergefell</em>是異議法官,他當時已作出警告,對宗教自由的侵害將會發生,Phillips這案正印證了他的警告。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[6]</a></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kagan</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">與Ginsburg</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">為科羅拉多州開脫</span></h2>
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<img alt="judges kagan and breyer" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3808" data-attachment-id="3808" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="kagan and breyer" data-large-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=700?w=700" data-medium-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=700" data-orig-size="1280,720" data-permalink="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/kagan-and-breyer/" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" src="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=700" srcset="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=700 700w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=150 150w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=300 300w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=768 768w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png?w=1024 1024w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/kagan-and-breyer.png 1280w" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 8.39063px auto 0px; max-width: 98%; padding: 5px;" /><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: rgb(239, 239, 239); border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8075em; margin-top: 0.8075em; max-width: 98%; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 686px;">
自由派法官Kagan撰寫另一份協同意見書。(網上圖片整理)</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kagan名義上支持主流判決,她重申平等保護同性戀者的須要(有一些條件),也說要尊重宗教觀點。她討論William Jack的案例時,也提到科羅拉多州的雙重標準。然而Kagan同時為CCRC等開脫,她雖然認為<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">現時</em></span>CCRC等是犯了錯誤,但這種錯誤是原則上可避免的。她認為雖然Phillips有罪而GLA無罪,但根據科羅拉多州的法律,是可以為這種差別對待找到一致的基礎的。GLA拒絕William Jack是因為他所要求的蛋糕是傳遞貶低同性戀者和同性婚姻的訊息,所以無論任何顧客要求這種蛋糕,GLA都不會答允。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[7]</a>所以GLA並非針對Jack的宗教,而是一視同仁──按照CADA這就並非歧視。對比而言,Phillips會為異性戀顧客做結婚蛋糕,但卻不願意為同性戀顧客做同樣的蛋糕,所以Phillips的確有作出「性何傾向歧視」的行為。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[8]</a>總結而言,只要中立地應用蛋糕的法律,無論有沒有對宗教的歧視,都能得出Phillips有罪而GLA無罪的判決。(2-3)<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[9]</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ginsburg也提出類似論點,她認為Craig & Mullins所要求的只是簡單的結婚蛋糕,沒提到要包含甚麼特別訊息。(p. 3)所以Phillips和GLA兩類案件不大相同,GLA會一視同仁拒絕包含貶低訊息的蛋糕,但「Phillips would <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">not </em>sell to Craig & Mullins, for no reason other than their sexual orientation, a cake of the kind he regularly sold to others.」(4-5)她們的結論是:縱使沒有對宗教的偏見,只要中立地應用科羅拉多的法律,仍會在兩類判案中得出不同結果,所以沒有雙重標準。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ginsburg另一個反駁主流判決的論點是:「I see no reason why the comments of one or two Commissioners should be taken to overcome Phillips’ refusal to sell a wedding cake to Craig & Mullins. The proceedings involved several layers of independent decisionmaking, of which the Commission was but one… What prejudice infected the determinations of the adjudicators in the case before & after the Commission? The Court does not say.」筆者首先回應這點。首先,大多數判決倚賴的不單是一兩個委員的評論,更重要的是兩類判案的雙重標準,Ginsburg(和Kagan)的確想推翻這點,但若她們不成功(下面會論證這點),那以上這點也無關痛癢。另外,若Phillips在CCRC的層面面對歧視,但Kennedy在大多數判決中指出更上層的判決沒有為他申張正義,這已是嚴重問題。(18)最後,其實Kennedy和Thomas都有指出科羅拉多上訴庭的論據的種種問題。總結而言,Ginsburg以上為CCRC等開脫的論據並沒有說服力。</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">科羅拉多州真的沒有雙重標準嗎?對Kagan</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">和Ginsburg</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">的反駁</span></h2>
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<img alt="judges ginsburg and sotomayor" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3807" data-attachment-id="3807" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="ginsburg and sotomayor" data-large-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=700?w=700" data-medium-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=700" data-orig-size="1280,720" data-permalink="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/ginsburg-and-sotomayor/" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" src="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=700" srcset="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=700 700w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=150 150w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=300 300w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=768 768w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png?w=1024 1024w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/ginsburg-and-sotomayor.png 1280w" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 8.39063px auto 0px; max-width: 98%; padding: 5px;" /><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: rgb(239, 239, 239); border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8075em; margin-top: 0.8075em; max-width: 98%; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 686px;">
異議法官Ginsburg(左)及Sotomayor。(網上圖片整理)</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我們姑且接受Kagan與Ginsburg對GLA的描述,認為他們沒有針對宗教的歧視。但她們對Phillips的描述對嗎?並不對,例如Ginsburg說,就著Phillips經常賣給其他人的結婚蛋糕,Phillips不願意賣給Craig & Mullins,純粹是因著他們的性傾向。(4-5)這與事實不符,第一,假若Craig或Mullins的異性戀父母要求Phillips為他們的兒子作同一個蛋糕,Phillips還是會拒絕,事實上Craig的母親曾作出詢問,Phillips也的確拒絕了,而拒絕的理由與要求者的性傾向無關,而是因為蛋糕的性質是「慶祝同性婚禮的蛋糕」。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[10]</a>這情況與拒絕William Jack的GLA一樣──縱使是同性戀者要求他們做一個「貶低同性戀者和同性婚姻的蛋糕」,他們也會拒絕。(要注意:Kagan這裡也是用蛋糕的意義去界定蛋糕的性質,而不單是其外型等等。)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">第二,假若Phillips真的是針對顧客的同性戀身分,為何願意賣生日蛋糕等給他們呢?為何只是不賣結婚蛋糕給同性戀顧客呢?這顯示Phillips所關注的是那蛋糕的意義,他的重點是產品性質,而不是顧客身分。所以,Kagan和Ginsburg對Phillips的行為的解釋不太合理。Kagan說:「A vendor can choose the products he sells, but not the customers her serves.」她認為GLA沒有違反這原則,但看來Phillips也沒有。事實上Gorsuch大法官經過詳細分析,指出「the two cases share all legally salient features」,都是拒絕提供某種產品,而不是拒絕服務某類顧客。請參下表的說明。</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題:Phillips</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">會售賣蛋糕嗎?</span></span></div>
<table style="background-color: white; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 700px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">顧客\產品</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">一般蛋糕</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">慶祝異性婚禮的蛋糕</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">慶祝同性婚禮的蛋糕</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">同性戀者</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">會售賣</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">會售賣</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">不會售賣</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">異性戀者</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">會售賣</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">會售賣</td><td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 8px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" width="162">不會售賣</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kagan嘗試反駁以上的回應,她說Phillips拒絕製造的蛋糕並非「慶祝同性婚姻的蛋糕」,而是「一個簡單的結婚蛋糕」。這應是一個標準的結婚蛋糕,可同時用於異性或同性婚禮。何況Phillips拒絕之前,根本沒有與他們討論蛋糕的設計。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[11]</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">這段話包含一個矛盾,假若Phillips與Craig & Mullins還未討論蛋糕的設計,Kagan怎可能知道那蛋糕(若Phillips答應了)會是一個標準結婚蛋糕,可用於兩種婚禮呢?這看來只是她的揣測,但按Thomas介紹Phillips的工作模式,他會與顧客傾談以致能設計反映他們需求的蛋糕。那更合理的估計是:他為Craig & Mullins設計的蛋糕應反映他們婚禮的特色──這是一個同性婚禮,例如有兩個俊俏新郎的公仔,縱使寫上「Charlie & Dave」的字眼,也會與「Paul & Mary」那類字眼不同。退一步說,縱使在外型上那結婚蛋糕只有標準的特徵,但其用途明顯不同──用於慶祝同性婚禮而不是異性婚禮,所以其性質與意義(特別對設計師和當事人而言)就會不同。同樣是 「I Do」兩個字,若在同性婚禮上大聲說出,其意義真的與在異性婚禮說出一樣嗎?如上面提到,事物的意義要在其處境中理解。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[12]</a> I Do是為誰而說至關要緊──而這只能從處境(誰的婚禮)得知。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">舉一個例子,假設明光社要求GLA做一個50週年蛋糕,用於明光社50週年慶典,而這蛋糕從外型而言也可用於其他機構的50週年。再假設GLA(或一個同性戀蛋糕師傳)不願為明光社做這「標準的50週年蛋糕」(因為不贊同明光社的工作),但卻願意為其他機構做,我們就可懲罰他們嗎?理據是:既然都只是同樣的蛋糕,所以他們就是針對顧客的身分作出歧視?!這不對,就著那些師傳自身的理解而言,他們不願意做的就是「慶祝明光社的蛋糕」,而不是隨便一個蛋糕。雖然筆者是明光社的支持者,但我認為在多元社會中,我們要守護反對明光社的良心自由。同樣,Andrew Sullivan 是同運分子,但他也願意支持Phillips的良心自由。<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[13]</a>互相寬容才是解決這諸種紛爭之路,而不是無止境的訴訟。無論如何,從保護良心自由的人權而言,要重視的是當事人自身的理解,如有些和平主義者不願參軍,但另些人對參軍的理解卻完全不同,我們不能訴諸這些理解就說和平主義者的良心自由完全不用保護。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">再退一萬步,假設Kagan和Ginsburg能成功為CCRC的雙重標準解釋。這也不代表Phillips受到的對待是公正的,她們倚賴一個相當技術性問題:能否找到一個描述,當一致性地應用於兩種案例,的確會得出不同判決。就算找到又如何?一般人綜合地看這種情況,應該會看到從實際的後果而言,在「贊成同性婚姻」與「反對同性婚姻」兩方之間,前者是佔絕對優勢的,而後者則不斷被打壓。而且這也似乎符合「間接歧視」的定義。縱使從法律條文可一致性地應用CADA在性傾向領域上,但其實際後果根本不合理。或許我們應根本地質疑,訂立性傾向歧視法這類法例是否有其必要和合理性。</span></div>
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Gorsuch──Phillips經歷六年非法壓逼 理應平反</h2>
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<img alt="judges gorsuch and alito" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-3809" data-attachment-id="3809" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="gorsuch and alito" data-large-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=700?w=700" data-medium-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=700" data-orig-size="1280,720" data-permalink="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/gorsuch-and-alito/" sizes="(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" src="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=700" srcset="https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=700 700w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=150 150w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=300 300w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=768 768w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png?w=1024 1024w, https://hkscsblog.files.wordpress.com/2018/06/gorsuch-and-alito.png 1280w" style="border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 8.39063px auto 0px; max-width: 98%; padding: 5px;" /><br />
<div class="wp-caption-text" style="background: rgb(239, 239, 239); border: 1px solid rgb(239, 239, 239); color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.8075em; margin-top: 0.8075em; max-width: 98%; outline: 0px; padding: 5px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 686px;">
保守派大法官Gorsuch撰寫另一份協同意見書。(網上圖片整理)</div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gorsuch大法官強調宗教自由的憲制重要性。若政府違反宗教中立,須要嚴格審查(strict scrutiny)。他重申CCRC等的判決是雙重標準,例如法庭會區別「intended effects」與「knowingly accepted effects」。在GLA的案例中,CCRC應用了這區別,但在Phillips的案例卻沒有。CCRC認為GLA可以不接生意,若某種產品對他們而言是冒犯性的(offensive),雖然他們知道事實上的結果是一些宗教人士得不到服務,但這不反映他們有歧視宗教的意圖。但論到Phillips時他們卻說,由於Phillips知道他的決定會導致同性戀顧客得不到服務的後果(foreseeable effect),我們可假設他存在不願服務同性戀顧客的意圖(intent to disfavor)。而這意圖基本上是「非理性的」(irrational)。相對於宗教觀點,他們對世俗觀點的法律審查更寬鬆,這又是雙重標準!(p. 6)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CCRC歧視Phillips的真正解釋,是他們想譴責Phillips的「非理性或冒犯的訊息」──不贊同同性婚姻,但這違反了第一修正案。「In this country, the place of secular officials isn’t to sit in judgment of religious beliefs, but only to protect their free exercise… it must be the proudest boast of our free exercise jurisprudence that we protect religious beliefs that we find offensive… It is in protecting unpopular religious beliefs that we prove this country’s commitment to serving as a refuge for religious freedom.」(p. 7)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gorsuch也反駁Ginsburg與Kagan提出的區分。她們強調Wiliam Jack要求的蛋糕有文字,而Craig & Mullins要求的蛋糕的設計還未討論。但Gorsuch指出,沒有文字也可表達訊息。「Nor can anyone reasonably doubt that a wedding cake without words conveys a message. Words or not & whatever the exact design, it celebrates a wedding, & if the wedding cake is made for a same-sex couple it celebrates a same-sex wedding.」有如徽章或國旗,蛋糕本身已是一個符號。若真的重視宗教自由,「it is our job to look beyond the formality of written words & afford legal protection to any sincere act of faith.」(p. 9)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">她們又說Phillips拒絕的「只是一個結婚蛋糕」而已(p. 9),上面已對這說法作出回應,但Gorsuch的進一步分析相當有趣。他指出我們可以用不同 「levels of generality」去描述那個蛋糕:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Level 1: 麵粉與雞蛋的混合物</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Level 2: 一個結婚蛋糕</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Level 3: 一個慶祝同性婚禮的結婚蛋糕</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">若用level 1可能太普遍了,不然我們可以說GLA賣「麵粉與雞蛋的混合物」給一些顧客,而不賣給另一些顧客,所以犯了歧視法?但她們又堅持level 3過於特殊化,所以level 2剛剛好。問題是,為何要這樣選擇描述的層次呢?似乎這根本就是有意得出預計結果的策略,但「Such results-driven reasoning is improper.」(p. 10)若任由CCRC隨意在不同案例選擇不同層次的描述,那他們就可按照自己的喜好判案,這並不公平。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">對Phillips而言,那個蛋糕就是與其他結婚蛋糕不同,所以level 3的描述更合適。(p. 11)可以參考 <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thomas</em>的案例,Thomas是耶和華見證人信徒,也是鋼鐵工人,而他拒絕為坦克車生產鋼。法庭判他得直,但鋼不就是鋼嗎?為坦克車而做的鋼和其他的有不同嗎?法庭並不這樣推論。「it recognized that Mr. Thomas alone was entitled to define the nature of his religious commitments- & that those commitments, as defined by the faithful adherent, not a bureaucratic or judge, are entitled to protection under the First Amendment.」(p. 11)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gorsuch這樣總結:「Phillips先生決定性地證明違反第一修正案的情況發生了﹐差不多有六年他面對政府不合法的指控,他應該得到[平反的]判決。」誠哉斯言!</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">注釋:</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[1]</a> “At the same time, the religious & philosophical objections to gay marriage are protected views & in some instances protected forms of expression.” (p. 9)<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[2]</a> “He argues that he had to use his artistic skills to make an expressive statement, a wedding endorsement in his own voice & of his own creation.” (10-11)<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[3]</a> “Phillips was entitled to the neutral & respectful consideration of his claims in all the circumstances of the case.”<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[4]</a> Indiana Pizza Place — Forced to Close Doors After Refusing to Cater Gay Weddings. (2015, January 4). <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">TMZ.com</em>. Retrieved from <a href="http://www.tmz.com/2015/04/01/memories-pizza-closes-indiana-deny-service-gay-wedding/" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.tmz.com/2015/04/01/memories-pizza-closes-indiana-deny-service-gay-wedding/</a>.<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[5]</a> “If Phillips’ continued adherence to that understanding makes him a minority after <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Obergefell</em>, that is all the more reason to insist that his speech be protected.” (p. 14)<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[6]</a> 香港性文化學會曾對<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Obergefell</em>判案作出詳細分析和評論,參《慎思明辨 獨立思考: 美國最高法院同性婚姻通識教材》,下載:<a href="http://www.scs.org.hk/downloads/%E6%85%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E%E8%BE%A8%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E9%80%9A%E8%AD%98%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90.pdf" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://www.scs.org.hk/downloads/慎思明辨獨立思考美國最高法院同性婚姻通識教材.pdf</a>。<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[7]</a> “a proper basis for distinguishing the cases was available… The three bakers in the Jack cases did not violate that law. Jack requested them to make a cake (one denigrating gay people & same-sex marriage) that they would not have made for any customer.” (2)<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[8]</a> “the same-sex couple in this case requested a wedding cake that Phillips would have made for an opposite-sex couple.” (2)<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[9]</a> Kagan認為她的詮釋與大多數判決完全一致,因為那判決只是針對CCRC等的理據。<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[10]</a> 參Phillips自己的證辭: “I will not design & create wedding cakes for a same-sex wedding regardless of the sexual orientation of the customer”,見Gorsuch (p. 3) 。<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[11]</a> “simply a wedding cake- one that (like other standard wedding cakes) is suitable for use at same-sex & opposite-sex weddings alike… Phillips did not so much as discuss the cake’s design before he refused to make it” (p. 3,最後的註腳)<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[12]</a> Kagan又說Phillips的差別對待與他的宗教信仰無關(p. 3的註腳),這又是明顯錯誤的。<br />
<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2018/06/11/%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99%e8%87%aa%e7%94%b1%e7%9a%84%e5%88%9d%e6%ad%a5%e5%8b%9d%e5%88%a9-%e5%8f%8d%e5%90%8c%e8%9b%8b%e7%b3%95%e5%b8%ab%e5%82%85%e7%9a%84%e5%b9%b3%e5%8f%8d/#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[13]</a> 參香港性文化學會的「性文化資料庫」,<a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2017/12/12/%E5%90%8C%E9%81%8B%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%93%81%E8%89%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1/" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">https://blog.scs.org.hk/2017/12/12/同運領袖支持菲利普斯擁良心自由/</a></div>
關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-22158681322007983252017-05-27T22:03:00.000-07:002017-05-30T22:09:24.483-07:00政治正確 偏執正確<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">原文刊登於 </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《信報》,2017年5月27日,頁A25。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">近期多了一些人關注「政治正確」的問題,因為美國總統特朗普的當選令人震驚,而「對政治正確的反彈」被認為是其勝選的主要因素之一。其實相關的辯論並不新鮮,也已討論了二三十個年頭。政治正確(</span><span lang="EN-US">Political Correctness</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">)有時簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US">PC</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,大概指西方八九十年代興起關注「少數族群」受到歧視的運動,他們認為要爭取平權和反歧視,單單有一些保障平等的法例是不足夠的,還需更「深入」的文化改革(如語言的淨化、大學課程的改革),和「制度化的保障」,如</span><span lang="EN-US">affirmative action</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">、保障少數族群的反歧視法、禁止仇恨言論的法例(</span><span lang="EN-US">Hate Speech Law</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">)等等。這些行動的動機都是良好的,但卻有愈演愈烈的趨勢,引起公眾爭議。問題是這些行動往往針對那些被視為政治不正確的人,儼然一旦不符政治正確的標準,就連基本人權(如言論自由)也要被剝奪。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">潮流方興未艾</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">深入社會各階層</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如在九十年代初。</span><span lang="EN-US">Allan Bloom</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US">1987</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已批評「美國心靈的封閉」(</span><span lang="EN-US">The Closing of the American Mind</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),而在</span><span lang="EN-US">1991</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US">Newsweek</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">New York
Magazine</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等都討論政治正確的問題。一些書提出批評,如</span><span lang="EN-US">D'Souza</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US">1991</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的</span><span lang="EN-US">Illiberal Education</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">︰</span><span lang="EN-US">The Politics of Race & Sex on Campus</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,和</span><span lang="EN-US">Kimball</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><span lang="EN-US">Tenured
Radicals</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">︰</span><span lang="EN-US">How Politics Has Corrupted our Higher Education</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。而且當時美國總統喬治布殊也在</span><span lang="EN-US">1991</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的演講中批評政治正確:「雖然這運動源自一些高貴的渴望,就是掃除種族主義、性別歧視和仇恨的殘渣,但是它以新的偏見取代舊的偏見,它宣告某些題目和表達(甚或某些姿態)是完全不能容忍的。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二十多年過去,政治正確的潮流方興未艾,</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">深入影響美國社會的不同層面(如媒體、企業、軍隊),特別在美國的大學校園中形成了一種巨大的力量,不單興起很多與身份政治相關的嶄新學科,如</span><span lang="EN-US">Women's Studies</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Queer Studies</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,不少大學校園都有一些審查言論的規則(</span><span lang="EN-US">Speech Codes</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),一些老師若公開發表政治不正確的言論,則往往被投訴、甚或處分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以近期發生的事件為例,現年</span><span lang="EN-US">74</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲的</span><span lang="EN-US">Charles Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是</span><span lang="EN-US">The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的作者,他將種族與智力扯上關係,被指為種族歧視。</span><span lang="EN-US">2017</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日他到</span><span lang="EN-US">Middlebury College in Vermont</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">演講,數百位學生在他演講時強烈示威,並高喊「</span><span lang="EN-US">Racist, sexist, anti-gay, Charles Murray, go away</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」、「</span><span lang="EN-US">Your
message is hatred. We cannot tolerate it.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」。(有趣的是</span><span lang="EN-US">Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被罵</span><span lang="EN-US">anti-gay</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但他是支持同性婚姻的。)最後</span><span lang="EN-US">Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無法繼續演講,之後在</span><span lang="EN-US">Allison Stanger</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教授陪同下離開,受到衝擊,</span><span lang="EN-US">Stanger</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也被扯頭髮扭傷頸部,事後須入院治療戴上頸箍。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不少學生原來的要求是取消</span><span lang="EN-US">Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的演講,但校方不同意。一些畢業生大為不滿,認為</span><span lang="EN-US">Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到臨</span><span lang="EN-US">Middlebury</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,已對弱勢群體的安全和生存權利構成威脅,所以不是「言論自由」的問題。我閱讀他們的聲明時,心中不禁產生疑問:後果真的這麼嚴重嗎?事實上後來</span><span lang="EN-US">Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">真的到了校園,看不到哪位學生受到威脅,反而是</span><span lang="EN-US">Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有安全的憂慮,而一位陪同老師受傷。而且這些後果在演講之前已可預測,可見以上抗議聲明的憂慮沒有大多事實根據,似乎只是極左意識形態的想當然矣!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藉寬容之名</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">選擇性不寬容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大學發言人</span><span lang="EN-US">Burger</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">堅持他們已作了正確抉擇,他們感到不得不維護高等教育的核心原則,就是言論和表達的自由。</span><span lang="EN-US">Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為不容他演講的應該也只是少數,但他們的言行是如此激烈,所以大多數人被嚇怕了,只好沉默。</span><span lang="EN-US">Stanger</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教授其實是不同意</span><span lang="EN-US">Murray</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的觀點的,但她認為也應該讓他表達其觀點,然後不同意者大可以理性去反駁他。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又如留美華人研究生盧安迪所言,「美國大學近年『政治正確』當道,左翼示威者把各種反西方文明觀念強加人,要求校方強迫所有師生接受「思想改造」課程。我等</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名同學成立普林斯頓開放校園聯盟,捍言論自由。」密蘇里大學校長就因這些「政治正確」的壓力而須辭職,可見政治正確的勢力不容小覷。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如何評價「政治正確」是複雜問題,香港作家陶傑就對</span><span lang="EN-US">PC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">口誅筆伐。我認為政治正確追求平等本是可取的,然而問題在於過分簡化社會和歷史,分析工具傾向過分僵化的「壓迫者</span><span lang="EN-US">vs</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">被壓迫者的二分法」,有時會以政治化術語取代批判性的學術研究,所以有時流於意識形態的灌輸。最大問題則是以「寬容」之名合理化選擇性的不寬容,一旦被視為政治不正確,就會被嚴厲打壓,甚至言論和表達意見的自由也被剝奪。當然,以上只是簡略的要點,空間不容詳細立論。本文的目的旨在帶出這場辯論,引發更多反思。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文</span><span lang="EN-US"> #EJ GLOBAL plus #EJ GLOBAL plus </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">信觀點</span><span lang="EN-US"> - </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政治正確</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">偏執正確</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-60466268146451048782017-05-25T04:13:00.002-07:002017-05-25T23:46:12.913-07:00一夫一妻制違憲?台灣大法官的判決理據不足<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="台灣大法官 同性婚姻的圖片搜尋結果" height="285" src="https://tw.on.cc/tw/bkn/cnt/news/20170524/photo/bkntw-20170524163800016-0524_04011_001_01p.jpg?20170524171406" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">一夫一妻制違憲?台灣大法官的判決理據不足</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">發表:思與策智庫協會</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">作者:關啟文(香港浸會大學宗教及哲學系)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">結論:總結本文討論,大法官們的判決的兩個論證都問題重重,欠缺法理的定義和穩實的論據。大法官們以沒有根據的宣稱和前設取代小心的論證,這樣的判決難以令人信服。在這種情況下,他們仍然草率地按自己的心意,挾憲法之名逼令所有台灣人屈從他們的意識形態,究竟有違憲法精神的是誰?</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">目錄:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US">判決內容</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US">判決理據</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 一夫一妻制有違憲法第22條的論證</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 一夫一妻制有違憲法第7條的論證</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US">一夫一妻制真的有違憲法第22條的婚姻自由權嗎?</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 甚麼是婚姻本質和目的?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 「二人永久性結合」云云並非婚姻本質</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">婚姻是一種自由權利嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">婚姻是嘉許性的公共制度</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">同性婚姻是制度性問題</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 同性婚姻法制化與婚姻自由的「基本權」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 同性婚姻不會導致多夫多妻(多元婚姻)?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US">一夫一妻制真的有違憲法第7條的平等保護嗎?</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 由平權到多元婚姻</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 平等的真諦──等者,等之;不等者,不等之。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 繁衍與婚姻無關<b>?</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 同性婚姻不會侵害一夫一妻制之基本倫理秩序?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> 同性婚姻法制化是否符合子女最佳利益? </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US">結論</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">判決內容</span></u></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">針對【同性二人婚姻自由案】,台灣的</span><span lang="EN-US">大法官於2017</span><span lang="EN-US">年5月24日發表釋字第748號,它要處理的問題是:「民法親屬編婚姻章,未使相同性別二人,得為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係,是否違反憲法第22條保障婚姻自由及第7條保障平等權之意旨?」它的裁決則是:「民法第4編親屬第2章婚姻規定,未使相同性別二人,得為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係,於此範圍內,與憲法第22條保障人民婚姻自由及第7條保障人民平等權之意旨有違。有關機關應於本解釋公布之日起2年內,依本解釋意旨完成相關法律之修正或制定。至於以何種形式達成婚姻自由之平等保護,屬立法形成之範圍。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">婚姻制度對社會影響巨大,而違憲的判決有凌駕性,人民能作出的影響和努力亦會大受限制。因此,有關婚姻制度的違憲判決誠然須要極為穩固的理據,讓人們充分明白這些判決都能毫無疑問地從憲法引伸出來。不然,統治人們的不是憲法,而是透過大法官們的私人信念甚或意識形態所解讀的「憲法」,這樣判決難以公正。現在問題是,以上的判決有穩固的理據嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">判決理據</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">按照中華民國106 院台大二字第1060014008號</span><span lang="EN-US">釋憲全文的</span><span lang="EN-US">解釋理由書,這裁決的理據總結如下(相關的原文放在附註)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">一夫一妻制有違憲法第22條的論證</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">適婚人民而無配偶者本有的結婚自由為重要之基本權,這包含「是否結婚」暨「與何人結婚」之自由。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">同性關係可以理解為「按相同性別二人為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係」。(多次引用)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">同性關係不會影響既有異性婚姻所建構之社會秩序。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">同性關係可成為穩定社會之磐石。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> 我在下面不會討論這點,只是指出大法官們完全沒有為這宣稱提出任何理據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">因為同性關係與異性關條基本上並無二致,所以均應受憲法第22條婚姻自由之保障。若同性關係得不到相同保障,就違背憲法第22條保障人民婚姻自由之意旨。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">一夫一妻制有違憲法第7條的論證</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">憲法第7條的平等權所規範之範圍可延伸到性傾向。<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="a"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">一夫一妻制使同性性傾向者受到不利之差別待遇,而同性性傾向難以改變(immutable),且是正常的、並非疾病。再者,同性性傾向者是弱勢群體,所以建基於以性傾向之差別待遇,應適用較為嚴格之審查標準,以判斷其合憲性。<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="a"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> 然後釋文認為並無合宜的理由使這差別待遇滿足這審查標準,所以一夫一妻制在違憲法第7條的平等權。(見下面兩點)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">雖然相同性別二人間不能自然生育子女,但這與一些異性戀婚姻不育之結果是相同的,所以不能合理化一夫一妻制之差別待遇。<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="a"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">同性關係並不影響現行異性婚姻制度所建構之基本倫理秩序,所以這點也不能合理化一夫一妻制之差別待遇。<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="a"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">下面對以上的論據提供批判的檢視。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一夫一妻制真的有違憲法第22條的婚姻自由權嗎?</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US">甚麼是婚姻本質和目的?</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">解釋理由書要肯定不制度化同性關係就是剝奪了某些人的婚姻自由,已假定了同性關係是一種婚姻關係,然而解釋理由書從來沒有正式定義「婚姻」。但按照上文下理,可以看出他們似乎有另一種<b><i>假設</i></b>,就是把「按相同性別二人為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係」,視作婚姻的本質或定義,不然根本沒有理據把同性關係等同婚姻關係。但問題來了:為何我們一定要接受這種定義呢?對很多人來說,婚姻的定義就是「一男一女的結合」。事實上之前的大法官這樣說:「<b>婚姻自由雖為憲法上所保障之自由權,惟應受一夫一妻婚姻制度之限制</b>」(第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 552 </span><span lang="EN-US">號解釋),按這說法,根本不能訴諸婚姻自由推翻一夫一妻婚姻制度。現在,大法官以千鈞壓頂之勢逼使我們接受新的婚姻定義,但證明何在呢?若沒有合理證明就強逼所有市民接受,公平嗎?合法嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US">「二人永久性結合」云云並非婚姻本質</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">讓我們進一步檢視解釋理由書的婚姻觀,若</span><span lang="EN-US">婚姻的本質是</span><span lang="EN-US">「按相同性別二人為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係」</span><span lang="EN-US">,那如何與共同生活的兄弟姊妹、朋友、祖孫等關係區別</span><span lang="EN-US">出來</span><span lang="EN-US">呢?假如兩個朋友(同性或異性)</span><span lang="EN-US">經營共同生活</span><span lang="EN-US">,相依為命,而且願意「具有親密性及排他性的永久結合,」只是沒有性關係,但他們心靈上異常親密,決定永不分離,也沒有其他朋友可以進入他們之間的親密空間。難道這就是「婚姻」嗎?此外,應將這些關係納入婚姻制度內嗎?雖然兄弟姊妹或祖孫已有親屬關係,為何不可以進一步進入「具有</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">心靈)親密性及排他性的永久結合」呢?這又是婚姻?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">然而,這些都不是一般婚姻關係所包含的,正正是因為婚姻不單指「親密性的結合」云云,更重要的也指一男一女<b><i>全人的</i></b>結合</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">這包括<b><i>原則上</i></b>可產生親生子女的異性結合,而<b><i>當有</i></b>子女誕生(不用要求這必然發生),婚姻與家庭制度就能把父母與其親生子女更緊密地結連起來,而這種制度能為下一代提供最好的撫養環境,促進社會公益,所以值得國家的支持和肯定。</span><span lang="EN-US">陳愛娥教授曾引用專家</span><span lang="EN-US">Christian
von Coellen的話</span><span lang="EN-US">:「異性結合為成立婚姻之強制性要素、婚姻應受特別保障的理由係因:由異性伴侶的結合潛在可能誕生後代</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">雖然個案中婚姻當事人可能決定不生育或不能生育</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US">,此一特徵為同性伴侶結合所無;婚姻此種目的性</span><span lang="EN-US">(Finalität)</span><span lang="EN-US">將同性伴侶排除於婚姻之外,未將同性伴侶納入基本法第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 6 </span><span lang="EN-US">條第</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1 </span><span lang="EN-US">項所定婚姻保護之內,亦不構成違憲的歧視」。這與以上觀點不謀而合。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">相反,若把「具有親密性及排他性的永久結合」那類東西視作婚姻的本質,則必然會把一些非婚姻關係錯認作婚姻,並且下面會指出,這迅即導向多人婚姻也必須法制化的結果。<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="a"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
最少我們要指出,現在大法官</span><span lang="EN-US">假定了一種有爭議性的婚姻觀,這婚姻觀有違常識、一直存在的婚姻制度,和過往大法官的解釋。本文不需要證明這種觀點的錯誤,而是大法官們需要證明他們的婚姻觀是正確的,而且是對憲法的最合理解釋,不然又何以支持他們這麼極端的違憲判決呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">婚姻是一種自由權利嗎?</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">婚姻自由是關鍵的概念,但究竟婚姻制度與婚姻自由兩者的關係是怎樣的呢?我們可參考</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span lang="EN-US">年美國最高法院</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Obergefell v. Hodges</span></i><span lang="EN-US">一案,多數意見(五位)贊成同性婚姻,但其論點已被四位同案異議法官嚴厲批評。異議大法官湯馬斯(</span><span lang="EN-US">Clarence Thomas</span><span lang="EN-US">)批評多數意見的判決不單不符合憲法,亦與美國立國原則</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">自由</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">相衝突:「今天法院的決定不僅不符合憲法,而且也不符合我們國家賴以建立的原則。早在</span><span lang="EN-US">1787</span><span lang="EN-US">年前,自由一直被理解為免受政府規管的自由,而非享受政府福利的權利」。他續批評「多數法官以『自由』之名援引我們的憲法(但制憲者不會承認這種『自由』的),結果卻是損害制憲者設法保護的自由。」</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">回應多數意見認為同性婚姻是受憲法平等保護的自由,湯馬斯循「自由」一詞的法律意涵和歷史,論證五法官扭曲了憲法的意思。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">湯馬斯指出憲法內「自由」一詞是指物理上行動的自由,沒有受監禁或限制。湯馬斯指</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US">從歷史上「自由」一詞的法律意義一直是指沒有在物理上被限制的自由(例如監禁):「很難看到受條款保障的『自由』可以解釋為包括任何比脫離身體束縛的自由更廣泛的東西</span><span lang="EN-US">……</span><span lang="EN-US">即使假定在這些條款中的『自由』包含比脫離身體束縛的自由更多的東西,也不包括多數法官聲稱的那種權利。在美國的法律傳統中,自由長久被指為個體不受政府規管的自由,而非享有特定政府福利的權利。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">湯馬斯</span><span lang="EN-US">再</span><span lang="EN-US">引</span><span lang="EN-US">述</span><span lang="EN-US">一評論家所言:「自由在十八世紀被認為更多關於『消極自由』;那就是,不被限制的自由(</span><span lang="EN-US">freedom from</span><span lang="EN-US">),而非有自由做甚麼(</span><span lang="EN-US">freedom
to</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US">……</span><span lang="EN-US">」或十八世紀學者認為:「自由的一般概念僅是消極的,只是說沒有限制。」湯馬斯</span><span lang="EN-US">總結</span><span lang="EN-US">:「那些例子每一個均涉及存在於政府以外的自由。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">湯馬斯進一步指出,無論「自由」的定義是物理上的自由行動,還是免於政府行動限制的自由,申訴人明顯沒有被剝奪這種自由。申訴人不能聲稱「他們因為處於同性關係被監禁或人身被限制」,失去自由。相反,他們有自由同居、養育孩子、結婚(個別承認的州)或私人「擺酒」宴請親友、到全國旅行和在屬意的地方建立家庭,「不單沒有被監禁或受身體約束,申訴人更可不受干預地安排他們認為合適的生活。」湯馬斯一針見血指出,州沒有限制同性戀者發展個人潛能、追求幸福的自由;<b>相反,申訴人要求的「自由」,其實是指政府認可他們的婚姻、給予他們財務上的福利,「但獲得政府承認和福利與任何制憲者認可的『自由』無關。」</b>引述洛克所言,首個社會是男人和妻子組成,再從這裡發展出父母與孩子的社會,這是說婚姻存在於政府之先。因此,湯馬斯認為「當他們說缺乏政府認可,婚姻將會『毫無意義』時,申訴人誤解了婚姻制度。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Obergefell</span><span lang="EN-US">案中,大法官湯馬斯詳細論證歷史上「自由」一詞的法律意義一直是免受限制的自由(消極自由),相反,同性婚姻要求的「自由」,其實是指政府認可他們的婚姻、給予他們財務上的福利(積極自由),不能混為一談。台灣憲法又如何呢</span><span lang="EN-US">?</span><span lang="EN-US">下面會對「婚姻自由」作進一步分析。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">婚姻是嘉許性的公共制度</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US"> </span></u><u><span lang="EN-US">同性婚姻是制度性問題</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">對於人類各式各樣的行為,法律有四個層次的對待態度。第一個是法律禁止的行為,如殺人放火;第二是容許的行為,如打球看戲;第三是推崇的行為,如婚姻和家庭;最後一種是強制要求,如交稅。一男一女結合的婚姻制度,建立家庭生兒育女,孕育下一代延續社會,有不能取代的社會功能;婚姻穩固,促進社會整體公益及福祉,因此普世政府莫不給與嘉許及推崇,政府頒發的結婚證書,表示公共權威的肯定,並代表社會整體的認同和財政上支援,透過立法的方式承認和規範。相比而言,友誼也是一種可貴的「情感關係」,但沒有婚姻所能履行的功能,因此普世社會將之列於第二個層次,即是社會容許而政府採取中立態度,讓人們自由選擇與甚麼人做朋友,享受友誼生活,也從未聽聞有人爭取在法律上與他人正式登記為朋友的權利。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">其實婚姻制度沒有強制性,只有鼓勵性,因為不進入婚姻制度沒有懲罰,而進入婚姻制度的人則只有些少鼓勵(如稅務優惠)。所以政府設立婚姻制度,並不能等同強行「介入人民私生活」,而是建立一種公共制度供市民選擇而已。喜愛保存私生活的人根本不用登記結婚,而選擇登記結婚者正是希望得到「國家承認」。事實上,兩位同性戀者一起生活</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US">他們可以自認為</span><span lang="EN-US">「</span><span lang="EN-US">婚姻</span><span lang="EN-US">」,</span><span lang="EN-US">只要不需要政府認可,也不強逼他人一定要認可,政府是</span><span lang="EN-US">不會阻止他們共同生活,也不會理會他們如何自稱他們之間的關係。</span><span lang="EN-US">換言之,同性戀關係現在是屬於上面提及的第二層,社會容許他們自由相愛、同居、甚至舉辦婚禮宴請親友等,皆沒有法律禁止,他們有權自由選擇自己的生活方式。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">然而,當我們提倡同性婚姻時,是希望把同性戀關係由第二層移到第三層</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">值得公眾嘉許。那我們必定要問:社會是否需要整體嘉許及推崇這一種行為呢?同性結合並不能履行異性結合自然生育的功能,各項研究也顯示同性戀者在心理生理上,皆存在各種不同問題,尤其是男男性接觸更是高風險性行為,</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">在決定應否支持同性婚姻時,這些事實都要小心考慮。何況,沒有法制化,同性戀者就不能相愛,不能自由生活嗎?不是的。這樣看來,把</span><span lang="EN-US">同性結婚法制化,根本不單是一種自由,已是一種「配得被整體社會嘉許」的積極權利,並不能僅僅因為它沒有「妨害社會秩序公共利益」(如說幾個無關痛癢的謊言),就得出「配得被整體社會嘉許」的結論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">建立同性婚姻的制度,就是把同性戀的關係納入法律上被認可的婚姻制度之中,而婚姻制度在第三個層次</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">代表了社會對某種性關係的一種集體認同</span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span lang="EN-US">甚至是嘉許</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">不然為何要提供稅務優惠?現在一個成人有自由與同性的人戀愛和發生性行為,這可說是他的私生活權利;但他並沒有權要求人人都認同這種同性戀生活方式。這樣,為何他有權要求社會建立一個制度</span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span lang="EN-US">認同及嘉許這種關係呢?基本人權並不能,也不應包括,要強制社會認同所有人的性生活方式!我們甚至可以說,在法律制度上強制別人認同,並不是同性戀者的自由</span><span lang="EN-US">, </span><span lang="EN-US">此舉反而是在侵害他人的人權(如良心自由)!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">從以上分析看,反對把「同性婚姻」納入於婚姻制度之內,並不需要人人有共識認為同性戀是對社會不利;我們只需要知道,同性戀生活方式並不是整體社會已經有共識去共同嘉許與認同的生活方式,就可以確立「同性婚姻並不宜納入婚姻制度之中」。而目前在台灣,同性關係仍未是社會所公認必須嘉許之事(這由近期台灣社會因著同性婚姻的爭論而產生的撕裂可</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">見一斑</span><span lang="EN-US">),所以仍不宜納入在婚姻制度之內。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">這裡批評者可質問,縱使沒有理據支持把同性關係納入嘉許性的婚姻制度之內,難道就有理據支持一男一女的關係納入嘉許性的婚姻制度之內嗎?答案是:有的。因為無論有沒有制度,人類自然會繁衍,而每個孩童都只有一位自然的父親和自然的母親,這些關係無論有沒有婚姻制度都會存在。所以,社會和政府的選擇是:放任不理會以上關係,還是透過婚姻制度鞏固和鼓勵以上關係?後者即是透過社會制度和法律把這些關係規範化(讓公眾都知道哪些人是夫妻、孩子的親生爸媽是誰和他們之間的權利與義務等),和稍為加以鼓勵(如給夫妻和孩子的稅務減免)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">孩子與其親生父親和母親的關係是客觀的,而父母也應對孩子的撫養承擔責任,這是血緣使然。然而因著人性的軟弱,有時孩子與親生父母的關係會斷裂,而父母也不一定會對孩子承擔責任。若沒有制度的鼓勵,這些問題很難解決;若有制度的鼓勵,孩子與其親生父母可以結連於被法律肯定和保護的家庭中,這對孩子的成長最有利,也對社會的長遠發展作出巨大貢獻。這也可解釋為何婚姻制度要持守「性忠誠」和「終身結合」的規範,因為這種規範會對孩子帶來最大的益處。一夫一妻制的核心是責任:「婚姻要求男女都抑制他們的性慾,且對異性伴侶委身,並接受作家長的重擔。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Sugrue, p. 185) </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">此外,一夫一妻制也可清晰解答<b>婚姻權判準的問題</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US">──</span></b><span lang="EN-US">因為孩子的親生父親只有一個,親生母親也只有一個,而這種關係是有客觀生理基礎的,也可稱為自然婚姻。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">所以,這種思路可清楚解答為何是一夫一妻制,而不是三人或多元婚姻等,所以能為婚姻權的界線提供清楚的標準。我相信很多人都同意,自然關係透過制度和法律的鞏固,會對孩子的成長和社會的發展最好。因此一夫一妻的自然婚姻有其客觀的基礎和清晰的界線,在倫理和社會功能上都難以被否認。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">一旦我們盲目追隨西方的婚姻變革,拋棄了婚姻的自然基礎,而改為訴諸親密關係、心理認同或純粹個人意願等「標準」,婚姻的關係頓時變得模糊,家庭與婚姻制度的界線也有無限擴充之勢。下面會解釋,其他婚姻觀如何導致多元婚姻甚或婚姻制度的瓦解。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">然而,縱使不贊成同性婚姻法制化,我們仍然</span><span lang="EN-US">同意要關注同性戀者的一些實務需要,如醫療事務、遺產繼承權等,然而這些處理,皆可首先透過行政措施,甚或個別修例而適切他們的訴求,如此固然減少社會爭議,也能相對有效</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #545454; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">迅速</span><span class="1jd"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white;">回應同性戀社群的需要,社會何不循此方面處理?不過,政策</span></span><span lang="EN-US">抉擇是複雜事務,交由立</span><span lang="EN-US">法部門和國民決定,是較為合宜的處理方式。</span><b><span lang="EN-US">從這角度看,解決同性婚姻的爭論,關鍵是確立那些關係應被婚姻制度嘉許。</span></b><span lang="EN-US">雖然如此,大法官們既訴諸婚姻自由,我們也針對性地提供批判性的分析和回應。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">同性婚姻法制化與婚姻自由的「基本權」</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">解釋理由書強調婚姻自由本來是對的,主要問題在於其婚姻自由的概念模糊不清。如上面的分析,婚姻制度是對某種關係的公共制度性嘉許,本來就不能等同個人的婚姻自由(或權利),而且婚姻自由(以</span><span lang="EN-US">MF</span><span lang="EN-US">代表)有幾種不同的意義:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">MF1</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">公民有按照他們喜好與其對象維持</span><span lang="EN-US">猶</span><span lang="EN-US">如婚姻生活的自由,而不受干擾。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">MF2</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US">在一個婚姻制度內</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US">,公民有自由選擇:</span><span lang="EN-US">a) </span><span lang="EN-US">結婚與否;</span><span lang="EN-US">b) </span><span lang="EN-US">與誰結婚。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">MF3</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">公民有決定公共的婚姻制度應包含甚麼關係的自由。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">論者經常把這三種婚姻自由混為一談,然而政府要保障的主要是</span><span lang="EN-US">MF1</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">MF2</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US">MF1</span><span lang="EN-US">特別是為制度以外的關係而設(如男男、女女、兩女一男、三男、三女、多男多女),即是說除了一些被法律禁止的關係(如亂倫),人們在其私生活中大可選擇男男、女女、兩女一男、三男、三女或多男多女的生活方式,並沒有法律禁止。此外,若設立了婚姻制度,那就應一視同仁,既不可強制人們進入婚姻制度,也不可以限制人們選擇的結婚對象</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">這種</span><span lang="EN-US">MF2</span><span lang="EN-US">現在已經存在(同性戀者也擁有)。我相信</span><span lang="EN-US">MF1</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">MF2</span><span lang="EN-US">是憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">23</span><span lang="EN-US">條所談及的「自由」,而這兩者在個人權利和制度保障之間找到平衡。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">至於</span><span lang="EN-US">MF3</span><span lang="EN-US">則代表個人權利完全凌駕於制度保障,實在難以理解為憲法保障的自由,不然對重婚和亂倫婚的禁止就侵害了婚姻自由</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">因為喜歡三人結婚的人會堅持這是他們的「婚姻自由」。若堅持</span><span lang="EN-US">MF3</span><span lang="EN-US">是憲法權利,只會導致婚姻制度的混亂(有多少</span><span lang="EN-US">種</span><span lang="EN-US">喜好,就有多少種「制度」),甚或崩潰!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">同性婚姻不會導致多夫多妻(多元婚姻)?</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="FooterChar"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解釋理由書說結婚自由「該項自主決定攸關人格健全發展與人性尊嚴之維護,為重要之基本權,應受憲法第22條之保障。」(#13)</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> <span class="FooterChar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就著</span></span>MF1</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">MF2,這是相當</span><span lang="EN-US">合理的,但把這種合理性錯誤地轉移到</span><span lang="EN-US">MF3</span><span lang="EN-US">上,卻是概念滑轉的謬誤。若解釋理由書</span><span lang="EN-US">所認定受憲法保障的婚姻自由是指</span><span lang="EN-US">MF1</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">MF2</span><span lang="EN-US">,則同性戀者現在已擁有。若這婚姻自由指的是</span><span lang="EN-US">MF3</span><span lang="EN-US">,則的確可以成功地挑戰一夫一妻制,但也同樣可以挑戰解釋理由書的婚姻定義,因按這定義建立的婚姻制度主要是「二人婚姻制」,這制度同樣排斥了不少組合:三人婚姻、</span><span lang="EN-US">一夫多妻、一妻多夫或多妻多夫等等。若這些被排斥的人擁有</span><span lang="EN-US">MF3</span><span lang="EN-US">,那他們自然會反對把婚姻定義為</span><span lang="EN-US">二人婚姻制,並要求婚姻制度容納他們那類組合。因此,二人婚姻制應同樣被宣判為違憲,因為他們的婚姻自由(</span><span lang="EN-US">MF3</span><span lang="EN-US">)被侵害!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">所以大法官們陷入一個兩難題,要麼他們理解的婚姻自由只是</span><span lang="EN-US">MF1</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">MF2</span><span lang="EN-US">,那挑戰一夫一妻制的論據不會成功;要麼他們理解的婚姻自由也包括</span><span lang="EN-US">MF3</span><span lang="EN-US">,那想避免的</span><span lang="EN-US">婚姻秩序的紊亂也難免發生。</span><span lang="EN-US">有關多元婚姻的危機,我們可參考美國的</span><span lang="EN-US">Obergefell</span><span lang="EN-US">案,當</span><span lang="EN-US">中一位異議法官,首席大法官羅伯茨(</span><span lang="EN-US">John
Roberts</span><span lang="EN-US">)便回應多數意見經常提及的「二人結合」(</span><span lang="EN-US">two-person union</span><span lang="EN-US">):「他們完全沒有理由支持,為何婚姻的核心定義中『二人』的元素可以保持,但『男女』的元素卻不能。從歷史和傳統的角度來看,從異性變成同性的跨越比從兩個人變成許多人的跨越更大,畢竟後者在世界許多文化中都有根基。如果多數法官願意跨出較大的一步,很難看出為什麼他們不願意跨出較小的一步。」</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">羅伯茨正確地指出:「多數法官的論證大多同樣支持『多元婚姻』是基本人權。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">解釋理由書把婚姻自由與「人格尊嚴」掛鉤,姑且假若否定兩個男人或者兩個女人結婚,是否定他們的人格尊嚴,那否定三個人結婚不是同樣否定他們的平等人格尊嚴嗎?只要大法官解釋婚姻內涵時,將「二個」刪掉,變成</span><span lang="EN-US">「按某些人為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係」,這就</span><span lang="EN-US">會包括二名男性與一名女性、二名女性與男性、及不限男性數量與不限女性數量所訂定的婚約等等。按大法官的邏輯,為何要否定這些人的婚姻自由呢?難道他們就沒有這種基本權嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">當然,司法院大法官可以規定婚姻的內涵只屬「二人」,便暫時消除「多元婚姻」的疑慮,然而,就像羅伯茨質疑,為何婚姻的核心定義中「二人」的元素可以保持,但「男女」的元素卻不能呢?難道喜愛「三人婚姻」的人士便不具有平等人格尊嚴嗎</span><span lang="EN-US">?<b>為何三個或以上的人不可以擁有「親密性及排他性的永久結合」呢?若「排他」說的是性忠誠,事實上一些同性戀者認為這些規範是不必要的,他們兩人可以有親密性關係但不必遵守「排他性」的守則,為何就沒有權進入婚姻?亦有些人不喜愛「永久結合」,不單是一夜情愛好者,也許親密性及排他性的結合不必一開始就打算「永久」,為何不可以訂立有期限的婚姻契約,期滿前再考慮是否續約也不遲,不是嗎?</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">結論是:若真的把</span><span lang="EN-US">婚姻自由理解為MF3,且是普遍的權利,那得出的後果是:一,婚姻制度的消滅;或二,一個「甚麼都行」的婚姻「制度」,當然這種「制度」存在或不存在都沒有分別</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">除了浪費公共資源!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一夫一妻制真的有違憲法第7條的平等保護嗎?</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">由平權到多元婚姻</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解釋理由書說:「憲法第7條規定:「中華民國人民,無分男女、宗教、種族、階級、黨派,在法律上一律平等。」本條明文揭示之5種禁止歧視事由,僅係例示,而非窮盡列舉。是如以其他事由,如身心障礙、性傾向等為分類標準,所為之差別待遇,亦屬本條平等權規範之範圍。」(#14)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先,解釋理由書從來沒有定義「性傾向」,有些性學家(如香港的吳敏倫)認為性傾向最少有幾十種,我姑且把「性傾向」定義為異性戀、同性戀或雙性戀,但我們可用「性喜好」或「結婚對象喜好」指那些喜愛多P者、近親戀等等,那按照解釋理由書的邏輯,「平權」很快會推出多元婚姻、近親婚等等。首先我們指出憲法第7條同樣保障「性喜好」或「結婚對象喜好」的平等,然後質疑對「性喜好」或「結婚對象喜好」的歧視能否有充夠理據支持,就輕鬆得到禁止多元婚姻、近親婚等,是有違憲法第7條的平等保護的結論。這種推論方式會否太草率呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">平等的真諦──等者,等之;不等者,不等之。</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">李惠宗教授指出,司法院大法官一貫的見解為:「憲法第七條揭示之平等原則非指絕對、機械之形式上平等,而係保障人民在法律上地位之實質平等。」(釋</span><span lang="EN-US"> 647 </span><span lang="EN-US">等)釋字第</span><span lang="EN-US">
666 </span><span lang="EN-US">號更進一步解釋:「憲法第七條所揭示之平等原則非指絕對、機械之形式上平等……要求本質上相同之事物應為相同之處理,不得恣意為無正當理由之差別待遇。」換言之,平等不代表全盤否定差別待遇(這事實上也不可),而是指「等者,等之;不等者,不等之。」所以,「一項法律或行政處分是否合乎平等,其問題重心在於如何判斷「何種事情相同,何種事情不相同」。」這就是說一夫一妻制包含異性婚姻,卻不包合同性婚姻,不一定不平等,還要看異性戀與同性戀兩者在婚姻的目的和功能上都是相同的。若不相同,作出差別待遇也非不平等。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解釋理由書假設了異性戀婚姻與同性關係是同等價值,除非我們能證明這是錯的。但為何要把證明的責任都放在支持一夫一妻制一方呢?再者,若明白婚姻制度的嘉許性特質,那只是證明一夫一妻制有一些支持理據是其他各種「婚姻」沒有的,已可使這種差別對待合理,上面已提出支持的理據。解釋理由書強調</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">同性性傾向是難以改變的,<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="a"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>和並非疾病。但這與婚姻制度有何關係呢?縱使一些特質是難以改變的,且並非疾病(如喝咖啡成癮),這並不代表它就是值得制度性的嘉許的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">解釋理由書嘗試推翻兩種區別異性戀婚姻和同性關係的理由,下面會加以反駁。然而,我們要指出縱使這些反駁成功,也不代表沒有其他有效的理由(如對孩子的幸福的首要關注)。所以,解釋理由書的結論(沒有充夠的公共利益支持一夫一妻制)是未被充分論證的,以這種論證的質素支撐一種如此強制性和有深遠影響的違憲判決,似乎是不負責任。為何不留給立法部門更詳細地討論呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">繁衍與婚姻無關</span></u><b><u><span lang="EN-US">?</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解釋理由書說:「然查婚姻章並未規定異性二人結婚須以具有生育能力為要件;亦未規定結婚後不能生育或未生育為婚姻無效、得撤銷或裁判離婚之事由,是繁衍後代顯非婚姻不可或缺之要素。相同性別二人間不能自然生育子女之事實,與不同性別二人間客觀上不能生育或主觀上不為生育之結果相同。故以不能繁衍後代為由,未使相同性別二人得以結婚,顯非合理之差別待遇。」(#16)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">首先要指出,婚姻制度要整體考慮,它要保護的<b><i>一種關係</i></b>,也許有個別例外或灰色地帶,但不必傷害這種制度的可行性。雖然有些異性戀夫婦是不育的,但他們的性行為<b><i>類型</i></b>與其他異性戀者無異,因為他們身體的結構的<b><i>基本設計與其他異性戀者</i></b>也一樣,只是在某些關節出了差錯,以致原來設計的目標不能達成。不育的異性戀夫婦之間的性行為仍然是與同性戀者的性行為截然不同的,這就例如一個壞了的電視機仍然從設計看出是一個電視機。婚姻法保障的是一體的全人結合,這種性關係<b><i>原則上</i></b>是與生育掛勾,但這是從大體的結構和設計著眼,而不是指個別的性行為,因為就算是男與女的交合也不是每次都導致生育。按這理解,不育的異性夫婦的關係仍然可受法律保障,決定不生養子女的夫妻也是類似。然而同性性交卻是在原則上已不能生育,所以不應納入保障範圍。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">此外,一夫一妻制所保障的是,<b><i>假若一對夫妻生育了兒女</i></b>,那他們的親生兒女能與其親生父母在一個有制度性肯定的婚姻與家庭中成長,得到最佳的照顧。縱使有一些父母決定不生兒育女,也不損以上目的。然而同性伴侶卻是在原則上不能產生<b><i>他/她們二人</i></b>的親生骨肉,所以不能達到以上目的。總結而言,「婚姻的本質是為了生育子女」這種說法雖然接近,但還是過分簡化。更準確的說法是:「婚姻制度保障的是一體的全人結合,這種性關係<b><i>原則上</i></b>是與生育掛勾的,以致<b><i>假若一對夫妻生育了兒女</i></b>,那他們的親生兒女能與其親生父母在一個有制度性肯定的婚姻與家庭中成長,得到最佳的照顧。這不需假定每一對異性夫婦都能生育或打算生育,只要<b><i>符合這個類型</i></b>的性關係即可。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">批評者似乎想透過一些不育的父母的例子,論證婚姻和生育沒有內在關係。然而按這種思路,也可論證買車與駕駛沒有內在關係:你買了車後,社會沒有法例強逼你要駕駛那車,你若從不開動那車,政府也不會弔銷你的駕駛執照,或把你的車沒收。而且的確有些人買古董車,只為收藏,從不開動,這也是合法的。說到底,買車的動機相當多元化:快感、美感、經濟收益、社會地位等都有可能,但難道這就表示駕駛不是買車的主要目的嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US">Blankenhorn</span><span lang="EN-US">也指出:「婚姻的主要目的是確保若有孩子誕生,他會有兩位負責任的家長</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">一位母親和一位父親,他們彼此獻身,也獻身給孩子。要達成這目的,社會從來也不需要(也永遠不可能)要求每對結了婚的配偶都生孩子!」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">事實上若要把不育的夫婦從保障範圍中剔除,這種婚姻制度的可行性也甚低。不育與否有時難以絕對確定,也可能有被醫治的可能性,若在結婚前一律進行嚴格審查,不單勞民傷財,更是讓政府有機會高度介入市民的私隱,這在政治上也不可取,而且很多配偶對要不要生孩子,希望甚麼時候生孩子,可能在婚前還未決定,婚後也可能會改變,這裡有很多因素影響,所以不能以他們的婚前的生育意願作為婚姻的先決條件。其實很多法例的制訂都有實際限制,但我們仍然會實施整體來說有最好效果的法例,例如為何十八歲以上才可投票呢?十八歲以上的智障人士和不負責任的選民,十八歲以下的也有合格的選民。為何不是十七或十九呢?這些問題都沒有絕對的答案,但可這樣思考:有制度比完全混亂好,而太複雜的制度又不能運作,以十八歲為分界線已是最好的選擇,所以實施這制度是合理的。同理,不育的夫妻始終是少數,絕大多數的異性夫婦還是會生兒育女,對社會作出貢獻。要堅持只讓那些願意和實際上會生育的男女結婚,就等於堅持只讓那些有足夠理智和責任感的年青人投票(又要一律審查?),都是難以操作的。很明顯,讓所有異性男女都可以結婚,既可讓婚姻制度能達成公共利益,又是簡易可行的制度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">同性婚姻不會侵害一夫一妻制</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US">之基本倫理秩序</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US">?</span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">解釋理由書說:「倘以婚姻係為維護基本倫理秩序,如結婚年齡、單一配偶、近親禁婚、忠貞義務及扶養義務等為考量,其計慮固屬正當。惟若容許相同性別二人得依婚姻章實質與形式要件規定,成立法律上婚姻關係,且要求其亦應遵守婚姻關係存續中及終止後之雙方權利義務規定,並不影響現行異性婚姻制度所建構之基本倫理秩序。是以維護基本倫理秩序為由,未使相同性別二人得以結婚,顯亦非合理之差別待遇。凡此均與憲法第7條保障平等權之意旨不符。」(#16)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">首先,大法官們仍然認為以「結婚年齡、單一配偶、近親禁婚」為由限制婚姻權是「正當」的,所以堅持他們支持的同性關係仍然要持守以上限制,所以所有問題都消失了。這恐怕是過於樂觀,且有點掩耳盜鈴,甚或自相矛盾。其實在我們過往的「基本倫理秩序」中,也包括對同性關係的不接納,現在大法官們以兩大理由(婚姻自由和平等保護)全面合理化和制度化同性關係,卻看不到他們所持守的「倫理秩序」其實是對喜愛少年者、多妻或多夫主義者與及近親戀者的</span><span lang="EN-US">婚姻自由的「侵害」,而且不單沒有平等地保護</span><span lang="EN-US">喜愛少年者與及近親戀者,更對他們多加「逼害」!這不是雙重標準嗎?理據何在?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">或許他們的想法是這樣的:同性戀者可以結婚,同時異性戀者亦可以結合,兩者是可以並存的,所以容許同性結婚並沒有破壞一夫一妻制。然而按這種邏輯,容許多妻傾向者與幾位(自願的)女子結婚,容讓納妾和蓄婢也沒有破壞一夫一妻<b><i>制度</i></b>嗎?當然不是,每種制度都要在某個地方劃一條界線(包含某些事物而不包含其他事物),都有排斥性,一夫一妻之所以是一種<b><i>制度</i></b>,就是因為一夫一妻的結合是<b><i>唯一</i></b>受法律承認的選擇。同性結合本身不是一夫與一妻的結合,這已打破了一夫一妻<b><i>制度</i></b>。打個比方,十二年強迫教育的制度,與九年強迫教育的制度,就是不能同時作為教育制度而推行的。婚姻制度是要劃界的,要麼維持現今對婚姻的定義,要麼就是從根本上改變婚姻的定義。而同性婚姻基本上是一種沒有性別區分的二人婚姻制(</span><span lang="EN-US">genderless
marriage</span><span lang="EN-US">),雖然仍然容許異性戀者結婚,但所有性別區分和與繁衍的本質性關連都要取消,而這些本質的改</span><span lang="EN-US">變</span><span lang="EN-US">會有深遠影響。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">然而要強調,婚姻制度只是一種鼓勵性制度,而不是一種強制性措施:它對某種結合方式給予社會認可和其他支持(如免稅額),但卻不會強逼人結婚,也不會懲罰不以這種方式結合的人(如一夫多妻的同居者、同性同居者等),所以它雖然要劃界,但界線以外的生活方式其實也有生存空間,只是缺少了整體社會認同而已。主要問題是:支持同性婚姻的論據也同樣支持多妻多夫的結合,若同性戀者能結婚是他們的婚姻自由,那多妻(夫)傾向者也可說他們能結婚也是婚姻自由。(我們且要承認社會已侵犯了他們的人權多年,或許也應對當年被褫奪妾婢的人道歉和作出賠償吧。)也可能有五位雙性戀者(二男三女)堅持組成五人家庭是他們的婚姻自由。如此類推,結果就是多元婚姻制。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">再者,我們不能把同性婚姻的法制化與同運在台灣的發展和影響分開,同性婚姻的勝利標誌著同運在台灣的巨大勝利,他們所提倡的價值觀和社會政策會在制度化肯定的巨浪下,將會全面衝擊台灣社會的每一方面(如傳媒、教育、宗教自由等)。其實同運不會停留於大法官們支持的二人婚姻,這並非甚麼秘密(可能為了戰略性原故<b><i>暫時容忍</i></b>一「夫」一「妻」制)。荷蘭的同運領袖施帕爾曼公開表示,成功爭取同性婚姻合法化後,下一個目標就是三人結婚。事實上<b>荷蘭也已向這方向邁進,</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US">2005</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">年</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">9</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">月</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">23</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">日,一名男士</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Victor</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">de Bruijn</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">與兩名雙性戀女士</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Bianica de Bruijn</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">和</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Mirjam
Geven</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">簽署「同居合約」(</span></b><span lang="EN-US">cohabitation</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">contract</span><span lang="EN-US">)<b>,共同組織「三人家庭」。事實上在八十年代同性戀者當中也盛行同居合約,這最後導致同性婚姻。同理,今天的三人同居合約也很可能是導向三人婚姻的路上一個里程碑。</b></span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><b><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">一些荷蘭的自由主義者(如</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Jan Martens</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">)也承認這是導向一夫多妻的捷徑,但他說:「縱使你有兩個、三個、四個或六十九個妻子或丈夫,我也一點不介意。」</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US">嚴格來說,以上的三人結合不是一夫多妻,而是多元婚姻,因為兩個妻子不單和丈夫有性關係,她們之間也有性關係。雙性戀雖然一直包含在同運所肯定的性傾向之內,但在過往它的地位並不突出。同運愛擺出來的模範都是兩男或兩女的組合,可能怕太突出雙性戀時,會被人標籤為「濫交」。然而當同運在西方差不多取得全盤勝利之際,一個較突出的雙性戀運動也應運而生。</span></b><span lang="EN-US">2001</span><span lang="EN-US">年,</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Journal of Bisexuality</span></i><span lang="EN-US">被創立,成為這運動的喉舌。有些雙性戀者在同一段時間只會喜歡一個人,但亦有不少雙性戀者可同時喜歡兩個人,</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">其實由這種雙性戀者的存在推論到三人婚姻的合法性並不困難。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">假若有三個雙性戀者</span><span lang="EN-US">B1</span><span lang="EN-US">、</span><span lang="EN-US">B2</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">B3</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span lang="EN-US">B1</span><span lang="EN-US">同時愛上了</span><span lang="EN-US">B2</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">B3</span><span lang="EN-US">,而</span><span lang="EN-US">B2</span><span lang="EN-US">和</span><span lang="EN-US">B3</span><span lang="EN-US">亦愛上了</span><span lang="EN-US">B1</span><span lang="EN-US">,那按照同運的原則,有甚麼理由不讓他/她們三人同時結婚?沒有。多元婚姻運動近年在美國也開始蓬勃,假若雙性戀運動用相同的論證爭取多元婚姻,這也是社會難以抗拒的。</span><span lang="EN-US">LGBT</span><span lang="EN-US">後面或遲或早都要加一個</span><span lang="EN-US">P</span><span lang="EN-US">字(</span><span lang="EN-US">polyamory</span><span lang="EN-US">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">同運不單爭取同性戀者的自由平等,更是在提倡一種激進的性哲學。不少同運活躍份子已公開承認,他們爭取婚姻權的背後,不單是要求過正常的家庭生活,而是希望透過同性婚姻徹底摧毀傳統婚姻的概念,並且主張「家庭」可以由一妻多夫、一夫多妻和群交組成。他們最終的目標是要破除人們對雜交(多個性伴侶)的限制。例如</span><span lang="EN-US">Michelangelo
Signorile</span><span lang="EN-US">在《</span><span lang="EN-US">Out!</span><span lang="EN-US">》雜誌中寫道,同性戀者應「…</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span lang="EN-US">努力爭取同性婚姻的權利和有關福利。一旦成功,便去重新界定整個婚姻制度…</span><span lang="EN-US">…[</span><span lang="EN-US">我們要</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span lang="EN-US">揭穿婚姻的假面具,進而改變古代殘留下來的婚姻制度…</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span lang="EN-US">女同性戀者和男同性戀者所能採取最顛覆(且或許令整個社會受惠)的行動,就是根本地轉化『家庭』的概念。」</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">亦有人提倡乾脆廢除婚姻制度。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">大法官們的判斷相當短視,也把今天同性婚姻的爭論抽離於全球同運的處境,而全球同運的議程也已在台灣積極推動。他們也顯得過份樂觀,一旦</span><span lang="EN-US">同性婚姻被通過,他似乎仍然希望保留的「倫理秩序」,隨著「婚姻權」和「性權」的激化,必然會逐一被挑戰,「禁止近親結婚」也不會是例外,西方社會和近期的香港社會已有一些在討論亂倫合法化。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">同性婚姻法制化是否符合子女最佳利益?</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US"> </span></u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">鄧學仁提到一些調查結果:「中央警察大學</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2013 </span><span lang="EN-US">年接受法務部委託,針對我國同性婚姻法制化進行調查研究…</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span lang="EN-US">在「不贊成同性戀權益比照一般夫妻理由」的意向部分,民眾以「違反傳統異性才可以結婚的社會通念」為最多;其次為「從宗教與倫理的觀點同性婚姻是不道德的」;再者為「同性伴侶組成家庭不適於撫養孩子、有違子女最佳利益」。」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">事實上,「民眾接受同性婚姻之比例高,但接受同性家庭收養之比例卻低,此乃因縱使贊成同性婚姻,其效力亦僅止於當事人而已,但若涉及收養,就誠如反對同性婚姻者認為,承認同性婚姻者得收養子女,將剝奪該子女擁有異性父母之權利」。(本文強調:不單是「剝奪該子女擁有異性父母之權利」,而是「剝奪該子女擁有<b><i>親生</i></b>父母之權利」!這原則性的區別已對孩子產生傷害和不公道。)所以大法官們既然支持同性婚姻,最少應認真對待「未成年子女權益能否受到保障之問題」,然而卻對此隻字未提。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">李惠宗教授也指出,</span><span lang="EN-US">本案所涉及的制度,除了「婚姻制度」以外,也應考慮「家庭制度」,婚姻以進一步組成家庭為目標,人民有追求幸福、生育、教養下一代的需求,故設立婚姻及家庭制度</span><span lang="EN-US">(頁</span><span lang="EN-US">25</span><span lang="EN-US">);因此,討論同性婚姻不能只注重成年人的訴求,而漠視兒童的福祉,中華民國憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">153</span><span lang="EN-US">條,第</span><span lang="EN-US">156</span><span lang="EN-US">條及第</span><span lang="EN-US">160</span><span lang="EN-US">條正在不同事情上,對兒童加以特別保護。婚姻制度應以兒童福祉為首要考慮,成年人有能力可以選擇自己的生活方式,但兒童卻沒有這種能力,要在成年人照顧下成長。社會一旦認同同性結合為「婚姻關係」,同性撫養和人工生育等等問題便接踵而至,須要處理,這些問題不能迴避。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">不少人說同性撫養與異性撫養沒有分別,並稱社會科學研究支持這點。然而</span><span lang="EN-US">亦有學者指出,幾乎所有支持同性撫養的研究都不是使用具代表性的樣本,而且絕大部分來自女同性戀者家庭,</span><span lang="EN-US">缺乏男同性戀者家庭的數據</span><span lang="EN-US">。近年有學者利用具代表性的樣本做研究,發現不利於同性撫養的數據,如</span><span lang="EN-US">D. Allen</span><span lang="EN-US">使用</span><span lang="EN-US">2006</span><span lang="EN-US">年加拿大人口普查數據的</span><span lang="EN-US">20%</span><span lang="EN-US">樣本作統計分析,發現同性雙親家庭孩子只有異性雙親婚姻家庭孩子的</span><span lang="EN-US">65%</span><span lang="EN-US">高中畢業率。男同性戀家庭的女孩尤其不利,比起一般異性雙親婚姻家庭的女孩,只有</span><span lang="EN-US">15%</span><span lang="EN-US">的高中畢業率。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">此外,</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span lang="EN-US">年</span><span lang="EN-US">M.
Regnerus</span><span lang="EN-US">比較有同性戀關係的父母所養大的青壯年,對比其他</span><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span lang="EN-US">種家庭模式的青壯年,發現在</span><span lang="EN-US">40</span><span lang="EN-US">項有關社會、情感及人際關係的結果變項上,他們的表現都強差人意。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">D. Sullins</span><span lang="EN-US">亦發現同性撫養的兒童,有情緒問題的情況比異性家庭的兒童多逾一倍。</span><a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">再者,不少同性戀者撫養的孩子(或稱「同二代」)</span><span lang="EN-US">的真實故事,也印證同性撫養的種種問題,如</span><span lang="EN-US">來自澳洲的米莉(</span><span lang="EN-US">Millie Fontana</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US">便因缺乏父親而飽受困擾。</span><span lang="EN-US">撫養權與孩子的終生幸福攸關,證明責任</span><span lang="EN-US">應</span><span lang="EN-US">在支持同性撫養的一方</span><span lang="EN-US">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">這樣看來,有一定資料顯示被同性家庭撫養的孩子,有不少的機會受到不必要的傷害</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span lang="EN-US">這不限於「同性婚姻者會世代複製」的問題。其實鄧學仁教授也明白「所謂子女之最佳利益,包含未成年子女身心受到照護之基本利益、將來能成長謀生之發展利益以及自我決定利益」等,而現在的證據(有幾個獨立的大規模研究)正指向,同性撫養的孩子的教育水平會下降,那當然會影響他們「將來能成長謀生之發展利益」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">就著這些研究還有不少爭論,我們也不用宣稱它們是絕對和完全正確,但合理的疑點已被提出,我們必須追問,何故在未有充份證據,顯示同性撫養對兒童完全沒有問題的情況下,便斷然通過同性婚姻?同性婚姻是一場社會實驗,成年人有需要把兒童送入這個實驗室,作為實驗品嗎?華人社會一向重視兒童的成長,良好的父母寧願自己捱窮,也盡量把最好的留給孩子,相信是我們不少人的切身經驗。孟子曰:「老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼」,成年人在愛護自己孩子的同時,也宜考慮今日所作的決定,會否影響其他孩子的未來。<b>同性婚姻議題不僅是回應同性戀者的訴求,更應以兒童福祉為首要考慮。</b></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">無論如何,我們不應以婚姻「平權」之名犧牲這些無辜的孩童,上面已指出「等者等之,不等則不等之」,才是平等權之真諦,那假若同性婚姻不能像一夫一妻制為孩童的福祉提供同樣的保護,那兩者就根本不是「等者」,那也沒有理據獲得同樣的婚姻權。大法官們完全沒有考慮這些問題,就貿貿然按照他們的價值觀把「同性婚姻」加於所有台灣家庭,說得通嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">總結本文討論,大法官們的判決的兩個論證都問題重重,欠缺法理的定義和穩實的論據。大法官們以沒有根據的宣稱和前設取代小心的論證,這樣的判決是難以令人信服。在這種情況下,他們仍然草率地按自己的心意,挾憲法之名逼令所有台灣人屈從他們的意識形態,究竟有違憲法精神的是誰?</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span class="FooterChar">「適婚人民而無配偶者,本有結婚自由,包含「是否結婚」暨「與何人結婚」之自由(本院釋字第</span><span class="FooterChar"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">362</span></span><span class="FooterChar">號解釋參照)。該項自主決定攸關人格健全發展與人性尊嚴之維護,為重要之基本權(</span><span class="FooterChar"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a
fundamental right</span></span><span class="FooterChar">),應受憲法第</span><span class="FooterChar"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">22</span></span><span class="FooterChar">條之保障。」</span><span class="FooterChar"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(#13)</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性關係「既不影響不同性別二人適用婚姻章第</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">節至第</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">節有關訂婚、結婚、婚姻普通效力、財產制及離婚等規定,亦未改變既有異性婚姻所建構之社會秩序;」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#13)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「且相同性別二人之婚姻自由,經法律正式承認後,更可與異性婚姻共同成為穩定社會之磐石。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#13)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「復鑑於婚姻自由,攸關人格健全發展與人性尊嚴之維護,就成立上述親密、排他之永久結合之需求、能力、意願、渴望等生理與心理因素而言,其不可或缺性,於同性性傾向者與異性性傾向者間並無二致,均應受憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條婚姻自由之保障。現行婚姻章規定,未使相同性別二人,得為經營共同生活之目的,成立具有親密性及排他性之永久結合關係,顯屬立法上之重大瑕疵。於此範圍內,與憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">條保障人民婚姻自由之意旨有違。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#13)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條規定:「中華民國人民,無分男女、宗教、種族、階級、黨派,在法律上一律平等。」本條明文揭示之</span><span lang="EN-US">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">種禁止歧視事由,僅係例示,而非窮盡列舉。是如以其他事由,如身心障礙、性傾向等為分類標準,所為之差別待遇,亦屬本條平等權規範之範圍。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#14)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「現行婚姻章僅規定一男一女之永久結合關係,而未使相同性別二人亦得成立相同之永久結合關係,係以性傾向為分類標準,而使同性性傾向者之婚姻自由受有相對不利之差別待遇。按憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">22</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">條保障之婚姻自由與人格自由、人性尊嚴密切相關,屬重要之基本權。且性傾向屬難以改變之個人特徵(</span><span lang="EN-US">immutable characteristics</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">),其成因可能包括生理與心理因素、生活經驗及社會環境等(註</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)。目前世界衛生組織、汎美衛生組織(即世界衛生組織美洲區辦事處)(註</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)與國內外重要醫學組織(註</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)均已認為同性性傾向本身並非疾病。在我國,同性性傾向者過去因未能見容於社會傳統及習俗,致長期受禁錮於暗櫃內,受有各種事實上或法律上之排斥或歧視;又同性性傾向者因人口結構因素,為社會上孤立隔絕之少數,並因受刻板印象之影響,久為政治上之弱勢,難期經由一般民主程序扭轉其法律上劣勢地位。是以性傾向作為分類標準所為之差別待遇,應適用較為嚴格之審查標準,以判斷其合憲性,除其目的須為追求重要公共利益外,其手段與目的之達成間並須具有實質關聯,始符合憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">條保障平等權之意旨。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#15)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「究國家立法規範異性婚姻之事實,而形成婚姻制度,其考量因素或有多端。如認婚姻係以保障繁衍後代之功能為考量,其著眼固非無據。然查婚姻章並未規定異性二人結婚須以具有生育能力為要件;亦未規定結婚後不能生育或未生育為婚姻無效、得撤銷或裁判離婚之事由,是繁衍後代顯非婚姻不可或缺之要素。相同性別二人間不能自然生育子女之事實,與不同性別二人間客觀上不能生育或主觀上不為生育之結果相同。故以不能繁衍後代為由,未使相同性別二人得以結婚,顯非合理之差別待遇。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#16)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「倘以婚姻係為維護基本倫理秩序,如結婚年齡、單一配偶、近親禁婚、忠貞義務及扶養義務等為考量,其計慮固屬正當。惟若容許相同性別二人得依婚姻章實質與形式要件規定,成立法律上婚姻關係,且要求其亦應遵守婚姻關係存續中及終止後之雙方權利義務規定,並不影響現行異性婚姻制度所建構之基本倫理秩序。是以維護基本倫理秩序為由,未使相同性別二人得以結婚,顯亦非合理之差別待遇。凡此均與憲法第</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條保障平等權之意旨不符。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#16)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然解釋理由書強調他們的解釋只關乎「相同性別二人」,而「不及於其他」</span><span lang="EN-US">(#18) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,然而法律和公共政策都重視原則的一致性,很難把一個案例所引用的原則規限於該案例上。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">請參〈美國聯邦最高法院大法官湯馬斯:五法官扭曲了「自由」的憲法意義〉,「性文化資料庫」,</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">日。取自:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2015/07/04/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E6%B9%AF%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%94%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E6%89%AD%E6%9B%B2%E4%BA%86%E3%80%8C/"><span class="aa8s">https://blog.scs.org.hk/2015/07/04/</span><span class="aa8s"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">美國聯邦最高法院大法官湯馬斯:五法官扭曲了「</span></span><span class="aa8s">/</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">詳情請參:關啟文著,《同性與變性-評價同性戀運動和變性人婚姻》(香港:宣道出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),頁</span><span lang="EN-US">41-70</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我不建議採用「傳統婚姻」的概念,因這可能被誤會為提倡一夫多妻。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以下書籍以整本書有條理地為自然婚姻觀提供理性辯護:</span><span lang="EN-US">Sherif
Girgis, Ryan T. Anderson, Robert George, 2012, <i>What is Marriage? Man & Woman: A Defense </i>(New York: Encounter
Books).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">請參〈美國聯邦最高法院首席大法官約翰.羅伯茨對同性婚姻裁決的異議〉,「性文化資料庫」,</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">日。取自:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blog.scs.org.hk/2015/07/01/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E8%8C%A8%E5%B0%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7/"><span class="aa8s">https://blog.scs.org.hk/2015/07/01/</span><span class="aa8s"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">美國聯邦最高法院首席大法官約翰</span></span><span class="aa8s">·</span><span class="aa8s"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">羅伯茨對同性</span></span><span class="aa8s">/</span></a></span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">它用</span><span lang="EN-US">immutable</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這英文字指「不可改變」,卻似乎跨大了,也沒有足夠的科學證據支持。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><b><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[16]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span><span lang="EN-US"> Stanley Kurtz, “<span class="head"><b>Here Come the Brides: </b></span><span class="deck"><b>Plural Marriage is Waiting in the Wings,” <i>Weekly Standard</i>, </b></span>Volume 11, Issue 15, December 26, 2005.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「一時一刻當下與男或與女一起,與多少人一起,並不是雙性情慾本身的問題,而是在乎個人本身對關係的態度</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有很多實踐一對一關係的人是有雙性情慾</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這又並不是等於實踐非一對一關係的人就是次等的、不好的,而必要跟從異性變婚姻一對一的模式才是『正確的』。」(金佩瑋編,麥海珊等著,《雙性情慾》,香港:香港婦女基督徒協會,</span><span lang="EN-US">2000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一個由同性婚姻到三人婚姻的途徑是這樣的:假設兩個女同性戀者接受了某人捐精而生下孩子,那捐精者很容易加進來成為三人「家庭」,三個人同時有家長的權利。參</span><span lang="EN-US">2000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US"> Minnesota</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的案例</span><span lang="EN-US">La Chapelle v. Mitten</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">O</span><i><span lang="EN-US">ut!</span></i><span lang="EN-US">, December/January
1994.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Allen, D. (2013). High school graduation rates among children of
same-sex households. <i>Review of Economics
of the Household</i>, 11(4), 635-658.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> <!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Regnerus, M. (2012). How different are the adult children of parents
who have same-sex relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures
Study. <i>Social Science Research, </i>41(4),
752-770.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///E:/SCS/%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0/%E4%B8%80%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%BB%E5%88%B6%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E7%90%86%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3_ch.doc#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sullins, D.
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-56133512559956627332017-01-22T08:53:00.002-08:002017-01-22T08:53:59.461-08:00愛因斯坦如何看宗教與科學<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Noto Sans", "Noto Sans CJK TC", "Heiti TC", "Microsoft JhengHei", "Roboto Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2px; line-height: 28px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
2017年1月13日,一個下雨且寒冷的晚上,在中文大學逸夫書院的大講堂,擠滿了六百多人,不少人還要坐在地上和通道上,這卻不是甚麼歌星或明星的表演,而是四位「書生」就著一些老掉牙的課題──宗教與科學──作出理性的討論,這實在有點叫人驚奇。筆者實在感到榮幸,有機會與另外三位學者──劉創馥教授、王偉雄教授、陳文豪博士──進行這場對談會。對談會由「思托邦沙龍」主辦,周保松教授主持,而周教授強調這是一場討論,而不是辯論。我很珍惜對話的機會,這篇文章只是延續對話的精神,進一步澄清一些問題。</div>
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當天我發言時,提到愛因斯坦(Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)對待宗教與科學的態度,我也強調愛因斯坦並非基督徒,也清楚表示他反對人格神(personal god) ,然而指出他並不提倡科學與宗教的對立,甚至似乎認為兩者有互補之處(主要在功能方面)。之後是劉創馥博士發言,他認為愛因斯坦所說的宗教基本上只是一種比喻,是指對自然定律的敬畏,與我們一般理解的宗教完全不同。因著當天時間緊逼,我未能回應這點,我希望透過文字進一步探索這課題,我其實不肯定我和劉創馥博士的真正分歧有多大,所以此文的主要目的不是要反駁誰,而是澄清一個重要課題,為大眾的討論提供更多資料。[1]</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">科學研究與宇宙宗教感</strong></span></div>
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雖然愛因斯坦對有組織宗教持負面態度,他並不全然拒絕宗教,甚或他在1930年前後回歸一種個人化的宗教感。他似乎相信宗教與科學各自有互補的角色,如他的名言:「宗教缺少了科學是盲目的,而科學缺少了宗教是跛腳的。」(Religion without science is blind. Science without religion is lame.)對他而言,宗教的本質是一種宇宙宗教感(cosmic religious feeling):「個體感覺到人類的欲望和目標都是虛無,而在自然界和思想世界所揭示的秩序卻是精微和奇妙。他把自己的個體存在看作牢獄,而希冀把宇宙當作一個有意義的整體來經驗(to experience the universe as a single significant whole)。」(Einstein 1949, p. 26)這與自然神秘主義(nature mysticism)相當相似。有趣的是,愛因斯坦認為這種宇宙宗教感能與科學經驗有正面的互動。一方面,科學能產生這種感覺,事實上他認為「藝術和科學的最重要功能就是喚醒這種感覺,而且在那些能有這種感受的人當中維持它的活力。」(Einstein 1949, p. 27)</div>
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再者,「宇宙宗教感對科學研究而言是最強大和高貴的激勵。只有當我們能覺察到作理論科學的先驅研究不單要求巨大的努力,更至為重要的是它也要求巨大的獻身精神,我們才能把握這些遠離日常生活現實的工作所能產生的強烈情感。想想克卜勒(Kepler)和牛頓──他們對宇宙的理性(rationality of the universe)擁有如何深刻的信念,他們如何渴望理解這種理性,但這理性只不過是在微弱地反映這世界所揭示的心靈(the mind revealed in this world)。他們必須擁有這些情感,不然就不能孤獨地多年努力不懈解拆天體物理學的原則!…只有當一個人曾把人生獻身於類似目的,他才能生動地理解是甚麼啟發這些人,並給他們力量在面對無數失敗之時仍堅持他們的目標──是宇宙宗教感給人這種力量」。(Einstein 1949, p. 28)</div>
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刻卜勒與牛頓的成就深深地打動愛因斯坦,而他能充分理解他們,因為他們都有共同目的,而且擁有相同的宇宙宗教感。今天我們把他們的成就視為理所當然,然而愛因斯坦正確地指出牛頓的發現仿如神蹟,因為「要找出宇宙中運作的力量」其實是非常非常困難的:「假若一個心靈不如牛頓那樣勇敢,這問題必然令他感到絕望───只要想想宇宙的眾多物體互相作用的效應似乎是無窮無盡地多元化的。」(Einstein 1993, pp. 78-79)那為何最後他們能成功呢?一個原因就是他們對宇宙的秩序有充分信心,與及他們認為發現這種秩序的價值是非常高,而這兩點都是建基於他們的宗教信仰。因此,他們才有動力進行這麼困難的研究,並堅持到底。愛因斯坦對現代科學先驅的評語也被最近的歷史研究所印證,當歷史學家重新研究現代科學的起源時,就發現「科學革命從一開始就帶來科學與宗教的垂死戰鬥」的說法,其實是一個神話。在這裡愛因斯坦也是談及他自己的科學體驗,他的動力也是去了解上帝的心靈(the mind of God),他如此告訴布伯(Buber):「我們所追求的只是追隨祂去劃祂的線…我想知道上帝如何創造這世界…我想認識祂的思想,其餘的都是細節。」(引自Clark 1973, p. 33.)</div>
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我也想強調愛因斯坦的重點在於宇宙的理性秩序的統一性(reflection of the mind revealed in this world),而不是某種形而上的同一性(metaphysical unity),所以愛因斯坦並非一元論者(monist)。下面的引句也顯示科學家狂喜的原因是在宇宙中彰顯的超越智慧:「在那些較深刻的科學心靈中,我們難以找到一個是沒有他自己獨特的宗教感的。… 他的宗教感採取的形式就是面對自然定律的和諧時感到一種狂喜式驚訝,自然定律的和諧所揭示的智慧是如此超越」!(Einstein 1949, p. 28)(His religious feeling takes the form of a rapturous amazement at the harmony of natural law, which reveals an intelligence of such superiority.)</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">人格神抑或非人格神?</strong></span></div>
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愛因斯坦很喜歡把「上帝」掛在嘴邊,但學者們在辯論他口中的「上帝」究竟是甚麼意思?一方面,對愛因斯坦而言,「上帝」必然是宇宙的統一性秩序和其數學簡潔性的基礎,一個自然的解釋就是一個有無邊智慧的心靈。事實上愛因斯坦有時談到「我們對待化身於存在之內的理性的偉大,要持一種謙卑的態度。」(Einstein 1950, pp. 32-33) (humble attitude of mind towards the grandeur of reason incarnate in existence.) 理性和智慧能脫離心靈存在嗎?</div>
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另一方面,愛因斯坦勸告宗教「放棄人格神(personal God) 的教義」,並提倡「要從個人盼望和欲望的捆綁中解放出來」。(參Goldman 1997, p. 4) 然而,當我們仔細考察他的批評時,他主要所抗拒的是上帝在自然界的干預,與及建基於恐懼與迷信的宗教。事實上他否認自己是無神論者,他甚至批評弗洛伊德對宗教的攻擊,因為他認為相信人格神最少會比無神論好一點。(Goldman 1997, p. 5) 事實上我們見到愛因斯坦在文中清楚提到智慧、理性和心靈,或許我們不需用「人格神」的範疇,但愛因斯坦似乎是相信宇宙背後存在一個超越、有巨大智慧和理性的心靈──這與一般人理解的「人格神」不無重疊之處。最少可說,愛因斯坦所相信的「上帝」也不是全然非人格化的(wholly impersonal) 。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">宇宙的可理解性</strong></span></div>
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當愛因斯坦反思整體科學的存在時,也感到非常奇妙。雖然愛因斯坦很反對神蹟(指違反自然秩序的事件),但當他談及世界的可理解性(the intelligibility of the world) 時,也用上「神蹟」的概念(這不是指違反自然秩序的事件):「世界的可理解性」是難以理解的!(The comprehensibility of the world was itself incomprehensible.)愛因斯坦在1951年1月1日寫信給朋友Solovine時提及這點(Einstein 1956, p. 102) ,Solovine回信愛因斯坦時訴諸Mach的思想,這又引來愛因斯坦在1952年3月30日的回答:「我把世界的可理解性視作…神蹟或永恆的奧秘,你感到驚訝。然而我們可以肯定,從先驗角度看,我們應該預期世界是混亂的,是不可能用任何方法被思想把握的…隨著知識的發展,這個『神蹟』變得愈來愈明顯… 這裡就是無神論者的弱點… 有趣的是,我們能辨認這『神蹟』的存在,卻沒有任何合法的途徑再前行一步,我們只能接受情況就是如此。我要明白地提到最後這點,為的是避免你認為,我因著年老變得軟弱,所以墮入神職人員手中。」(Einstein 1956, p. 115).</div>
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雖然愛因斯坦直覺感到這問題顯示了無神論的「弱點」,但他並不想推論出甚麼宗教性的結論。然而,只有在一個自然主義世界觀中,世界的可理解性才是難以理解的「神蹟」。因為假若有神論是真的,那我們是可預期這情況的──一個理性的上帝所創造的世界當然會擁有理性秩序,而照著上帝形象被造的人類也自然擁有理性的能力,兩種理性既來自同一源頭,有一定程度的吻合也是可預期的。事實上,這正是愛因斯坦所提到的科學先驅對宇宙的合理性的深刻信念,而這確實也來自他們對上帝與創造論的信仰。</div>
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愛因斯坦並不認為科學發現是一種機械化過程(Einstein 1949, p. 36) ,他本身是一個科學天才,正是因為他能把尖銳的理智分析、敏銳的直覺和豐富的想像力共冶一爐,而這種能力是罕見的。指導他的發現的,很多時是一些美感的考慮,如自然界不可改變、絕對的幾何性美麗。他的狹義和廣義相對論的起點「並非實證主義者對與實驗資料吻不吻合的執著,而是有一種燃燒的渴望去保障自然界的美麗,和反映這美麗的定律。」(Jaki 1978, p. 188)</div>
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對愛因斯坦而言,「有關宇宙的真正科學知識並非感官的證據,而是超越感官的宇宙性跳躍,而這種宇宙性跳躍的可靠性使愛因斯坦的心靈充滿著最大的奇妙感。」 (Jaki 1978, p. 192) 他的成就也顯示人類心靈的奇妙創造性,科學理論的建構需要美感因素(如對稱性)、哲學洞見與經驗數據的結合,這也顯示人類經驗的豐富和內在融貫性。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">愛因斯坦的宗教經驗</strong></span></div>
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毫無疑問,愛因斯坦曾有某類型的宗教經驗,主要是一種自然神秘主義(卻不是一元論那種)、設計的經驗等。「我們最美麗的經驗就是奧秘的經驗,這是在真正藝術和真正科學的搖籃中最基礎的情感,那些不認識這種情感的人,那些不能再感到奇妙和驚訝的人,雖生猶死,又如熄滅的蠟燭。這就是奧秘的經驗(the experience of mystery)… 對某種我們不能參透的存有的知識,對最深刻的理性與及最輝煌美麗彰顯的知識──…就著這意義,也只是就著這意義,我是有深刻宗教情懷的人(I am a deeply religious man)」。(Einstein 1949, p. 5)</div>
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當愛因斯坦透過他的感官經驗和科學探索與自然界相遇時,他不能自已地感受到奇妙、奧秘、美麗和理性,這裡我們看到理智經驗、美感經驗和宗教經驗的結合。當愛因斯坦深度探索自然界時,他儼然感受到真理與美麗的結合,和似乎指向某種萬物的神秘根源。那些沒有這類經驗的無神論者,可與那些「不能聽到天體的音樂」的人作類比。(Goldman 1997, p. 5) </div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">一切都是比喻?</strong></span></div>
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有些人認為當愛因斯坦提到宗教和上帝時,只是用比喻的方式指涉自然界的秩序與定律,和它們所顯現的統一性,沒有其他含義。這種詮釋或許並非不可能,但就著本文所提供的文本證據而言,並不顯得合理。理由簡列如下:</div>
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假若「宗教」只是指自然秩序,為何「科學缺少了宗教是跛腳的」呢?「跛腳」指的是一種行動能力的缺乏,但自然秩序只是認知的事情。</div>
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宇宙宗教感不單指「自然界的秩序」,更包括「把宇宙當作一個有意義的整體經驗」,但為何自然秩序一定有「意義」呢?單用科學理性,又如何能「把宇宙當作一個有意義的整體經驗」呢?經驗(如與萬化冥合)而不是去思考。</div>
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愛因斯坦不單提到「宇宙的理性」,更提到「這理性所微弱地反映並由這世界所揭示的心靈(the mind revealed in this world)。」很明顯,這理性秩序和那心靈可以區分,並且後者更終極。</div>
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愛因斯坦與布伯對話時提到「上帝如何創造這世界」,自然律本身是內在於世界,又如何能從外在創造世界呢?</div>
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單純是針對自然定律,「一種狂喜式驚訝」真的是合宜的反應嗎?不是,要回應的是自然定律的和諧所揭示的超越智慧!這也與另外提到的“reason incarnate in existence”吻合。</div>
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其實愛因斯坦最清楚解釋深刻宗教情懷時,提到「某種我們不能參透的存有的知識,最深刻的理性與及最輝煌美麗的彰顯」,這些都不能等同單純的自然定律,而與一般對終極存有的描述吻合。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">結論:愛因斯坦與靈性</strong></span></div>
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愛因斯坦並非宗教的敵人,宗教與科學不單沒有衝突,「宗教感」更可與「更深刻的科學心靈」吻合!這種圖晝實在與道金斯(Richard Dawkins)那類科學主義者的說法大相徑庭。在踏入廿一世紀之際,愛因斯坦被美國《時代》雜誌選為「世紀風雲人物」:「作為這世紀的最偉大思想家、一個逃避壓逼而奔向自由的移民和一個政治的理想主義者,他完美地體現了歷史學家認為二十世紀中最重要的事物。作為一個哲學家,他對科學和上帝的傑作的美麗同時擁有信心,他的人生展現了應被下一個世紀承傳的遺產。」(Issacson, p. 20)愛因斯坦絕不贊成人類和文化的物化,他對「所有靈性的東西都存有尊敬。」 (Einstein 1949, p. 91)他深深明白和尊重人對意義的追尋。(Goldman 1997, pp. 109-10)指導人生的不應是功利的目標(如舒適和快感) 而是超越的事物:「在我路途上不斷給我亮光,並給我新的勇氣去快樂面對人生的理想,就是大寫的真善美。」(Einstein 1949, p. 2)</div>
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他承認單靠科學是不足以指導人生的,因為它不能完全滿足我們的靈魂! (Goldman 1997, p. 108)基本問題在於:「科學 …不能創造目的,它更不能夠把這些目標內化在人類心裡;科學頂多能為某些目的提供實現的途徑。然而那些目的本身是一些有崇高道德理想的人所構想的。」(Einstein 1993, p. 2)這樣看來,當一些科學主義者或狹隘經驗主義者以科學之名去掃蕩靈性、宗教、崇高理想等超越事物時,愛因斯坦作為一位偉大科學家卻充分肯定這些事物的重要性,這實在是一種反諷吧!</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">附註:</strong></div>
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[1] 此文大部分資料取材於我的英文專著(Kwan 2011) 的Section 9.2.4: “Scientific Experience and Religious Experience: The Case of Albert Einstein”。愛因斯坦的和其他引句都是我自己從英文原著翻譯過來的。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">參考書目</strong></span></div>
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Clark, R. W. 1973. Einstein: The Life and Times. London: Hodder and Stoughton.</div>
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Einstein, Albert. 1949. The World As I See It. New York: The Wisdom Library.</div>
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Einstein, Albert. 1950. Out of My Later Years. New York: Philosophical Library.</div>
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Einstein, Albert. 1956. Lettres a Maurice Solovine. Paris: Gauthier-Villars.</div>
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Einstein, Albert. 1993. Einstein on Humanism. New York: Carol Publishing Group.</div>
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Goldman, Robert N. 1997. Einstein’s God: Albert Einstein’s Quest as a Scientist and as a Jew to Replace a Forsaken God. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson.</div>
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Issacson, Walter. 1999. “Person of the Century: Who Mattered- and Why.” Time, December 31, 1999, pp.8-20.</div>
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Jaki, Stanley L. 1978. The Road of Science and the Ways to God. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</div>
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Kwan, Kai Man. 2011. The Rainbow of Experiences, Critical Trust, and God: A Defense of Holistic Empiricism. New York: Continuum.</div>
關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-54798658993549284942017-01-15T18:16:00.000-08:002017-01-15T18:20:15.365-08:00諾齊克論宗教、道德與信心──四評《宗哲對話錄》<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Noto Sans", "Noto Sans CJK TC", "Heiti TC", "Microsoft JhengHei", "Roboto Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2px; line-height: 28px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
王偉雄與劉創馥是兩位華人無神論哲學家,他們最近合寫了《宗哲對話錄》(以下以《王劉》代表),[1]以對話的方式哲懷與宗信)探討宗教哲學的課題,轉眼之間我已寫了三篇評論。我在〈初評〉說:「當論到宗教與道德,哲懷用經典的猶希佛兩難(Euthyphro dilemma)去證明「道德的來源不是神」,而宗信馬上說「你說的不無道理」(《王劉》,頁149) ,又是不能回應!… 其實連著名政治哲學家諾齊克(Robert Nozick)也認為這兩難題是可以解決的(Nozick, p. 554) ,… 宗信會否投降得過早呢?」有人批評我是曲解了諾齊克,本文對此作出回應,並介紹諾齊克對信仰的一些看法。</div>
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諾齊克是哈佛大學的哲學家,最為人熟悉的是他的政治哲學──libertarianism,在這方面他的地位相當崇高,而他的Anarchy, State & Utopia也是當代經典之一(Nozick 1974)。但其實諾齊克關注的範圍相當廣泛,在知識論、倫理學、形而上學等領域亦有很深的造詣。他寫的《哲學解釋》(Nozick 1981)探討 “Why is there something rather than nothing?” 、懷疑論、自由意志和倫理的基礎等問題,而他的《反省的人生──哲學的沉思》(Nozick 1989) 牽涉的範圍更廣泛,包括死亡、性與愛、大屠殺和「上帝的本性與信心的本質」等課題。他在《哲學解釋》(以後簡稱PE)的第五章論到「倫理的基礎」,而這一章的第六部分探討「價值的基礎」,一開始就用了三頁半的篇幅分析猶希佛問題( the Euthyphro Question)。(PE, pp. 552-555)然而這部分不是孤立的,與後面價值的基礎的分析是有關連的。首先讓我們澄清甚麼是猶希佛兩難題,和怎樣才算對此的答案。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">猶希佛兩難題──上帝不可能是道德的基礎?</strong></span></div>
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有神論倫理往往面對一個反對意見,這就是著名的猶希佛兩難題,這種兩難題源自古希臘哲學。在柏拉圖的對話錄《猶希佛》(Euthyphro)中,蘇格拉底問虔誠的猶希佛:「神聖的事物是因為本身神聖,所以獲得諸神喜愛,還是反過來,因為它們獲得諸神喜愛,所以成為神聖的?」我們也可用類似方法質問神與善良(或道德)的關係:「究竟是因為某類人類行為本身是善的,它們才蒙神喜愛;還是這些行動的善良根本就由『蒙神喜愛』這事實構成呢?」有神論倫理的一個傳統就是神諭倫理(divine command ethics- DCT),[2]提倡者主要是想堅持神在一切事上的首要性和主權(sovereignty),所以認定道德標準也不能獨立於上帝而存在。而他們認為終極的道德標準是建基於上帝的諭令(divine command),而且強調上帝的諭令純粹建基於上帝的意志,祂喜歡發出甚麼樣的諭令都可以,並不受到任何外在的限制。</div>
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若針對神諭倫理,猶希佛兩難題可這樣提出:「上帝之所以命令一件事,是因為它是善的,抑或它是因為被上帝命令,所以才成為善的?」一些無神論者認為無論如何回答,都顯示上帝不能成為道德的基礎。若有神論者採納前者的進路(即神聖的事物本身就是神聖的),那似乎承認一種客觀的良善或道德標準,是獨立於神存在的。這不是傷害了神的終極權威和主權,和為神的行動構成一種外在的限制嗎?若採納後者的進路(是諸神的喜愛令事物成為神聖的),則神的喜愛或旨意似乎呈現一種任意性(arbitrariness),但神的命令必然是善的嗎?假若神命令我們單單為了「過一大把癮」去折磨他人又如何?難道這就使它正確了嗎?[3]兩頭都好像不是出路,而假若這兩種答案已窮盡所有可能答案,那似乎可推論出上帝不可能成為道德的基礎。</div>
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諾齊克對猶希佛兩難題的理解基本上與以上的一樣,他指出若把價值與倫理建基於神,那「就會有『為何神認可這事物』的問題…和神有否可能認可另一些事物(甚至相反的事物)的課題」。然而善能與我們現在理解的善大相逕庭的可能性,是「非常難以接受的」。(PE, p. 552)哲懷也提出類似兩難題,他首先質問宗信:「假如神要求人…『要盡量滿足私慾,就算殺人放火、偷呃拐騙也沒問題』,這個規條就是合乎道德的?」(《王劉》,頁148)。後來他又指出,假如宗信認為「祂要求人遵守某些規條,是因為這些規條合乎道德」,那麼「這些規條是否合乎道德,就不是神決定的,…不得不承認道德的來源不是神了!」(《王劉》,頁149)</div>
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要解決猶希佛兩難題,可能的進路也有幾個:</div>
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指出以上那兩種答案並未窮盡所有可能答案,換言之,第三條路是存在的。[4]</div>
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選擇「上帝之所以命令一件事,是因為它是善的」,但指出這沒有真正傷害了神的終極權威和主權,也沒有為神的行動構成一種不能接受的限制。(例如可把善的終極標準等同神的本性,而不是祂的命令。)</div>
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選擇「一個行動是因為被上帝命令,所以才成為善的」,但這並不表示神的喜愛或旨意呈現一種不能接受的任意性。</div>
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只要一個人認為以上三者之一是可行的答案,這並不是說他一定相信神的存在或有神論倫理,而只是說他認為這是一種融貫的可能性(coherent possibility) ,那他就是認為猶希佛兩難題「是可以解決的」。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">諾齊克論猶希佛兩難</strong></span></div>
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諾齊克提倡一種價值實現論(realizationism) ,既非虛無主義(nihilism),也非實在論(realism)。這立場說:「是我們的選擇令到價值存在,但價值的特質卻是獨立於我們的。」(PE, p. 555) 就是在解釋這立場之前諾齊克開展了猶希佛兩難題的討論,目的是帶出某種類比,下面再解釋這點。諾齊克首先考慮一些可能性。首先,或許「雖然並沒有一種預先存在的價值或善的標準,但上帝的認可(approval)不是任意的。」(PE, p. 553) 祂因著事物有C的特性而作出認可,而C的價值也是建基於祂的認可。那問題來了,上帝能否不認可C,或認可C的缺席呢?假若如此,那C會否變成壞事呢?諾齊克指出一個可能性就是,上帝不可能不認可C,不是因為C是獨立於神的善,而是因為祂的本性與C非常吻合,祂認可C是唯一可能──或許祂必須認可與祂相似的事物。另一個可能性是:上帝不認可C是邏輯上可能的,但祂堅決不會這樣做,或許又是因著祂本性與C的吻合。</div>
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「我們需要的是對神的認可的某種解釋──這不是基於事物內在有預先存在的善,但又令祂的認可並非任意的。」(PE, p. 553)[5] 假若如此,我們就不能推論出以下難以接受的結論:「神有可能命令或認可我們去殺人並把他們的心或腦吃掉,而若神真的這樣做,這[種行為]就會是正確、善和有價值的。」(PE, p. 553) 因為神不認可這種行為並非偶然的,所以祂根本不會這樣做。探索了這些可能性後,諾齊克指出「看起來縱使面對儼然是炸彈的猶希佛問題,有神論者仍然能持守倫理與價值的神學基礎。一方面他可堅持一件事物之所以是良善的,是因為神的認可;另一方面,因著神的認可有一種非隨意的解釋,他可避免不能接受的」難題。[6] (PE, p. 554)[7] [8]</div>
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然而這觀點也引發一些問題,就是把神置放於一種缺乏價值的情境中:祂甚至不能把自己的存在(或創造價值的選擇)視作有價值的。然而諾齊克自己馬上解答了這問題:神可能「選擇創造價值,祂會否把價值的存在視為更好、更有價值[的情況]呢?還未,因為價值還不存在,但它們的存在將會是更好的──按照那時會存在的價值。所以神創造了價值,而根據這些價值,這些價值的存在是有價值的,祂創造價值是有價值的,祂繼續持守價值是有價值的,祂的存在是有價值的等等。」(PE, p. 554) 價值的創造有一種自我指向性(reflexivity)。</div>
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諾齊克又回到神能否創造不同的價值的問題,上面他提到一個可能答案:因著神的本性,祂不可能或不會創造不同的價值。他現在提出另一個可能答案:「價值的本質限制了甚麼東西能被創造為價值。」(PE, p. 554)諾齊克在前面曾思考一些「構成價值的本質的不同條件」(PE, p. 555) ,如有機統一性(organic unity) 的程度。(參PE, pp. 416ff) 假若價值有一些獨特的本質,那縱使神能選擇是否創造價值,但祂不可能創造一些不符這本質的事物為價值。所以,「價值是否存在是由神決定,但價值的特性卻是獨立的,不由祂來控制或選擇。」(PE, p. 555) 這樣子神的自主性可以保存,但同時價值有一個獨立的標準。[9]諾齊克用了一個比喻:雖然是神創立了鄉村俱樂部,但它的會員資格卻不是由祂決定。這比喻並不是貶義的,因為神好像受到限制,但一方面這避免了任意性的指控,而且限制「會員資格」的是一些關乎價值本質的條件──應該是一些必然真理(necessary truth),所以也無損神的全能,因為哲學家和神學家大多同意,「全能」的意涵本就不包括改變必然真理的能力。</div>
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由以上討論看來,諾齊克對猶希佛兩難題的答案沒有太強的看法,反而更多在探索不同可能性,但一些融貫的答案已足以解決猶希佛兩難題。所以,認為諾齊克相信猶希佛兩難題是可以解決的,相當符合文本的證據。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">猶希佛兩難題與價值實現論</strong></span></div>
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諾齊克為何要討論猶希佛兩難題呢?諾齊克承認價值實在論的主要制度基礎是宗教 (PE, p. 557) ,宗教的衰退也令價值實在論失色。他主要想探討的問題是:在當代科學世界觀中,如何能理解道德事實或真理的存在呢?因為看來這些真理在科學世界觀中「找不到位置」,而且它們不能「透過任何科學程序去測試──顯微鏡和望遠鏡都沒有揭示倫理事實。」(PE, p. 399) 如上所言,到最後諾齊克提出的答案是一種價值實現論:「是我們的選擇令到價值存在,但價值的特質卻是獨立於我們的。」(PE, p. 555)[10] 這理論與上面剛剛討論的猶希佛兩難題的解答方案相似。</div>
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事實上,諾齊克探討猶希佛兩難題的解決方案,「不是為了對神學作出貢獻」,而是顯示「我們與價值的關係」和上帝與價值的關係是「類似的可能性」(analogous possibility) 。(PE, p. 555) 他後面再重申這是「融貫的立場」(PE, p. 557) ,這清楚表明他把這種對上帝與價值的關係的理解視為一種可能性,也表示他認為猶希佛兩難題是可以解決的。</div>
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上面也提到價值選擇的自我指向性(reflexivity),即是說:神創造了價值,而根據這些價值,祂的存在被視為有價值。這種答案對某些讀者可能有點奇怪,但這又是和我們與價值的關係雷同:「當我們把事物看為有價值時,…我們選擇讓價值存在,.. 我們也能把價值的存在視為有價值的… 我們讓價值存在的選擇,是按照這選擇的結果以回溯的方式被視為有價值」。(PE, p. 560) 兩者又是「類似的可能性」。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">諾齊克論信心與信任</strong></span></div>
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雖然諾齊克沒有宗教信仰,但他在《反省的人生》的第五章也探討上帝的問題,他先探索上帝的概念,然後問我們為何要相信神的存在。他指出「一個人可能透過信心去相信最深層神聖實在的存在。…他所以相信,並不是基於證據,也不是基於家長或傳統的教導。」信心所指的是一種與神聖相遇的經歷:「他與某些非常真實的東西相遇──這可能是一個真實存在的人、一個故事人物、大自然的一部分或自己存有的一部分,而這東西擁有非常特別的質素…這些特別的質素深深的觸動你,把你的心打開,以致你感覺接觸到某種神聖實在的特殊彰顯」。(Nozick 1989, p. 51)</div>
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他並沒有說這些經驗是否真實,但他存開放的態度探討信心的特質。他指出「上帝…並非一個假設用以解釋那些特殊經驗,而是:我們信任那些經驗。我們與世界的基本連繫並非解釋性的,而是關係與信任。」(Nozick 1989, p.53; 粗體是筆者所加的。) 他也設想或許信任自己的經驗不需要包括相信上帝的存在,只代表他不否定這些經驗,珍惜這些經驗,和讓這些經驗塑造自己的人生。所以,「為何不乾脆不作判斷呢?然而這也會放棄那經驗塑造生命的最大力量,而一個肯定的態度,而不單是不作判斷,也可能是那種被塑造的人生的重要元素。」(Nozick 1989, p. 53)</div>
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諾齊克把價值的抉擇比喻為祈克果所言的信心的「跳躍」(PE, p. 563) ,最少他肯定一種帶開放性的信心:「肯定與信任一己的最深刻經驗並非教條主義,教條主義認定那些經驗是不會錯誤的,然而更深刻的經驗是可能推翻那些經驗,或顯示不同的圖畫。所以信心可以是探究性的,指引我們進一步探索經驗的範圍和有效性。這種肯定可以是全心全意的,但同時也是試驗性的──對會被取代的可能性開放。對你自己最深刻的經驗的信任,指導著你自己的人生和探索;但你不會要求別人也要同時擁有這信任。」(Nozick 1989, pp. 53-54;粗體是筆者所加的。)</div>
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這段話可圈可點,諾齊克作為一個哲學家,他卻指出指導人生和探索的,不單是理性和證據(他當然不會否定這些的重要性),也包括「對你自己最深刻的經驗的信任」。從上文下理看,這裡說的經驗不單是感官經驗,也包括道德經驗、人生經驗和宗教經驗。他並沒有武斷地否認這些經驗的意義,雖然指出它們的公共性會有更大限制。這種精神與我提倡的批判信任進路(Critical Trust Approach)有點不謀而合,這種進路認為知識論的最基礎原則不是笛卡兒式的「先懷疑、後信任」,而是「先信任、後懷疑。」前者只會導致懷疑主義,後者則更貼近常識與實踐,也似乎更合理。(Kwan 2011)</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">結論</strong></span></div>
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諾齊克的理性能力毋庸置疑,但他似乎不是一個狹窄和教條的理性主義者,他說:「一個哲學家應對那些徹底不同但又引人入勝的概念可能性保持開放。」 (Nozick 2001, p. 8) 所以他雖然沒有宗教信仰,但仍然願意以同情的角度探討猶希佛兩難題的答案,對價值體驗、信心與信任的重要性也存開放的態度。這些都值得欣賞。</div>
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諾齊克認為猶希佛兩難題是可以解決的,甚至有多過一個的解決方案,而他似乎較偏愛的答案是「價值是否存在是由神決定,但價值的特性卻是獨立的,不由祂來控制或選擇。」這正正可與他的價值實現論作類比。他提到的不同可能性也與不少有神論哲學家提出的方案(如Adams; Alston; Meynell; Swinburne),有不同程度的吻合,還未有充分論據顯示這一切方案都必然失敗。[11]因此,我提出在猶希佛兩難這課題上,宗信過早投降的觀點,仍然是站得住腳的,哲懷的結論則有點言之過早了。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">參考書目</strong></span></div>
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Adams, R. M. 1987. The Virtue of Faith and Other Essays in Philosophical Theology. Oxford : Oxford University Press.</div>
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Adams, R. M. 1999. Finite and Infinite Goods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</div>
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Alston, William. 1989. “Some Suggestions for the Divine Command Theorists.” Divine Nature and Human Language: Essays in Philosophical Theology (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press), pp. 253-272.</div>
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Helm, Paul, ed. 1981. Divine Commands and Morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</div>
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Kwan, Kai Man. 2011. The Rainbow of Experiences, Critical Trust, and God: A Defense of Holistic Empiricism. New York: Continuum.</div>
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Meynell, Hugo. 1972. “The Euthyphro Dilemma.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (1972): 223-234.</div>
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Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, State & Utopia. New York: Basic Books.</div>
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Nozick, Robert. 1981. Philosophical Explanations. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</div>
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Nozick, Robert. 1989. The Examined life: Philosophical Meditations. New York: Simon & Schuster.</div>
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Nozick, Robert. 2001. Invariances: The Structure of the Objective World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.</div>
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Swinburne, Richard. 1974. “Duty and the Will of God.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 4: 213-227.</div>
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Swinburne, Richard. 1977. The Coherence of Theism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</div>
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孫效智,《當宗教與道德相遇》,台北:台灣書店,1999。</div>
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[1] 王偉雄、劉創馥,《宗哲對話錄》,香港:中文大學出版社,2016。</div>
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[2] 這種理論近年有復甦的趨勢,參Helm (1981) 的文集和Adams (1987; 1999) ,但Adams提倡的神喻倫理是有所修正的。另外要強調,有神論倫理不一定要接受神喻倫理,事實上一些有天主教背景的哲學家大多肯定理性在倫理學的重要性,如Meynell (1972) 、孫效智 (1999)。</div>
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[3] 反對者是說:假若神諭倫理正確,那縱使神沒有命令我們隨意殺人,但一旦祂這樣命令,隨意殺人就變成正確的了。即是說:「假若上帝命令我們隨意殺人(但事實上祂沒有這樣命令),那隨意殺人就會是正確的了。」這類與事實發生的不符的條件語句叫subjunctive,因果律(causal law) 的一個特性就是能用以支持某些subjunctive的真確,例如萬有引力使以下subjunctive為真:「假若我剛才把手中的杯放開(但我剛才把它緊緊握住),那杯就會跌到地上。」如何判別這類subjunctive是真是假,牽涉可能世界(possible world)等技術性問題。諾齊克也有提及(PE, p. 553),但這裡不贅了。</div>
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[4] 例如Swinburne就採取一種混合的進路,因為他認為有兩種道德責任,第一種建基於必然的道德真理(necessary moral truth),如「毫無理由的殘酷行為是道德上錯誤的」;而第二種則是非必然的。上帝命令第一類責任,因為這必然是對的,這樣不損祂的全能,也不代表祂受甚麼外在的制肘。第二類責任是對的,則是因為它們是神的諭令。</div>
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[5] 為了讓讀者更易判斷我有沒有誤解諾齊克,我把英文原文也列出來: “One theological view might hold that God could not approve otherwise; that the mesh of his nature with the characteristic C could only yield approval. Another view would hold that God could approve otherwise, but that he would not, again perhaps because of the mesh of his nature with characteristic C he approves. What is needed is some explanation of God’s approval, not based upon a preexisting goodness in the object, that makes it nonarbitrary” (PE, p. 553).</div>
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[6] 這難題是一些unacceptable subjunctives,是指這類命題:「假若神認可殘忍為善(雖然祂沒有這樣做),那殘忍就會變成善。」有些人認為這也絕對不可以接受,與我們的善的概念過分背道而馳。</div>
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[7] “It seems the theist thus can continue to maintain a theological basis for ethics and value, even in the face of the apparent bombshell of the Euthyphro question; he can hold that something is good because God approves of it yet, because of the fact that God’s approvals have a nonarbitrary explanation, avoid the unacceptable subjunctives” (p. 554).</div>
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[8] 「看起來」是翻譯 “It seems that”,或許有些人認為這表示諾齊克不真的相信以上那句話,但這詮釋不大合理。哲學家通常會考慮不同的反駁,也知道很多討論都有不確定性,所以愛用一些弱化確定性的辭語,”It seems” 就是其中之一,這留下進一步正反辯證的可能性。所以這裡頂多可說諾齊克說這話時,不想說得太滿而已,不能說他是反對那說話。這種用法其他地方也有:“What is most desired, the greatest value reward, it seems, is that the self not merely have value but be value” (PE, p. 413); “A theory of value, it seems to me, should identify value not merely as something that can be absent…”(PE, p. 420).</div>
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[9] “In God’s relationship to value (under this view) his autonomy is preserved, for it is his choice that there be value, yet also there is an independent standard of value according to which his existence and choice are valuable” (PE, p. 555).</div>
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[10] Cf. “Value is not alien to us, not wholly external, for we choose that there be value. Nevertheless, an external standard is provided, for the character of value is not similarly up to us” (PE, p. 563).</div>
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[11] 為了保持簡潔,詳細的論據將來另文解釋吧。</div>
關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-59000310865101165162017-01-15T18:13:00.000-08:002017-01-15T18:19:58.830-08:00信心的合法性與證據主義的限制──三評《宗哲對話錄》<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Noto Sans", "Noto Sans CJK TC", "Heiti TC", "Microsoft JhengHei", "Roboto Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 1.2px; line-height: 28px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
王偉雄教授與劉創馥教授最近合寫了《宗哲對話錄》(簡稱《王劉》)[1],對不少宗教哲學的課題提出有趣的討論,我已作出初步回應(詳見《回應》<a href="http://bit.ly/2dRU8a5" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">(一)</a>、<a href="http://bit.ly/2e3hwEA" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">(二)</a>)[2],後來我又就著信心與理性的題目與書中的主角哲懷繼續對話,特別是他喜愛的克利福德原則(Clifford’s Principle,以下簡稱CP)本身有沒有充分證據。[3]凡事都要講證據的立場可稱為證據主義(evidentialism) 。這〈三評〉進一步探討信心與證據的關係。[4]</div>
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為何我好像樂此不疲呢?主要原因是看到王與劉兩位教授寫了一本214頁的書去推介宗教哲學,大受激勵。這是我一直感興趣的學術領域,因此,我也感到須要略盡綿力讓更多人明白當代宗教哲學的討論(慚愧,至今我只寫了兩萬多字,比他們的書差遠了),而且我可表達與王劉稍為不同的哲學觀點,使討論更多元化。可能有些讀者會感到,我這兩篇文章可能有太多附註和參考資料,顯得繁瑣。[5]然而縱使刪去所有附註,我正文的論點基本上不會受影響,因為其主要論證大多並無假定附註提到的觀點的正確性。所以,感到「不耐煩」的讀者大可在閱讀時略去所有附註。[6] </div>
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為了方便討論,我再次把克利福德原則列明如下:</div>
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(CP) 無論是甚麼情況、甚麼人,在沒有充分證據下相信任何事情,都是不對的。[7]</div>
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假設了CP,反對宗教者就可提出以下論據:「CP,而且我們沒有充分證據支持宗教信念。所以,相信宗教信念是不對的。」這可說是證據主義的反對論據。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">克利福德原則會導致懷疑論嗎?</strong></span></div>
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我在<a href="http://bit.ly/2eijosS" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">〈二評〉</a>指出CP的一個主要問題,就是如何為自己提供充分證據。CP的另一個問題則是,假設了提供證據(先不論是否充分)的絕對要求,顯然會產生無窮後退(infinite regress) 的困境,而這很容易導致懷疑論。讓我們先澄清何為「證據」。哲學家在這方面的分析也並無共識,一個典型的分析如下(Nathan 1980, p.22)[8]:</div>
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p和q指一些命題,假若「q是p的證據」,它的必須條件是:</div>
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(i) q是真的;</div>
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(ii) 當q那類命題是真時,p那類命題也通常是真的;</div>
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(iii) 「當非q那類命題是真時,p那類命題也通常是真的」──這說法並不正確。[9]</div>
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(iv) 假若一個有正常智慧的人對p存有懷疑,若他知道q為真,他對p的懷疑會減少。</div>
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那問題來了,若要用q作為證據支持p的信念,那我們要相信q為真(條件i) ,但根據CP,我們也必須為q找尋證據──例如r,但r又如何?我們又須要s,如此類推,直至無窮,看來是停不下來了。然而心理上我們難以相信無窮的信念,而且從我們實際的認知架構而言,我們或遲或早都會到達一些基礎信念(basic beliefs)作推論的起點。而且不是所有信念都有資格作起點,只有一些才是正當的基礎信念(properly basic beliefs- 簡稱PBB) ,相信有這類信念存在的知識論可稱為其礎主義(foundationalism)。傳統經驗主義認為感官經驗就是PBB,但若堅持CP,我們也須要求證據去顯示感官經驗的可靠性,但這些證據從何而來呢?若用其他感官經驗作某些感官經驗的證據,那似乎犯了循環論證的謬誤;若是訴諸先驗的論證,也還未看到成功的例子。</div>
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其實問題不止於此,作為證據,q與p要有某種關連(條件ii),但我們又如何知曉呢?假若p是「A生病了」,q是「A臉色極差且額頭發熱」,我們可以說q是p的證據,因為我們可以獨立地用感官經驗驗證p和q,然後知道當q是真時,p也通常是真。但當我們要為一些最基礎的證據再找證據時,就會遇到極大問題。例如:</div>
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P1:一張椅子存在於我面前。</div>
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Q1:我的經驗呈現「一張椅子存在於我面前」。</div>
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我們一般認為當Q1為真時,P1也大多是真,但CP逼使我們問:「這看法的證據又何在呢?」(要知這沒有證據而相信是不道德的!)我們如何為P1與Q1之間的關連提供證據呢?我們可以訴諸難以質疑的內省經驗支持Q1,但除了感官經驗外我們並沒有其他途徑去知這P1──而現在的問題是我們如何確定感官經驗能可靠地證明外在世界的存在,所以我們沒有辦法去分別驗證P1與Q1後,再確定Q1真時,P1也通常為真。有些人認為感官經驗是不能懷疑的,心理上可能如此,但邏輯上這說法未必成立。事實上有各式各樣懷疑論的質疑:發夢說,笛卡兒的惡魔欺騙說,瓶中腦說(如電影<i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Matrix</i>) 等等,都是難以絕對排除的。所以,「經驗真理」的確是可以懷疑的。</div>
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一般而言,不斷追求證據之下大概只有幾個方案:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">無窮找證據下去。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">沒有終點,證據之間構成一個圓圈,如p的證據是q,如此推下去建基於z,但z的證據又回到p。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">有終點,是一些我們不能進一步提供證據的命題,要憑信心接受。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">有終點,是一些不證自明(self-evident) 的命題。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">有終點,是一些非命題的證據(non-propositional evidence) ,如經驗(Moser 1989)。</li>
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嚴格來說,只有(1) 符合CP,但這並不可行;(2) 是循環論證;(3) 和(4) 明顯違反CP;若堅持(4) ,最少要修改CP;而論到(5) ,一些非命題的證據如何能為一命題提供支持,仍然是一大難題。當然,這裡牽涉很多複雜的知識論問題,我難以在這麼短的篇幅證立甚麼結論。然而我們也看到,若堅持CP,要找合理的解決方案並不容易。</div>
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哲懷很認同休謨的一句名言,就是「智者按證據的多寡與強弱,相應地調節他的信念」。(《王劉》,頁211)然而休謨就是按著這原則,再論證很多事物都沒有充分證據,不單包括上帝與神蹟的存在,也包括外在世界、歸納法、因果關係和自我的存在,所以他的名言最終導致的就是相當廣泛的懷疑論。當然,有不少人嘗試回應休謨,但一旦接受了他的知識論起點,這並非易事。如休謨質疑我們如何知道過往歸納出來的規律會在未來維持呢?似乎我們難以證明這點,這被稱為歸納法的問題。按照CP,若我們不能為歸納法的可靠性提供充分證據,也不應該相信歸納法,也沒有理由相信透過歸納法支持的自然定律。[10]著名科學哲學家Karl Popper就認為休謨的質疑是無法回答的,Colin Howson也概覽了各種解決歸納法問題的方案,並作出評價,但最後他的結論是:「雖然看起來荒謬,但休謨的論證事實上是正確的。」(Howson 2000, p.2) 我無法在這裡討論他這說法是否真確,我在這裡主要是提醒讀者在考慮CP的可信性時,要全面思考它應用到各種「知識」的後果,不能只把它用於宗教信仰。</div>
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然而到了最後,休謨又好像強調我們最終還是要跟隨我們自然的傾向或本能去相信,懷疑論的論據只是用來「批判我們理智的能力」,而「我們能從完全的懷疑論拯救出來,只是因為我們本性的非理性層面,能克勝理性所企圖加於我們的懷疑」。(Fogelin 1993, p.112) 他甚至說,「理性是激情的奴隸。」這也是說,我們也可以訴諸休謨去質疑對理性的信心(如CP所顯示的),並指出「非理性」層面的優先性。 </div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">當證據幫不上忙時──詹姆士論信仰的意志/權利(Will/Right to Believe)</strong></span></div>
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美國心理學家和哲學家詹姆士(William James)在1897年出版了一篇經典論文〈信仰的意志〉(“The Will to Believe”) ,去處理信心與證據的問題(James 1996——由於我經常引用這文章,下面以WB代表),我相信他精彩的討論基本上還是對的。雖然詹姆士反對CP,他也同意在科學領域和不少其他事情上,若沒有充分證據,不作判斷是合理的:「每當失去真理和得到真理之間的選擇並非重大,我們可以拋開得到真理的機會,而且為了不讓自己有相信錯謬的機會,拒絕作出抉擇——直至找到客觀的證據。在科學的問題上,差不多都是這種情況;縱使在人類事務上,一般而言也沒有必要作出行動… 當我們與客觀的自然界打交道時,很明顯我們是真理的紀錄員,而非真理的創造者…事實就是事實,與我們無關。」(WB, p.74) [11]他同意「每當強逼性選擇(forced option)並不存在,冷靜地作出判斷的理智……應該是我們的理想。」(WB, p.75) [12]</div>
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然而,當我們遇到一個真正的選擇(genuine option) ,再加上客觀證據不足以作決定時,我們是可以在證據不足的情況下相信的,這樣做未必不對,但詹姆士沒有說必定要這樣做。換言之,在這種情況下,CP是不應該應用的,而我們有信仰的權利(這說法比「信仰的意志」更貼切)。甚麼是真正的選擇呢?它就是強逼性、活生生和重大的選擇(a forced, living and momentous option) 。總結而言,詹姆士提到的例外要滿足四個條件:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">這問題是客觀證據不能決定的:「相信的自由只涵蓋那些理智本身不能解決的活生生選擇」。(WB, p.79) 詹姆士不是說我們明明知道一些被決定性證據否定的理論,還是去故意相信它。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">它是活生生的假設(live hypothesis),去相信它是一個「真實的可能性」,這是相對於「個別思想者,透過(跟隨這假設去)行動的意願去量度。」(WB, p.72) 例如對很多西方人而言,相信天后娘娘根本不是活生生的假設。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">它是重大的選擇,詹姆士的例子是去北極探險的機會,錯過了可能難有第二次機會。反過來說,假若某機會並無獨特性,後果無關痛癢,而所作的選擇很容易逆轉,那這就並非重大的選擇。(WB, p.72)[13] 例如一個化學家用了一年嘗試去證實一個假設,但沒有成功,他也毋須去選擇相信與否,留待將來決定也沒有「巨大傷害」。(WB, p.73)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">它是強逼性選擇,是不可避免的。詹姆士的一些例子:假若我說:「選擇去愛我或恨我吧!」你可以說:「我毋需這樣選擇,我只是對你漠不關心。」假若我說:「選擇帶傘出外或不帶傘出外吧!」你可以說:「我毋需這樣選擇,我乾脆不出外。」又如相信p為真與相信p為假之間,還有兩者皆不信的第三選擇。所以,以上都是可避免的選擇。但假若我說:「選擇接受這個真理,或不接受這個真理」,似乎我不能逃避,被「強逼」作出選擇,因為以上的第三選擇(兩者皆不信)亦包含在「不接受這個真理」的選擇中。詹姆士指出,「所有基於邏輯上完整的分取句的兩難題」都是強逼性選擇。(WB, p.72) 回到打傘的例子,在必須外出的大前提下,打傘與否就變成強逼性選擇。假若天文台說明天下雨的機會是0.5,難道我們只帶半把傘?當然,一旦下雨,這樣做與不帶傘沒有實質區別。</li>
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假若滿足以上四條件,這就意味著我們碰到一些選擇,是很重要及不可延遲的;若證據不能告訴我們如何選擇,難道我們就呆站在那裡嗎?在這情況下「不作決定」與「決定不作」是沒實質分別的,為何不可以憑藉我們的價值、感覺、激情等去抉擇呢?在這情況下堅持CP去作出譴責,看來是不合理的。(我們要記得CP本身沒有充分證據。)堅決不作選擇的人,就好像一個人因為不能百分百肯定若他與某女士結婚,她會否好得像天使,所以他永遠都在猶豫應否向她求婚。他這樣作,已肯定地使自己不能獲得天使般的嬌妻。從實際後果看,這豈不是與走去娶另一位女士沒有兩樣嗎?(WB, pp.77-78)</div>
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詹姆士也把這觀點應用到宗教上,他對宗教的定義相當寬鬆,宗教的信念主要是:一,「最好的事物是較永恆的事物」,二,「若我們相信第一點為真,那我們現在的人生就會比較美好」。(WB, p.77) 其實這樣的描述可應用到大多數宗教,和一些人生信念上,他後來另外強調一種人格化的宗教:「宇宙不再單單是一個(死物的) 它 ,而是一個(人格化的)你」,而我們與這永恆的你可以建立人格化的關係。(WB, p.78) 這應該是指有神論宗教或基督教。他相信在這些情況下,我們是有信仰的權利的。首先,詹姆士假設了沒有決定性證據支持宗教是真還是假,然後他解釋宗教的選擇符合他的其他條件。他只是維護那些覺得宗教是活生生假設的人的選擇權,對從來沒有傾向相信宗教的人,他們當然也有不相信的權利。此外,宗教信仰是重大的選擇,因為這關乎最美好的事物和人生(甚或完美的追尋)。</div>
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最後,這也是強逼性的選擇:「得到宗教所可能賦予的重大美善,或不能得到這種美善。」不要以為一直懷疑和等待,就能逃避這選擇,因為這樣做,「我們同樣肯定會失去美善——假若宗教是真的,這與正面選擇不去相信並無分別。」(WB, p.77) 在這種情況下,若我們用「咆哮的邏輯」封閉自我,是可能「把自己與唯一認識神的機會永遠地切割開來。」(WB, p.78) 因此,永遠不能決定相信的人與決定不信的人,都一樣使自己失去獲得上帝友誼的機會,詹姆士不是用這論證去遊說別人相信(這與Pascal’s wager有點不同);他的意思只不過是,那些真正著緊與上帝建立友誼的人,是有相信的權利的——縱然他不能證明。[14]</div>
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Graham Bird嘗試挑戰「強逼性的選擇」的概念,他指出以上論點假設了「不能決定相信的人」與「決定不信的人」在行為基本上是一樣的,但他認為這是錯謬。一個不能決定相信的人是有可能在行為上跟隨信徒的榜樣,只是他做那些行為時並沒有假設宗教的信念。但最後他承認這無損詹姆士的中心論據,因為「縱使我們承認不可知論者的行為可能在外表看來與信徒的行為無異,… [但] 宗教信仰卻能為『奮發』的情緒提供最強的動機。……從一般經驗論據看,相信這類案例存在是高度合理的。」(Bird 1986, p.169) 我認為一個更根本的回應是,質疑為何一個不可知論者會有動機模仿信徒的行為模式呢?例如要求他每天讀經、祈禱、愛神等──這些「行為」若缺少了相關信念真的有足夠動力嗎?又能維持多久呢?所以縱使這種邏輯可能性是存在的,但在具體的世界上會相當罕見。所以詹姆士的基本論點還是正確的。</div>
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詹姆士還討論了幾種情況是可顯示CP的限制的,我在下面把詹姆士和其他學者的討論,結合上自己的反思,逐一探討。事實上我已在〈二評〉提出另一種原則:</div>
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(P2) 若一個信念B沒有充分證據支持,但也沒有充分證據反對,然而相信B會傾向造福人群,那相信B是合法的(縱使並無必須性)。</div>
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但請注意,下面的例子都假定了以上的框架,即是說所討論的例子都假定了證據本身是難以決定問題的。我再想加多一個限制,就是訴諸信心的例子並不會帶來別人不合理的傷害。[15]</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">當信心能帶動證據時──信心先行的合法性</strong></span></div>
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CP認為證據永遠要走在信心的前面,但假若有些時信心是獲得證據的先決條件又如何呢?又或者初步信心能帶動證據的出現呢?若在這種情況,禁制信心不是令我們喪失了一個驗證真理的機會嗎?詹姆士指出,獲得真理的途徑,不單有客觀和抽離的方法,也可以透過主體的投入、體驗和經歷──這類方法我們不能武斷地排斥。特別在與人生或人際關係有關的事情上,我們發現信心本身和其帶動的行動也是影響現實的因素。我認為以下兩個模式都有各自合理應用的範圍,CP的問題是把第一個模式絕對化:</div>
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證據先行模式: 證據 => 信念(和相應的行動)</div>
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互動模式: 初步信念(和相應的行動)=> 證據(如某些體驗) => 更堅定的信念……</div>
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自我實現的預言(self-fulfilling prophecy) 就是眾所皆知的例子,假若一個參加比賽的運動員,滿心相信他必然失敗,那他縱使不是必敗無疑,也會大大削弱自己成功的機會──特別當比賽的競爭非常激烈的情況下。相反,假若這運動員相信自己會勝利,那也會傾向提高自己成功的機會。(詹姆士提到一個類似例子,就是要相信自己能跳躍一個鴻溝。)假若那運動員整天只是在考慮客觀證據,且按CP總是對自己的能力存疑,那縱使他本來有成功的潛能,也很大可能失敗。難道在這些情況下勸喻他相信自己,也是不道德嗎?</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">當克利福德遇上妻子時──人際關係的獨特「邏輯」</strong></span></div>
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在人際關係也有類似情況,詹姆士就考慮當一個人與你相遇時,會思考一個問題:「你會喜歡他嗎?」但他指出:「在無數的情況下,究竟你會否喜歡他,是視乎我是否願意走一半路程去迎向你,和我是否向你顯示信任與期望。在這些情況,我先行相信你是喜歡我的,就是令你喜歡我成為事實的原因。……在這裡對某種真理的渴望產生了這特定真理的存在……他的信心…創造了它自己的證實。」(WB, p.76)我認為詹姆士稍為誇大了這些例子 [16],當他說「信心……創造了它自己的證實」時,似乎忘記了信心的作用也有不少限制,有些人無論你對他如何友善,他總是不喜歡你。</div>
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但從反面看,這個道理就更明白,詹姆士這樣反省他與人交往時:「若我保持距離,而且除非有客觀證據或你先做一些合宜的舉動,不然我就寸步不讓,… 那十成九你永遠不會喜歡我。」(WB, p.76) 這話就合理得多,因為它只是說信心是果效的必須條件,而不是充足條件。所以我沒有說無限的信心一定是合理的,在永遠地相信別人和永遠地先懷疑別人之間也有一個光譜,例如在研究遊戲理論時有一種叫Tit for tat的策略,就是先對別人有初步信任(雖然沒有充分證據),若對方有正面回應,則繼續信任;若對方拒絕回應,則可抽掉原初的信任。這是一種把信心與後果計算結合的策略,但這仍然違背了CP。[17]總結而言,要反駁如此絕對化的CP,和維護信心的合法性,我們不用過於誇大信心的果效,我們只要指出在一些情況下,信心<b style="box-sizing: inherit;">有助</b>創造其相信的事實(卻不能保證),這已顯得一種對信心的絕對禁制令不甚合理。</div>
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事實上,詹姆士在下一頁就說得較恰當:「在一些情況下,一個事實不會發生,除非對它會發生的初步信心首先存在,而當對一個事實的信心有助創造這事實時,我們仍然說走在科學證據前頭的信心是『最嚴重的不道德』,那實在是一種瘋狂的邏輯」。(WB, p.77)「瘋狂的邏輯」好像是不太禮貌的指責,但想像克利福德會如何與他的妻子交往呢?[18] 當妻子對他說:「親愛的,你知道我愛你!你愛我嗎?」克利福德會否這樣回答:「慢著,『知道』是要求充分證據的,我還未肯定有充分證據支持『妳愛我』這理論。對不起,假若我貿然相信是會違反道德的!至於我愛不愛你這問題,也不能單單憑我的主觀感覺去決定,但我這星期會詳細地分析所有證據,看有沒有充分證據,下星期再給妳一個報告吧,親愛的。」恐怕妻子會賞他一個耳光!然而我相信克利福德不會這樣回答,因為我深信他是正常人,心底裡會知道CP也是有限制的,斷然不會堅持把這「瘋狂的邏輯」應用到他與妻子的關係上吧?但天曉得!</div>
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詹姆士認為這種「先信心、後事實(證據)」的邏輯也可應用到各種社群上,社群能穩定地存在,是因為「每個成員履行其責任時,都會信任其他成員會同時履行他們的責任。」(WB, p.76) 這是因為最終成果的達成,要倚靠很多人的合作,假若每個人都沒有信心,都堅持先要求有充分證據支持別人也會履行其責任時,自己才承擔責任,那這社群還能存在嗎?社群的例子包括「政府、軍隊、商業系統、一首船、一間書院、一隊運動員」等。[20](WB, p.77) 他的結論是:「假若一些真理是倚賴我們的個人行動時,那基於渴望的信心肯定是合法的,甚或有可能是不可缺少的。」(WB, p.77)</div>
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在論到宗教假設時,詹姆士同樣指出「除非我們願意主動走一半路程去與這假設相遇,那似乎我們就會永遠不能獲得證據。」(WB, p.78) 人格化的宗教最終珍惜和渴望的是人與神的關係,那以上「先信心、後事實(證據)」的邏輯也可用於宗教上。他也指出在不確定的情況下,存疑或許避免了犯錯的可能,但也可能是喪失了獲得真理的機會;他認為CP那類規則其實是非理性的:「假若一個思考的規則會絕對阻止我尋獲某些真理(縱使這些真理真的存在),那這是一個非理性的規則。」(WB, p.79) 這裡存在一個知識論的難題,就是知識的標準也未必是中立的,而是與世界觀息息相關的,但這兩者的循環關條又應如何處理呢?</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">當證據主義的背後是激情時──難以自圓其說</strong></span></div>
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詹姆士進一步質問在證據不確定的情況下,為何一定要選擇CP呢?他指出在「求真」的大目標下,分別有「不相信錯謬」和「相信到真理」兩個子目標,而這兩者是「實質上不同的定律」(WB, p.73) ,是可以分開考慮的。[21]CP似乎假定了「避免犯錯」一定比「獲得真理」重要,但為何如此呢?有沒有充分證據證明呢?似乎沒有(參〈二評〉),詹姆士在文中批評傳統哲學過分強調「客觀證據」,他承認這理想是很吸引,但在現實世界裡卻似乎無處可尋,最少哲學家經過多年的討論,仍未為「真理的判準」建立共識。他說「假若我們是經驗主義者,假若我們相信並沒有一種鐘,當它被敲響時就能讓我們肯定真理在我手,那麼去嚴肅地宣講我們有等待鐘響的責任,似乎既無謂、又怪誕。」(WB, p.79)</div>
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詹姆士認為,事實上我們的信念很受我們的感性影響,例如恐懼、激情、盼望等。(WB, p.73)奇怪的是,雖然我們並不能為如此絕對的CP提供相應的充分證據,但很多人仍然對CP有著宗教性的執著,那又如何解釋呢?詹姆士直搗證據主義的黃龍,提出CP本身就反映不是「客觀證據」可證明的價值抉擇,因此也是建基於感性──對相信錯謬的<b style="box-sizing: inherit;">恐懼</b>!(WB, p.73)[22]這不是自打嘴巴嗎?這樣看來,冒險和訴諸感性的抉擇是不可避免的,絕對否定感性的合法性的CP是不能自圓其說的。</div>
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詹姆士說他自己也害怕被欺騙,但他認為「有一些事比被欺騙更糟糕」,例如失落一些重大的真理,所以克利福德的勸告就好像「一位將軍告訴他的士兵:『要永遠逃避戰鬥,這勝於一個傷口的風險。』」老是怕犯錯似乎是「過分的神經質」。(WB, p.74)同樣道理,當面對宗教的選擇時堅持CP,其實是說:「順應對錯誤地相信宗教的恐懼,比順應宗教可能是真的希望,更明智和更好。…但又如何證明這種激情的至高智慧呢?兩種情況下我們都可能成為傻子,為何透過希望成為傻子比透過恐懼成為傻子糟糕那麼多呢?又如何證明這點呢?」(WB, p.78) 詹姆士認為這種證明並不存在,那為何有必要否定自己選擇的權利,「滅掉自己的本性」,並「放棄找到宗教真理」的唯一機會」呢?(WB, p.78) </div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">信仰與道德和人生體驗</strong></span></div>
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詹姆士集中討論一些客觀證據難以解答的問題,對他而言道德問題就是一個好例子。「科學能告訴我們甚麼事物存在;但去比較(事物的)價值……我們不能訴諸科學,而是訴諸巴斯卡所說的心。而當科學認定無限地逼近事實和糾正錯誤的信念是人類的至高善時,<b style="box-sizing: inherit;">她自己也是訴諸她的心。</b>」(WB, pp.75-76;粗體和斜體是筆者所加。) 他認為「是否擁有道德信念的問題是由我們的意志決定的,究竟道德偏好是真還是假?它們是否只是一些奇特的生物學現象……?你的純粹理智如何能決定這些問題呢?假若你的心並不希冀一個有道德實在的世界,你的頭腦肯定不能令你相信如此的世界。」(WB, p.76)</div>
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詹姆士深受傳統的經驗主義影響,他認為懷疑道德的人顯得聰明睿智和學識過人,而那些相信道德的人則顯得天真和輕信。[23]「然而,在他不能明言的心裡,他堅持他並沒有被騙,而… (那些道德懷疑論者的)機智和理智優越性並不比狐狸的狡猾優勝。道德懷疑論並不能透過邏輯反駁或證明,正如理智的懷疑論也不能。當我們堅持這兩種真理都存在,我們是押上整個人,無論後果如何,我們都堅定不移。」(WB, p.76)</div>
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我不認為支持道德懷疑論的理據有優越性,而且能<b style="box-sizing: inherit;">言行一致地</b>接受道德相對主義的人萬中無一,例如著名分析哲學家布楠(Hilary Putnam)本來一直接受道德非認知主義(moral non-cognitivism)的──這在他接受哲學訓練時是主流。但到了中年他面對一個重大的道德抉擇,他苦惱不堪,一直思索也找不到答案,於是他猛然醒悟,若道德非認知主義是對的話,那根本就沒有對或錯的答案,那他為何還要苦思答案呢?但他的確在苦思,這就表示他內心深處還是相信道德難題是有答案的。這經驗使他徹底擺脫早年實證論的殘餘影響,晚年他就致力發展一種能為客觀價值找到地位的世界觀-他稱之為內在實在論(internal realism)。(Putnam 1990) 我也不是說其他世俗主義者都要跟隨布楠,但難道他「跟隨他的道德心」反而是不道德嗎?</div>
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事實上,他不單是道德實在論者,也是有神論者和猶太教的信徒,並出版神學論文。(Putnam 2006) 他在文中引用Emmanuel Levinas的觀點,認定他人的受苦就成為我們去以關愛回應的道德命令,而「倫理並不能建基於從形而上學或經驗科學而來的理由,『我們承認我們被命令去幫助他者』──我們並不能找到比這更基本的理由。」而承認這命令就是去經歷「無限者的榮耀。」(Putnam 2006, p.28) 面對幫助他人的巨大責任,布楠引用一拉比(Rabbi Tarfon) 的話:「我們不能倚賴自己去完成這任務,但我們亦沒有自由不去承擔這任務。」然後他回顧自己的過往:「我從我自己人生的一些片段得知,對純粹世俗的視野而言,…沒有基礎的樂觀主義和完全的悲觀主義的誘惑都經常存在。Rabbi Tarfon指出了超越這些誘惑的唯一可行之路。」(Putnam 2006, p.28) 這種猶太教觀點也令我們找到心靈的平靜,和令我們人生更健全。當然,布楠只是分享宗教信仰如何吻合他的道德和人生體驗,他也不應期望其他分析哲學家會被說服,但他基於自己的各種體驗(以上的應只是他體驗的一少部分)去選擇宗教,又是不道德嗎?</div>
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以上例子顯示,信仰的抉擇往往與人生的意義與美善的追尋息息相關,把關注點收窄於它有否充分證據,其實忽略了宗教信仰的獨特意義。詹姆士也曾說過這例子:一個人在大風雪中站於山嶺的歧途之中,不知道往那裡走才是出路,也沒有充分證據告訴他應走那個方向,難道在這情況下他應該站在交叉點一動不動嗎?這例子說明了強逼性選擇的意義。然而有人批評詹姆士的例子過於誇張,人生或信仰的抉擇有多少情況下是如此生死攸關呢?</div>
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然而我認為類似的情況是存在的,下面以福音戒毒作例子(這雖然是虛構,但卻是建基於很多我親耳聽到的真實故事):假設有一「癮君子」已走投無路,多年吸毒的惡習已令他一貧如洗、債檯高築、家庭破裂和眾叛親離,他的人格和身體也支離破碎。他也希望能戒掉毒癮,但嘗試過美沙酮、政府的戒毒所和所有世俗方法,都無一成功。然而他的一些朋友邀請他嘗試福音戒毒,雖然他沒有宗教信仰,但他親眼看到一些人因著信仰成功戒毒,並重獲新生。逐漸地,信仰成為他的活生生假設,有一晚他面對毒品的巨大誘惑並掙扎得非常痛苦。在那一剎那他決定去信靠上帝,並向祂禱告,表達願意將生命交到祂手裡,被重新塑造成一個有道德信念和委身,並以愛神愛人為人生目標的人。突然之間,他感到心靈異常平靜,與及上帝的臨在,因此他有力量克服誘惑。之後,他真的成功戒掉毒癮,並成為一個幫助邊緣青少年的社工,在多年的工作中為很多人提供指引。</div>
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讓我們順著CP支持者的思路不把宗教經驗視作證據,那以上例子中的「道友」並沒有充分證據相信宗教,但難道他的選擇真的是不道德嗎?我很難想像除了一些把CP視作絕對教條的人,會這樣譴責他!對,他沒有充分證據,但他面對的雖然不是身體上的生死抉擇,卻是「已被毀掉的人生」和「重獲新生的機會」之間的選擇,同樣是非常重大和強逼性的選擇。他這樣做為何沒有合法性呢?也不見得他的選擇會誤導他人、危害社會。</div>
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當然,很多信仰的抉擇並沒有以上例子的戲劇性,但仍然對很多人的生命意義有重大影響。基連(Patrick Glynn)就是一個例子,他是資深的記者,多年都是無神論者,但後期他開始覺察到無神論產生的虛無主義在實存上是有問題的,它頂多能維持表面的道德,卻不能驅使人作出深刻的委身或重大的犧牲,他自己也感到不能深刻地感受愛和付出愛。他覺察到他太高舉理性,結果是對我─你關係(I-Thou Relationship)封閉起來。(他有受到布伯(Martin Buber)的啟迪。)一個下午,他終於決定要活得有榮譽,委身於道德信念。接著他與一女士相遇—他們之間的深刻的愛叫他感到生命的深層應有神聖的存有,不知不覺間,他開始不時作出感恩禱告。是這些經歷叫他對信仰開放,但他還未能相信,因多年建立的無神論不是那麼容易放下的。後來他得知支持神存在的新証據[如宇宙的微調]便相信了。(Glynn 1996, pp.12ff.)</div>
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這例子顯示在尋索信仰的路上,人生的反省往往擔任關鍵的角色(雖然基連也有考慮理性的證據),或許他的人生反省並不能說服他人,但對他而言卻是很真實的,他為著追尋深刻的我─你關係和愛之根源而作出信仰的抉擇,又有何不可?(雖然別人不必跟從。)我相信在這些情況下,人們為了更美善和更有意義的人生作出信心的跳躍,雖然有犯錯的可能,但我們沒有理據認定這是不道德的。堅持一定要存疑,而所有個人的人生體驗都要所有人都認同才可考慮,實在是一種過於嚴格的信念倫理。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">證據主義的不切實際──哲學信念與政治信念有充分證據嗎?</strong></span></div>
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有一個有趣的現象,就是提倡克利福德原則的人通常只把它應用在宗教信仰上,但把這原則也應用到其他信念(如哲學與政治信念)又會有甚麼後果呢?Peter van Inwagen就探討了這問題,他指出在哲學與政治的爭論中,往往出現一種情況,就是爭論雙方都言之有理,都對相關的知識和論證瞭如指掌,都同等地聰明睿智,都能回應對方的批評…然而雙方就是持守相反的哲學或政治信念,在這情況下,我們能說有任何一方有充分證據證明其立場的真確性嗎?似乎不能,那按照CP,他們雙方都應放棄自己的立場,存而不論。其實就算在科學的領域,也有類似的情況:「有些科學家擁有某些信念,但另一些科學家擁有同樣的智慧、同等的科學資歷和同樣的證據——但他們就是激烈地拒絕接受那些信念,這種情況相當普遍。」 (van Inwagen 1996, p.148) 作者就舉出人類學和高能物理學的一些爭論作例證。</div>
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然而,很少人會把CP應用到這些情況上,反而大多數人仍然認為在這種情況下,持守自己的哲學或政治信念是合法的。這即是說,他們並不真的接受CP。我們可把CP應用到孩童上,在他們受教育的過程中,他們都是聽了老師和家長的話,在絕大部分情況下就會簡單地相信和接受,若要求他們提供充分證據,他們只會丈八金剛,摸不著頭腦。然而CP可應用到所有人,並沒有說只限於成人,所以我們可說絕大多數孩童在絕大部分學習的情況下,都違反了CP。因此,他們也是非常不道德!真的嗎?這兩個例子說明,CP的要求有點不切實際,若真的嚴格追隨它,我們很多一般認為合理的信念也應受到譴責,但這結果似乎是不應接受的。若接受了也會導致嚴重問題。</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 18px;"><strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">結論──由信心的合法性到信心的合理性</strong></span></div>
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總結〈二評〉與〈三評〉的討論:CP和證據主義面對重大困難:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">支持者難以為CP提供充分證據,這是一種自我推翻。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">CP導致無窮後退,引發懷疑論的難題。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">CP過於絕對化,有不少合理的限制,例如當面對真正的選擇時──特別是在人際關係和社群的領域中。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">CP忽略了信心先於證據的可能性,和往往武斷地排斥了道德和人生體驗作為尋找真理的合法途徑(最少對有這些體驗的個體而言)。</li>
<li style="box-sizing: inherit; text-align: justify;">CP一方面排斥激情在認知上的合法性,但另一方面也植根於「避免錯謬」的激情,這又是自相矛盾。(還有其他困難不一一道來了。)</li>
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詹姆士認為CP命令「我們要煞停我們的心、直覺和勇氣,然後等待末日──當然在這之前我們的行動是儼然宗教大概是不真確的。…<b style="box-sizing: inherit;">這種命令對我而言,是哲學洞穴中所曾製造的偶像之中最奇怪的一個。</b>」(WB, p.79;粗體和斜體都是筆者所加) 誠哉斯言!雖然David Hollinger對詹姆士的觀點不完全認同,但他仍然指出他「揭露了那些文化帝國主義者在知識論上的天真,他慶賀心靈的開放性,而反對與十九世紀科學知識分子相連的驕傲與教條的封閉。」這些人認為「科學擁有上帝的視域」,而克利福德等人「自詡為新祭司,並在告訴所有人應相信甚麼之時,擔任了…思想警察的角色。」(Hollinger 1997, p.69)</div>
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然而,Hollinger也指出克利福德對信念倫理的關注是有道理的:他擔憂「社會整體要為寬鬆的信念標準付上代價」(Hollinger 1997, p.77) ,他反對是因著沒證據的信念而來的「死亡、不公義、罪案和剝削」。而詹姆士想維護的卻是「抗衡科學的認知霸權的自由」(Hollinger 1997, p.78) ,和寬容的理想:「我們應該…尊重彼此的精神自由。」(WB, p.79)克利福德的關注無疑是正確的,但我在〈二評〉指出,這些並不能支持<b style="box-sizing: inherit;">過於絕對化的</b>CP,而在計算社會代價時,我們也要考慮濫用CP所帶來的弊端。所以,信仰的權利之說並非全面否定CP的精神,而是嘗試結合尊重證據和信仰的合法性——真理的兩面。正如Hollinger的結語所言:「兩人都能繼續在我們面對信仰抉擇的掙扎時,啟發我們;然而若缺少了另一方的大量糾正,任何一方都不能對我們提供太大的幫助。」(Hollinger 1997, p.81)</div>
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既然CP不能成立,對宗教信念而言,建基於CP的證據主義批評也難以成立。我們難以定論信心是不道德的──縱使宗教信念沒有充足證據。雖然我力陳信仰的獨特邏輯,和指出證據主義的桎梏是不必要的;然而這只是對信仰的合法性的維護,我也同意單單強調主體性的進路會偏於唯信論(fideism),其實也有限制;第一,唯信論的思路基本上從信仰出發,對基督徒較有說服力,可收鞏固信仰作用;但對沒信仰的人頂多能消解理性主義的偏執,卻不能提供正面相信的理由和動機。第二,坊間並非只有基督教自稱為啟示的信仰,還有其他宗教(如回教)也有類似宣稱,如何在這些多元化的啟示宣稱中作出選擇呢?唯信論也不能提供任何答案。第三,唯信論有忽略理性的危機,使信仰與其他理性知識割裂;但基督教信仰也叫我們向別人陳明心中盼望的緣由(彼前3:15),信仰是全人的事情,不單要盡心、盡性及盡力,也要盡意盡智去愛神。(Love God with all your mind!) 對信徒而言,理性是神的恩賜,理性的整合也是信仰的要求,「信心的跳躍」這比喻的精意其實在於抉擇的勇氣及生命的轉化、超越,並沒有要求你在跳躍之前要完全蒙上眼睛![24]</div>
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因此,我們不能滿足於信心的合法性的維護,也應進一步整合信心與理性,顯示信心的合理性。如何去達成這目標是一個複雜的問題,要將來再詳細探討。[25]我只想指出一點,當代宗教哲學家對這問題的討論已可說汗牛充棟,當然有無神論的角度(如Mackie 1982和Martin 1990),但維護有神論的合理性的專業哲學家也有不少(如Swinburne 1979和Copan and Moser 2003),有興趣的讀者可自行閱讀,再作出判斷。</div>
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其實當代知識論相當多元化,基礎主義並非當代知識論的共識,就算是基礎主義者對甚麼是PBB也莫衷一是。例如Laurence Bonjour指出有一種weak foundationism把所有自然湧現的信念(而不單是感官經驗)都視作初步證據(prima facie evidence) ,而他早期則維護融貫主義(coherentism)。(Bonjour 1985)從融貫主義角度看,個別信念的合理性不能孤立地評價,而是視乎整體信念系統的特質(如一致性、融貫性);若是如此,我們評論宗教時不應孤立地看有沒有證據支持神的存在,而是考察有神論或某宗教的信念系統(世界觀),對比起無神論世界觀時,哪一方更優勝。</div>
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有宗教信仰的當代哲學家也發展出不同的知識論,如William Alston的doxastic practice approach (Alston 1991),Alvin Plantinga早期的Reformed epistemology (Plantinga and Wolterstorff 1983) ,和後期的proper functionalism (Plantinga 1993a, 1993b, 2000),Richard Swinburne的principle of credulity (Kwan 2011)等等。這些系統的優劣點也在爭論之中。我這裡的要點是,要評價宗教信仰是否合理前,也不能不交待一己所持守的知識論的理據。CP與傳統的基礎主義、經驗主義和實證論有較深淵源,雖然這幾類知識論曾有獨領風騷的時期,但現在也廣泛受到質疑。[26]我不敢說它們都一定錯,但提倡這些知識論的人也有責任澄清它們的理據何在,不能假定了它們的真理就直接應用到宗教信仰上。</div>
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[1] 王偉雄、劉創馥,《宗哲對話錄》,香港:中文大學出版社,2016。</div>
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[2] 關啟文,〈與哲懷對話──初評王偉雄與劉創馥的《宗哲對話錄》〉,2016年10月5日,見《評台》(Pen Toy) : http://wp.me/p2VwFC-jOE。(簡稱〈初評〉)</div>
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[3] 關啟文,〈「無論是甚麼情況、甚麼人,在沒有充分證據下相信任何事情,都是不對的」嗎?──再評王偉雄與劉創馥的《宗哲對話錄》〉,2016年10月18日,見《評台》(Pen Toy) : http://wp.me/p2VwFC-k1E。(簡稱〈二評〉)</div>
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[4] 有關這課題,Clark (2003) 是不錯的入門文章。</div>
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[5] 當然,若我的文章缺乏附註和參考資料,別人又可能批評我的文章缺乏學術規格。</div>
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[6] 我那些附註有幾個功能,一,澄清一些正文觀點,預防一些誤解,始終我是與兩位專業哲學家對話,表達時小心一些可避免無謂的爭論;二,表達一些輔助性和較細微的論點,不讓正文的論據顯得過分複雜;三,介紹一些當代討論的思路和相關的學術資料,讓有興趣進一步思考的讀者自行跟進。這種做法與一般學術論文無異。</div>
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[7] Hollinger認為我們很多人對克利福德的理解並不全面,因為他也有比較溫和的一面,他有時的表達也沒有那麼絕對化。(Hollinger 1997, pp. 71-75) 然而他頂多能證明克利福德的觀點有複雜性,甚或有內在不一致。克利福德的確曾用不少篇幅表達和論證CP那種立場,Hollinger卻把他的立場模糊化成一種概略的批判反思精神,並輕輕帶過他那種嚴苛的證據主義。無論如何,我們可就著證據主義這立場去討論,不論歷史中的克利福德有沒有更複雜的立場。</div>
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[8] 哲懷從來沒有解釋他心中的「證據」究竟如何定義。</div>
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[9] 作者也曾考慮用(iiia) 取代(iii) :「在q與p之間存在一種解釋上的關連。」</div>
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[10] 當哲懷討論神蹟時,他就假定了自然定律的存在。(《王劉》,第一章)我們也要把CP應用到這些信念,不然就有雙重標準的嫌疑。</div>
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[11] 究竟這種觀點是否與詹姆士後期的實用主義完全吻合,也是爭議所在。如Rorty認為他根本不應接受「心靈可以從中間清楚分開為理智和激情」。(Rorty 1997, p. 90) 他也對詹姆士的信仰的權利觀點提出批評(Rorty 1997, p. 88) ,但他只是重申CP,而沒有論證CP。</div>
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[12] 然而詹姆士也指出,就科學發現而言,一個過於冷靜、沒有激情的態度也可能有弊端,因為不少科學家也是因渴望能證實他們所相信的理論,才這麼努力去研究。若這些渴望都不存在,或許科學就沒有今天那麼發達。(WB, p. 75)</div>
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[13] 詹姆士說這些是瑣碎的選擇(trivial option) ,他這用字為人垢病(Bird 1986, p. 166),但這與主要爭論無關。</div>
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[14] 其實宗信也表達了一種簡化了的「信仰的權利」觀點(《王劉》,頁209-210),然而哲懷的回應卻較難理解,他強調「如果我不接受某個宗教,這並不表示我相信那個宗教是錯的」。(《王劉》,頁210)這說法當然是對的,只是我不明白究竟這如何能反駁「信仰的權利」。哲懷應該要證明的,是在以上那種真正的選擇情況,選擇相信也是完全不合法的,但我看不到相關的論證。我在〈二評〉腳註7也指出了哲懷的一些誤解。</div>
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[15] 哲懷正確地指出,「世上有那麼多不同的宗教、千奇百怪的所謂神秘經驗,如果在沒有充分的理性基礎下,隨便作出信心的跳躍,這不單是盲信,甚至可能會因此做出罪大惡極的事情」。(《王劉》,頁204)這種關注是合理的,我們的確要對宗教作出審視,例如以一些基礎的道德標準去確定我們所選擇的宗教,不會「做出罪大惡極的事情」,正文的條件就表達這種關注。但這不代表一定要接受CP。</div>
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[16] 詹姆士還舉了一個求愛的例子,說很多人獲得愛情,就是因為他們堅持那些女人必須愛他們!(WB, p. 76)或許這類情況下會有個別成功例子,但失敗的例子也多不勝數,畢竟如愛情劇的名言:「感情是不能勉強的。」</div>
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[17] 我認為這種策略對初相識的朋友並無不可,但假若應用到一些親密關係,不僅大煞風景,也未有盡朋友或伴侶的義務。</div>
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[18] 我這裡姑且假定克利福德已結婚,但我不能肯定,以上只是一個例子。</div>
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[19] 詹姆士文中用的字眼是社會有機體(social organism) ,這種說法現在較少見,以「社群」取代之基本上不會扭曲他的原意。</div>
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[20] 詹姆士又提到火車劫案的例子,假若有一些乘客相信他若起來反抗,其他人都會配合,他就有更大可能身先士卒去反抗,而這人的信心有助產生「齊心抗賊」的事實。(WB, p. 77)</div>
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[21] 哲懷質問:「我們會有理由…形成虛假的信念嗎?認知活動的目的就是求真啊!」(《王劉》,頁209) 這似乎假定了「求真」就等同「減少虛假信念」,但我認為詹姆士說得有理,這兩種目標不盡相同,例如〈二評〉已指出絕對的懷疑論能完全達成減少虛假信念的目標,但卻在獲得真理的目標上得零分。「甚麼都相信」的策略會得出另一極端的後果,如此類推。</div>
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[22] 以哲懷為例子,他的「基本原則是講究理據,力求不輕信,從而盡量減少錯誤的信念。」(《王劉》,頁xvii,粗體和斜體是筆者所加。) 這最少與詹姆士的分析吻合。</div>
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[23] 我個人並不同意這個看法,我認為道德懷疑論也沒有甚麼決定性的論證(可參Huemer 2005),將來再談。</div>
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[24] 這段話大多引自我的《我信故我思》的第13章(關啟文1998)。</div>
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[25] 我在《我信故我思》的卷二對這問題有不少初步探討。</div>
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[26] 有關這方面的歷史發展,參Chignell and Dole (2005) 。</div>
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<strong style="box-sizing: inherit;">參考資料</strong></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Alston, William. 1991. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience</i>. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Bird, Graham. 1986. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">William James. </i>London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. </span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Bonjour, Laurence. 1985.<i style="box-sizing: inherit;"> The Structure of Empirical Knowledge.</i> Harvard University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Chignell, Andrew and Andrew Dole. 2005. “The Ethics of Religious Belief: A Recent History.” In Andrew Chignell and Andrew Dole, eds. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">God and the Ethics of Belief: New Essays in Philosophy of Religion </i>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 1-30. </span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Clark, David K. 2003. “Faith and Foundationalism.” In Paul Copan and Paul Moser, eds.,<i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Rationality of Theism </i>(London and New York: Routledge), pp. 35-54. </span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Clifford, William. 1996. “The Ethics of Belief.” In Michael Peterson, William Hasker, Bruce Reichenbach, and David Basinger, eds., <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Philosophy of Religion: Selected Readings </i>(New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 65-71.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Copan, Paul and Paul Moser, eds. 2003. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Rationality of Theism. </i>London and New York: Routledge. </span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Fogelin, Robert J. 1993. “Hume’s Scepticism.” In David Fate Norton, ed., <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Cambridge Companion to Hume </i>(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 90-116.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Glynn, Patrick. 1996. God: The Evidence- The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World. Rocklin, CA: Forum.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Hollinger, David A. 1997. “James, Clifford, and the Scientific Conscience.” In Ruth Anna Putnam, ed., <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Cambridge Companion to William James </i>(London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul), pp. 69-83.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Howson, Colin. 2000. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Hume’s Problem: Induction and the Justification of Belief. </i>Oxford: Clarendon.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Huemer, Michael. 2005. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Ethical Intuitionism. </i>New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">James, William. 1996. “The Will to Believe.” In Michael Peterson, William Hasker, Bruce Reichenbach, and David Basinger, eds., <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Philosophy of Religion: Selected Readings </i>(New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 71-80.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Kwan, Kai Man. 2011. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Rainbow of Experiences, Critical Trust, and God: A Defense of Holistic Empiricism. </i>New York: Continuum.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Mackie, John. 1982. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God</i> . Oxford: Clarendon Press. </span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Martin, Michael. 1990. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Atheism: A Philosophical Justification.</i> Philadelphia: Temple University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Moser, Paul. 1989. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Knowledge and Evidence.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Nathan, N. M. L. 1980. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Evidence and Assurance. </i>Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Plantinga, Alvin. 1993a. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Warrant: The Current Debate.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Plantinga, Alvin. 1993b. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Warrant and Proper Function.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Plantinga, Alvin. 2000. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Warranted Christian Belief.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Plantinga, Alvin and Nicholas Wolterstorff, eds. 1983. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Faith and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God</i>. University of Notre Dame.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Putnam, Hilary. 1990. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Realism with a Human Face.</i> Harvard University Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Putnam, Hilary. 2006. “Monotheism and Humanism.” In William Schweiker, Michael A. Johnson, and Kevin Jung, eds., <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Humanity before God: Contemporary Faces of Jewish, Christian and Islamic Ethics </i>(Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press), pp. 19-30.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Rorty, Richard. 1997. “Religious Faith, Intellectual Responsibility, and Romance.” In Ruth Anna Putnam, ed., <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Cambridge Companion to William James </i>(London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul), pp. 84-102.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Swinburne, Richard. 1979. <i style="box-sizing: inherit;">The Existence of God.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">Van Inwagen, Peter. 1996. “Ít is Wrong, Everywhere, Always, and for Anyone, to Believe Anything upon Insufficient Evidence.” In Jeff Jordan and Daniel Howard-Snyder, eds.,<i style="box-sizing: inherit;">Faith, Freedom, and Rationality: Philosophy of Religion Today</i> (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield), pp. 137-154.</span></div>
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<span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 11px;">關啟文,《我信故我思—真理路上的摰誠探索》,香港:基督徒學生福音團契,1998年9月。</span></div>
關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-6584109204245902852016-10-23T19:08:00.000-07:002017-01-15T18:20:39.784-08:00「無論是甚麼情況、甚麼人,在沒有充分證據下相信任何事情,都是不對的」嗎?──再評王偉雄與劉創馥的《宗哲對話錄》<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文</span> <span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">香港浸會大學宗教及哲學系教授兼系主任</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王偉雄教授與劉創馥教授最近合寫了《宗哲對話錄》(簡稱《王劉》),</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對不少宗教哲學的課題提出有趣的討論,我已作出初步回應,</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">今天希望就著信心與理性的題目與書中的主角哲懷繼續對話。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">證據主義與克利福德原則</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論到信心與理性的問題,其中一篇經典文章就是克利福德</span><span lang="EN-US">(W. K. Clifford) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的〈信念的倫理〉</span><span lang="EN-US">(“The Ethics of Belief”) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,此文章於</span><span lang="EN-US">1877</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版,後來經常被收集於宗教哲學的讀本裡(如</span><span lang="EN-US">Clifford 1996</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──這是我下面會引用的版本)。克利福德是英國的數學家,高度重視理性與批判精神,並認為如何相信事情也是可用道德判斷的,而他提倡的信念倫理可說非常嚴苛,可總結為以下的克利福德原則</span><span lang="EN-US">(Clifford’s Principle</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以下簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US">CP) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(CP) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無論是甚麼情況、甚麼人,在沒有充分證據下相信任何事情,都是不對的。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷就訴諸</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,說:「只憑信心、不講證據而作判斷,不單在認知上有問題,甚至可以在道德上受到指責」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">205</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),這種凡事都要講證據的立場可稱為證據主義</span><span lang="EN-US">(evidentiaism) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些時候證據主義者只是指責「不講證據而作判斷」的人(如某些宗教信徒)是非理性</span><span lang="EN-US">(irrational) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或認知上有缺陷</span><span lang="EN-US">(epistemically defective)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但克利福德則把指責提昇到「不道德」或「有違對人類的責任」</span><span lang="EN-US">(violating the duty to mankind) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的高度。例如他認為有一些人在童年接受了某些信念後,便經常壓抑內心的懷疑並逃避反對的證據,那「這個人的人生就是一種侵犯人類的漫長罪行」</span><span lang="EN-US">(one long sin against mankind)(Clifford 1996, p. 70)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">!這段話之前他也說過類似的話,並把沒有充分證據的信念比喻作瘟疫(</span><span lang="EN-US">Clifford 1996, p. 69</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。值得注意的是,克利福德用的詞語不是法律上的罪──</span><span lang="EN-US">crime</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而是往往帶有宗教意味的罪──</span><span lang="EN-US">sin </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。事實上,說這話之前克利福德引用了一句聖經:「因為凡遵守律法的,只在一條上跌倒,他就是犯了眾條。」(雅各書</span><span lang="EN-US"> 2:10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)他又說輕信之人是「騙子和騙徒之父」</span><span lang="EN-US">(father to the liar & the cheat) (Clifford 1996, p. 70) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這種描述又令人聯想起魔鬼。由此可見,克利福德對「證據」的尊重(甚或崇拜)顯示類似宗教的熱忱,這裡有一個有趣問題,克利福德所信奉的「證據教」又有沒有充分證據支持呢?下面再討論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們要注意,</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是一個普遍立場,認定「應該倚賴充分證據作判斷」是一種放諸四海而皆準的金科玉律,完全沒有例外。所以否定</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的人不一定是在提倡任意去相信事情,他們甚至可以同意在絕大多數情況下我們都應倚賴充分證據作判斷,他們只是指出</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是有例外的。</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的否定句的意涵如下:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(not-CP) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在某些情況、相對於某些人,在沒有充分證據下相信某些事情,並非道德上不對。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正如一隻非黑的烏鴉就可推翻「天下烏鴉一般黑」的普遍說法,只要找到<b><i>一些情況</i></b>我們能合理地判斷「沒有充分證據而相信」是道德上可容許的</span><span lang="EN-US">(morally permissible) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,那</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就能被合理地質疑。事實上克利福德的觀點激發了不少回應,最著名的就是詹姆士</span><span lang="EN-US">(William James) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的〈信仰的意志〉</span><span lang="EN-US">(“The Will to Believe”) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他就從這角度批評克利福德。</span><span lang="EN-US">(James 1996)<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要值得注意,詹姆士所維護的只是信仰的權利</span><span lang="EN-US">(right to believe) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而不是信仰的必要性。這即是說,在某些情況下,我們縱然沒有充分證據,選擇相信仍然是合法,並非道德上不對─但不相信也沒有不對。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有關這場辯論的背景,可參</span><span lang="EN-US">Hollinger
(1997) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而著名實用主義者</span><span lang="EN-US">Richard Rorty</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也對他們的辯論作出評論</span><span lang="EN-US">(Rorty 1997) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。本文會從理性和知識論角度評價</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的可信性。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷是否接受克利福德原則?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了避免稻草人謬誤,我們首先要釐清一個問題,究竟哲懷是否相信克利福德原則呢?無疑在精神上哲懷與克利福德是非常相似的,因為哲懷的「基本原則是講究理據,力求不輕信,從而盡量減少錯誤的信念。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">xvii) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">表面看來,哲懷也的確表示認可</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(如頁</span><span lang="EN-US">205</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),他又說:「沒有充分證據地輕信,</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即使沒有明顯的後果,說到底還是不對的」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">207) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而當哲懷的對話伙伴宗信質疑</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「太誇張」時,哲懷又說:「我也不否認克利福德的原則可能有點太嚴苛、要求太高,但原則上的精神基本上是合理的。</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">除非我們不想自己的判斷或信念為真,否則也應該盡量遵守克利福德的原則。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">208</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)但究竟在甚麼情況下</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是太嚴苛或要求太高呢?哲懷沒有說明,再加上「可能」二字,更加難以確定究竟哲懷是否真的承認</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嚴格上來說是錯的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">至於甚麼是「盡量」,也不是太清楚,宗信有提到這問題,而哲懷的回應是「難道你要我界定『盡量』的意思?」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">208) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或許不必須「界定」,但難道進一步的解釋也不需要嗎?因為可能一些宗教信徒認為他們已經盡量根據證據而相信,但有關超越領域的信念他們最終感到難以找出支持或反對的充分證據,所以他們認為按照他們自己的體驗或人生意義的追尋等考慮,選擇宗教信仰也無不可。但似乎哲懷所理解的「盡量」仍然不會接受,因為宗信提出了類似例子,而哲懷的回應是:「也許我們不能每時每刻都遵守這個原則,有些時候,在沒有充分證據的情況下,我們會被逼選擇相信或否定某些事情;不過,即使是在這種情況下,我們還是可以盡量符合克利福德原則的精神。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">211) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這具體而言是說「選擇相信證據較強的一方。無論如何,至少不應該只是按自己的喜好作選擇」,縱使當「兩方的證據沒有明顯的強弱」,「我們只好存而不論,保持懷疑的態度。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">212</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上一段話有點令人困惑,當哲懷說:「也許我們不能每時每刻都遵守這個原則,有些時候,在沒有充分證據的情況下,我們會被逼選擇相信或否定某些事情」,初步看來像是承認</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是有例外(所以非全對),而且他會包容在某些情況我們可以「選擇相信」。然而他後來的建議基本上是遵守克利福德原則,因為當</span><span lang="EN-US">p</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與非</span><span lang="EN-US">p</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都沒有充分證據時,我們兩者都不應該相信,所以就要「保持懷疑」──這是完全符合</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的。到最後,哲懷似乎還是否定「沒有充分證據而信是道德上可接受」的可能性,並「每時每刻都遵守克利福德原則」。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我希望王與劉兩位教授可以澄清一下他們的觀點到底是如何:究竟哲懷是全然接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">還是認為</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是有例外的呢?所以避免誤解別人,我先對這個問題「存而不論,保持懷疑的態度。」以下只集中討論克利福德的</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和哲懷支持</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的言論(但不假設哲懷最終全然接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克利福德原則本身有沒有充分證據呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要避免自我推翻的危機,接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的人最少要提供充分證據支持</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是真的,但究竟他們如何證明</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">呢?其實宗信曾挑戰哲懷這儼然是他的「教義」,且質問:「你這個原則不見得有充分的理據支持,可能只是你憑信心接受的。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">37) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而哲懷在第十章作出回應,首先他訴諸克利福德曾舉出的船主例子</span><span lang="EN-US">(Clifford 1996, p. 66)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這是說「有位船主擁有一艘船</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而他有證據顯示那艘船已經太破舊</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可能經不起風浪,可是他仍然把船租出去。</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結果那艘船沉沒了,船上的漁夫都葬身大海。」所以「那位船主</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是不負責任!」再者,縱使那船「幸運地完成任務」,船主「仍然應該被譴責</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那位船主的根本問題在於不顧客觀證據,在沒有充分證據下相信那艘船是安全的;即使他這樣做並沒有直接帶來不良後果,但在道德上仍然是不對的」。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">206-207)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這個例子是</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的充分證據嗎?兩三隻黑色的烏鴉就能為「天下烏鴉一般黑」提供充分證據嗎?不能,那為何一個不負責任而相信的例子就能證立如此普遍和絕對的</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">呢?</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷似乎沒有清楚交待這推理的過程。再者,克利福德所舉的例子有一些特質,如宗信指出就是「性命攸關」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">207) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。所以我們頂多可從這例子推出以下原則:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(P1) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若一些信念</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是性命攸關的,或會導致嚴重傷害別人的風險(無論這種傷害最後有沒有發生),那任何人在沒有充分證據下相信</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,都是不對的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我也同意</span><span lang="EN-US">P1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大體是正確的,但由</span><span lang="EN-US">P1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,還有很大差距,在沒有充分證據情況下,把</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">建基於</span><span lang="EN-US">P1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上,也似乎需要「信心的跳躍」。我們要強調,假使哲懷接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為真,他便應該忠於</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,假若不能提供充分證據,他不用否認</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但應該如他自己所言對</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「存而不論」。證明的責任在他身上,無論宗信能否提供到反例,</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷也應撫心自問,能否為</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供充分證據。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其實克利福德如何證明</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的方法也不太清晰,有時他好像訴諸不證自明的道德直覺(例子只是用來引發這直覺),這好像假設了不考慮後果的義務論</span><span lang="EN-US">(deontology) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但另些時他又好像訴諸後果論</span><span lang="EN-US">(consequentialist) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的論證,哲懷也有跟隨這方向。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先是宗信對哲懷說:「我相信你比我聰明,但我這樣相信,並不是基於充分的證據,而只是憑直覺。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">207)<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷相當謙虛,他回應:「信念之間會互相影響,最終可能會引致一些行為,結果是損害了自己或他人。若你誤以為我比你聰明,這個錯誤的判斷表面看來好像無關痛癢,但說不定有一天會令你犯一些錯誤、甚至作出後悔不已的決定呢。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">207) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗信回應時說它這個信念「不一定會導致惡果」,對此哲懷表示「同意」,但接著指出:「根據克利福德的看法,如果你沒有充分證據支持而相信,即使你相信的事情是真的,這也會令你養成不講究證據的壞習慣,繼而會『污染』其他人的思考習慣;如此類推,便會有很多人變得輕信,人類有錯誤判斷或錯誤信念的機會便大大增加了。這樣的惡果可算是嚴重吧?」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">208)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上論點或許可以構成以下論證:</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有不少</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒有充分證據的</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">信念最終<b><i>可能</i></b>會引致一些損害自己或他人的行為。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">縱使某些沒有充分證據的信念不一定會導致惡果,但</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">必然</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會令人養成不講究證據的壞習慣。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假如某人養成不講究證據的壞習慣,這會污染其他人的思考習慣,並最終令很多人變得輕信。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若很多人有輕信的壞習慣,那人類有錯誤判斷或錯誤信念的機會便大大增加了,這也是說損害自己或他人的行為也會大大增加。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若某種態度或行為會令損害自己或他人的行為大大增加,它就是道德上不對的了。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[17]</span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此,</span><span lang="EN-US">(CP) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──無論是甚麼情況、甚麼人,在沒有充分證據下相信任何事情,都是不對的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">究竟由</span><span lang="EN-US">(A) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US">(E) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的論證能否為</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供充分證據呢?基本困難在於</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是一個普遍性的結論,但前提</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只提到「可能」,而不是「必然」,這足夠支持</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嗎?這裡的「可能」是指多高的或然率?有何經驗數據支持?只要有一些例外情況,</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是錯的,事實上</span><span lang="EN-US">(A) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本身沒有排除「有些信念不會引致一些損害自己或他人的行為」的可能性。這可分為兩種情況,第一,有些信念根本不會引致甚麼重要和有深遠影響的行為,例如我相信「現在我的大腿在接觸椅子的部位有輕微受壓的感覺」,或「我今天早上吃了一隻雞蛋」,這些信念究竟會有多大可能引致甚麼重要和有深遠影響的行為呢?不大清楚,證明的責任在哲懷身上。第二,有些信念會引致重要和有深遠影響的行為,但不一定會引致一些損害,甚至可能導致與人為善、造福人群的行為。例如一些信徒基於宗教理由相信「愛人如己和為別人犧牲是最崇高的行為」,並真誠實踐出來,對哲懷而言這些信念都是沒有充分證據的,但究竟會損害誰?</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如</span><span lang="EN-US">Paul Helm</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所言:「假若一個人缺乏充分證據支持某些命題,有些人認為相信它們導致的後果都會弊多於利,這看法根本是錯的。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Helm 1994, p. 97)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然哲懷還有後著</span><span lang="EN-US">(B)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,縱使某人</span><span lang="EN-US">S</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的一個沒有充分證據的信念沒有導致惡果,但仍然會令人養成不講究證據的壞習慣。原文沒有明說這兩者的關係是「必然」還是「或然」的,假若如</span><span lang="EN-US">(B) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所言是必然的,那或許能對</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供一些支持,但若這樣詮釋,我看不到有充分證據支持</span><span lang="EN-US">(B) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,甚或有不少證據反對</span><span lang="EN-US">(B) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。一兩次行為不能構成、也不會馬上導致「壞<b><i>習慣</i></b>」,正如一些人在某些受壓的情況說一次謊,我們不能斷定他們就必定形成說謊的壞習慣。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假如一個人非常理性和講證據,一生人絕少在沒有充分證據下相信事物,但有一次面對妻子婚外情疑雲──並沒有充分證據支持妻子是不忠,也沒有充分證據支持妻子沒有出軌(因有一些蛛絲馬跡),但按照</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他應該「存而不論,保持懷疑的態度」;不然他就犯了理智上的罪和違背了對人類的道義!但他卻寧願相信妻子的忠誠,他的考慮如下:在如此親密的關係中,縱使是減低信任和保持懷疑,在妻子是無辜的情況下仍然會深深傷害彼此的關係。他知道他也可能被欺騙,但他寧願冒「做傻仔」的風險,也不願意傷害與妻子的關係。他這樣做真的犯了甚麼大罪嗎?這裡的重點是,在其他事上他都是支持證據主義的,那他一次違反</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,就代表他以後都不再講證據嗎?不必然。又如</span><span lang="EN-US">William James</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回應克利福德時清楚表明在科學等事宜上,還是應該「盡量」講客觀證據,他只是說在<b><i>某些特殊的情況</i></b>下,沒有充分證據而相信也是可容許的,因此也不見得他會鼓吹「不講究證據的壞習慣」。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這樣看來,</span><span lang="EN-US">(B) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並不正確,最少不明白它的充分證據何在。要抵消以上批評,或許可把「必然」改為「可能」,把</span><span lang="EN-US">(B) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">改為</span><span lang="EN-US">(B’)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">B’) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">縱使某些沒有充分證據的信念不一定會導致惡果,但<b><i>可能</i></b>令人養成不講究證據的壞習慣。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(B’)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或許是對的,但這弱化了的前提難以為</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供足夠證據。再論</span><span lang="EN-US">(C) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,它假設了人們的思想習慣會互相影響,大致而言這是對的,但從一般經驗而言,這種影響有多大、有多普遍往往因人和因情況而異,有些人沒有多大影響別人的能力,另一些人不大受人影響。況且我們不能假定只有這種壞影響,考慮以下前提:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(C’) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假如某人(如重視批判思考的哲學家)養成講究證據的好習慣,這會淨化其他人的思考習慣,並最終令很多人都變得講究證據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以</span><span lang="EN-US">(C) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所呈現的圖畫是片面的,要考證某種思考模式對整體社會的影響及其利弊,我們應把所有會發生影響的因素都計算在內,再要按照社會調查或其他方法研究它們會如何互動、會有甚麼可能結果等等──這樣才能反映不愛空想、講究證據的精神。這些答案都不是我們純靠猜測就可斷定的,但無論是克利福德或哲懷,都沒有為</span><span lang="EN-US">(C) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供這樣的分析或數據。初步看來,我們沒有充分證據相信</span><span lang="EN-US">(C) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。我們不詳細討論</span><span lang="EN-US">(D) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了,最後還是那個問題:有甚麼充分證據支持</span><span lang="EN-US">(D) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?看來要麼</span><span lang="EN-US">(A)-(D) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四個前提本身有疑點,要麼它們難以為</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供充分證據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道德判斷的充分證據何在?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(E) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又如何呢?當然,我基本上接受</span><span lang="EN-US">(E) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但又回到那條耳熟能詳的問題:有甚麼充分證據支持</span><span lang="EN-US">(E) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?對,一般人不會質疑</span><span lang="EN-US">(E) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但哲學家中(特別是自然主義者)有很多是道德非實在論者</span><span lang="EN-US">(moral anti-realist)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或道德相對主義者</span><span lang="EN-US">(moral relativist)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,如</span><span lang="EN-US">Gilbert Harman</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就認為「道德事實」並沒有在自然科學以外任何解釋經驗事實的能力,所以並沒有充分證據支持道德事實的存在。</span><span lang="EN-US">(Harman 1984; Harman 1988)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又如</span><span lang="EN-US">John Mackie</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">乾脆說所有道德判斷都是人類憑空創造出來的,並沒有客觀基礎,他甚至說客觀道德律令的存在相當古怪</span><span lang="EN-US">(queer)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US">(Mackie 1977)<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若哲懷接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種道德原則,那他應該是接受道德實在論</span><span lang="EN-US">(moral realism)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或類似立場,</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若他是道德相對主義者,那</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並非客觀真理──頂多是他個人的喜好,他對輕信者的「譴責」也只表示他個人的不接納,別人沒有必要聽他的。假若哲懷接受道德實在論,那又如何為此提供充分證據呢?究竟他會如何在他的無神論和機械世界觀裡安置客觀道德呢?</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗信曾提出以下問題:「按照科學的世界觀,人類不外是生物的一種</span><span lang="EN-US">… </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道德要求我們限制自己的本能,按照道德規律行事;科學的世界觀如何容得下這種道德價值呢?」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">143) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他又問在「機械式的世界」裡人沒有自由意志,其行為與螞蟻無異,那「用相同的科學世界觀來看待人類,你也沒有理由認為人的行為有道德價值。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">144)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷似乎沒有正面解答這個問題,只是承認「科學本身不能提供道德價值</span><span lang="EN-US">… </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">科學卻可以探究人類的道德意識及道德行為從何而來。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">144) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例如他提到以生物的利他行為證明「人類的道德行為是有生物學基礎的」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">143) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這應該是指近年流行的社會生物學</span><span lang="EN-US">(sociobiology)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或進化心理學</span><span lang="EN-US">(evolutionary psychology)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這裡說的「生物學基礎」只是說可以用生物學解釋利他主義或道德的起源,但這不等同證明了道德判斷有客觀真假值。正如進化心理學也認為「人類的宗教信仰和行為也是有生物學基礎的」,但他們不一定(事實上大多不會)認為宗教客觀上是真的。其實也不難訴諸進化心理學去證明「人類的不道德行為(如弱肉強食)有生物學基礎」──這不是頂符合「適者生存」的進化原則嗎?如果「科學本身不能提供道德價值」,那甚麼可以呢?還未看到哲懷的清晰立場,有趣的是他「承認,道德的根源這個問題,對我來說也是一個大難題,恐怕也沒有一個令人滿意的看法。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">149) <a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然,或許科學以外的理性論證能支持道德實在論也說不定,例如社會契約論。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我希望哲懷能澄清究竟如何為</span><span lang="EN-US">(E)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或其他道德判斷提供充分證據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如何解答以上問題很視乎甚麼東西可以被容許視作證據,</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如兩位知識論學者指出:「甚麼種類的東西構成證據」是一個「困難的問題」。</span><span lang="EN-US">(Feldman & Conee 1985, p. 32, n.2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不同的哲學家曾提出諸種證據:感官經驗、回憶、理性直覺、道德直覺、內省經驗、見證等等,傳統的經驗主義一般只強調感官經驗,這是一種狹窄的經驗主義</span><span lang="EN-US">(narrow empiricism-</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡稱</span><span lang="EN-US">NE) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,它或許也會接受回憶或理性直覺為獨立證據,但一般不會接受道德直覺為獨立證據。假若接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">者同時擁護</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,會對道德信念有甚麼影響呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">L) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為真,我們只能以感官經驗為道德判斷提供證據。(這是</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的涵義。)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">M) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們不能在感官經驗的基礎上用演繹法證明有客觀的道德判斷。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">N) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們不能在感官經驗的基礎上用歸納法證明有客觀的道德判斷。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">O) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們不能在感官經驗的基礎上用最佳說明推論</span><span lang="EN-US">(abduction or inference to the best explanation)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">證明有客觀的道德判斷。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">P) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只有三種可靠的推論方法:演繹法、歸納法和最佳說明推論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US">Q) CP</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">皆真。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,我們不能為道德判斷提供證據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,相信客觀道德判斷的存在是不道德的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本身假設了客觀道德判斷的存在,所以這又是自打嘴巴。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(M) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">(N) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">應該不會有太大爭議性,感官經驗本身沒有規範性涵義,基本的問題是休謨指出的實然─應然鴻溝</span><span lang="EN-US">(Is-Ought Gap) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US">(O )</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有爭議性,但這種最佳說明推論成功的機會不能說很大,縱使能提供一些證據,但充分嗎?最少還未充分到令自然主義哲學家中獲得共識。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">(P)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也可爭議,但要提出另一種可靠的推論方法並不容易。由於證明的責任在接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的人身上,所以縱使以上論證未必能直接證明到結論</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們不能為道德判斷提供證據</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但可有助釐清各種選項──是接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">者須要為道德判斷的客觀性提供充分證據,不然他要放棄客觀道德判斷的信念。那他是要推翻</span><span lang="EN-US">(O) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">還是</span><span lang="EN-US">(P) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">呢?充分證據何在?事實上接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">者有不少同時接受</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他們又不想完全放棄道德判斷,如何結合這一切信念,看來是一個難題。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道德理想的充分證據何在?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道德信念可包含基礎道德</span><span lang="EN-US">(basic
morality) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和道德理想,前者指一些「不可殺害無辜人」那種道德律令,後者指一些崇高的道德追尋,如捨己為人、不惜生命也要為人權與公義奮鬥、終生服務弱少等,這些追尋往往假設了一些道德信念,如所有人都生而平等,有內在、不可褫奪的尊嚴,犧牲的愛是人生最高價值等等。基礎道德與穩定社會的存在有緊密的關係,所以或許較容易用理性證立,如指出缺乏了這些基礎道德社會就難以存在,這會導致所有人的損失,所以所有人都有理由接受基礎道德。(然而一個道德虛無主義者會問:為何他們要關懷穩定社會的存在呢?又或者他們可以採取乘道德霸王車的策略。)姑且假設這類論證能夠成功,但這不一定表示可以用同樣方法支持道德理想有客觀價值。事實上接受</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">者也很少提出支持道德理想的充分證據,因此我們可考慮以下論證:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">R) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為真,很多道德理想的客觀價值都缺乏充分證據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,若</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為真,我們不應接受很多道德理想的客觀價值。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不少造福人類和減少人類苦難的行為假設了很多道德理想的客觀價值。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,假若人們不接納很多道德理想的客觀價值,不少造福人類和減少人類苦難的行為就不會發生。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會導致不少造福人類和減少人類苦難的行為的消失。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">舉一個實例,德克蘭修女由歐洲去到印度救急扶危,特別照顧弱勢群體,後來獲得諾貝爾和平獎,無可否認,她的工作減少了不少人的苦難。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參</span><span lang="EN-US">Poplin 2008) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而她的信念是建基於她的宗教經驗(天主的呼召),和宗教信念(如弱勢群體的成員都是小基督)。假若她接受了</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,她應撫心自問能否為她的宗教經驗和信念提供充分證據,當然按照哲懷的看法她是不能的。那結果就是她從開始就不會飄洋過海到印度,</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那以後的慈善修會和她們的美好工作就不會存在了。所以,哲懷嘗試論證否定</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">必定會帶來惡果,不單過於絕對化,更忽略了另一面的可能性,就是接受</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><b><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有時</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也會帶來惡果,反而擺脫了</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的牢籠<b><i>有時</i></b>能造福人類。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">再重申,否定</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不表示凡事都不講證據。)要全面評價</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的後果,我們必須平衡各種可能的影響。</span><span lang="EN-US">Paul Helm</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">討論</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時就指出,克利福德所提到否定</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的種種惡果未必發生,而且「有充分證據的信念經常產生紛爭和逼害,而一些神話的信念和高貴的謊言</span><span lang="EN-US">(noble lies) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">則經常有助凝聚社會。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Helm 1994, p. 94) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我未必完全同意他這話,但他多角度考慮各種可能性的進路無疑是較周詳的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外,英國的基督徒議員</span><span lang="EN-US">William
Wilberforce</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的例子也值得留意,他廢除奴隸的買賣和釋放黑奴的功績是巨大的,可說是維護人權的先驅。然而他的行動是建基於他的宗教信念──所有人都有上帝賦予的同等尊嚴,和他從上帝而來的召命。若他信奉</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這一切很大可能都不會發生。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參</span><span lang="EN-US">Metaxas 2007</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;還可加上馬丁路德金的例子,不贅了。)當然,<b><i>宗教信徒可以為善,也可以為惡,哲懷強調宗教的負面影響也是很重要的提醒,宗教信徒對此應心存感激。</i></b>然而若完全忽略了宗教信念(縱使從哲懷角度並沒有充分證據)的正面影響,所描繪的圖畫並不全面。這些例子也顯示,要糾正宗教的負面影響這問題,採納</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種認知潔癖方案並非唯一答案,也可以透過提倡有自我反省精神和優質內容的宗教信仰。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上當代的世俗人文主義者大多信奉普世人權,但這信念又有沒有充分證據呢?人權的理性基礎這問題沒有看起來那麼容易解決,特別在一個自然主義世界觀裡。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上世俗價值與宗教信念的關係錯綜複雜,兩者也可以有吻合或相輔相成之處,著名世俗知識分子哈貝瑪斯</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">Habermas)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也承認:</span><span lang="EN-US">“Christianity</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">not only fulfilled the initial cognitive conditions for modern</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">structures of consciousness; it also fostered a range of
motivations......more than a mere precursor or a</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">catalyst. <i>Egalitarian
universalism, from which sprang the ideas of freedom and social solidarity, of
an autonomous conduct of life and</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">emancipation, of the individual morality of conscience, human
rights,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">and democrac</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US">y</span><span lang="EN-US"> is the direct heir to the Judaic ethic of justice and</span></i><i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">the Christian ethic
of love</span></i><span lang="EN-US">. This legacy, substantially unchanged, has</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">been the object of continual critical appropriation and
reinterpretation. <i>To this day, there is
no alternative to it......Everything else is just idle</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">postmodern talk</span></i><span lang="EN-US">” (Habermas 2006, pp. 150-151; italics mine) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,很多英勇行為都建基於沒有充分證據的信念,如正義必勝、六四必有平反的一天、極權最終必會崩潰等等。若所有人都嚴格接納</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這些信念的命運又將會如何呢?堅持</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的人會否是一種「認知潔癖」呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然,一個人的</span><i><span lang="EN-US">modus
ponens</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會是另一個人的</span><i><span lang="EN-US">modus tollens</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。對一些執著道德理想的人,他們也可倒過來推論:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為真,我們不應接受很多道德理想的客觀價值。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們應接受很多道德理想的客觀價值。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以,</span><span lang="EN-US">[CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">NE]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並非真理,即是說</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其中之一(或兩者)是錯的。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在無法為</span><span lang="EN-US">[CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">NE] </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供充分證據的情況下,以上的推論又有何不可呢?或許我們可以考慮另一種原則(在〈三評〉再詳細討論):</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(P2) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若一個信念</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒有充分證據支持,但也沒有充分證據反對,然而相信</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會傾向造福人群,那相信</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是合法的(縱使並無必須性)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">信念倫理與其社會影響的複雜關係</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US">CP</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的精神本來有不少優點,講證據、減少錯誤信念等都是值得欣賞和支持的價值,</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它的主要問題是過於絕對化:「無論是甚麼情況、甚麼人和任何信念」都可應用</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?世界真的如此簡單?抑或更合理的立場是:接受很多情況都應要求充分證據,但在另一些情況也可考慮其他選項的合法性?如詹姆士指出:對追求真理者而言,錯誤地相信某信念為真固然不好,但不能找到一些真理也不太好吧?若單單把減少錯誤視作唯一標準,那甚麼都不相信的懷疑論者會拿到一百分!或許一個更合理的目標是最大化一己信念系統裡真理與錯謬的比例。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若從後果論的角度評價</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我們要考慮更多可能性。例如:信念必定會促成重大的行動嗎?不必然,要視乎很多因素,如信念的內容、信者的性格、環境因素等。若某人實踐了他的信念,又是否必然對社會產生巨大影響呢?又是視乎很多因素,如這人的智慧、社會地位和性格(如是否積極提倡自己的信念),也要看環境(是否有很多人與他有共同信念、有沒有與他對立的影響),正如中國人的說法:要看「天時、地利和人和」!假若一個人的信念(縱使沒有充分證據)對社會產生重大關係影響,那這影響會是好還是壞呢?那也不可一概而論,也要看這信念的內容!總結而言,信念與其社會影響的關係錯綜複雜,牽涉的因素太多,實在難以用一句「放諸四海而皆準」的話去描述!考慮下表:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒實質影響</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有實質的不良影響</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有實質的良好影響</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有充分證據的信念</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(a) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我現在有非常輕微的癢的感覺</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(b) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道德懷疑論</span><span lang="EN-US"> [</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡姑且假設</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的證據標準</span><span lang="EN-US">]<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(c) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">應用有實證基礎的科學理論改善生活</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒有充分證據的信念</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(d) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">錯誤認為自己比一般人漂亮一點點</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(e) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對弱少的偏見導致壓逼</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">(f) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相信並委身於道德理想</span><span lang="EN-US"> [</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這裡姑且假設</span><span lang="EN-US">NE</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的證據標準</span><span lang="EN-US">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上表格列出最少六種可能性,並指出每種可能性都有一些實例。我們要綜合各種可能性,才能找出較現實和優良的信念倫理。</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的支持者通常只考慮</span><span lang="EN-US">(c) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">(e)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,不單忽略了</span><span lang="EN-US">(a) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">(b) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">(d) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">(f) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的可能性,更認定</span><span lang="EN-US">(d) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">(f) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是不道德!但「錯誤認為自己比一般人漂亮一點點」真的就不道德?又或者我們為了保持知識上純潔之身,就寧願放棄所有道德理想?這些判斷都並非顯然的真理,甚或可說不甚合理。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">總結而言,哲懷不曾為</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供充分證據,那假若他相信</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他按照自己的信念應該判定自己是道德上不對的──這是一種自我反駁或自我推翻。當然,這不是我的新發現,如</span><span lang="EN-US">Trenton Merricks</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指出:「充分證據主義面對著嚴重(或許是致命)的自我指涉問題,這點已廣泛地被認可。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(<st1:place w:st="on">Merricks</st1:place>, p. 451) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或許哲懷還有其他證明</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的強大論據,我們不能排除這可能性,但在這種論證面世之前,我們沒有充分證據去相信</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而它自打嘴巴的嫌疑令我們更有理由懷疑它。再次重申,否定</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不代表一種隨意相信、不講證據的方針,而是指出</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有不少合理的限制。這些限制又是甚麼呢?下回分解。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上,</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所引發的知識論問題都是重大和困難的,如:</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚麼是證據?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">怎樣才算充分的證據?是一些能保證結論是真確的證據嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 24.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">證據也需要其他證據支持,如此類推,那我們能無窮地追逐證據嗎?還是如維根斯坦所言:</span><span lang="EN-US">justification comes to an end</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?那是否有一些證據是不再需要證據的嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當代知識論相當多元化,哪個才是正確的進路?如</span><span lang="EN-US">externalism</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="EN-US">internalism</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US">foundationalism, coherentism, foundherentism (Susan Haack)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等爭論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上的問題我會在〈三評〉再討論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考資料</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Clifford, William. 1996. “The
Ethics of Belief.” In Michael Peterson, William Hasker, Bruce Reichenbach,
& David Basinger, eds., <i>Philosophy of
Religion: Selected Readings </i>(New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 65-71.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Davis, Stephen T. 1978. <i>Faith, Skepticism, & Evidence: An Essay
in Religious Epistemology. </i><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city></st1:state></st1:place>: Associated University
Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Feldman, Richard & Earl Conee.
1985. “Evidentialism.” <i>Philosophical Studies </i>48: 15-34.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Harman, Gilbert. 1984. “Is There a Single True Morality?” In David
Copp and David Zimmerman, eds., <i>Morality,
Reason and Truth: New Essays on the Foundations of Ethics</i> (Totowa, New
Jersey: Rowman and Allanheld, 1984), pp. 27-48.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Habermas, Jürgen. </span><span lang="EN-US">2006. <i>Time of Transitions. </i><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city></st1:place>: Polity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Harman, Gilbert. 1988. “Ethics and Observation.” In Geoffrey
Sayre-McCord, ed., <i>Essays On Moral
Realism</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), pp. 119-124.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Helm, Paul. 1994. <i>Belief Policies.</i> <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city></st1:state>: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:placename> <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:state></st1:state></st1:place>
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<span lang="EN-US">Hollinger, David A. 1997. “James,
Clifford, & the Scientific Conscience.” In Ruth Anna Putnam, ed., <i>The <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city></st1:state>
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<span lang="EN-US">James, William. 1996. “The Will to
Believe.” In Michael Peterson, William Hasker, Bruce Reichenbach, & David
Basinger, eds., <i>Philosophy of Religion:
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<span lang="EN-US">Kvanvig, Jonathan L. 1983. “The
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<span lang="EN-US">Kwan, Kai-man. 2009. “Human Rights without God: Can Naturalism
Provide the Foundation for Human Rights?” <i>CGST
Journal </i>47 (July 2009): 157-180.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Kwan, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Kai</st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on">Man.</st1:state></st1:place></st1:city>
2011. <i>The Rainbow of Experiences, Critical Trust, and God: A Defense of
Holistic Empiricism. </i><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New
York</st1:state></st1:place>: Continuum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Mackie, J. L. 1977. <i>Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong.</i>
Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Meiland, J. 1980. “What Ought We
to Believe? Or, The Ethics of Belief Revisited.” <i>American Philosophical
Quarterly </i>17: 15-24.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Merricks,
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Trenton</st1:city></st1:place>.
“Review of <i>Belief Policies </i>by Paul Helm.” <i>Faith & Philosophy </i>???:
449-454.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Metaxas, Eric. 2007. <i>Amazing Grace: William Wilberforce and the
Heroic Campaign to End Slavery.</i> <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Oxford</st1:place></st1:city>:
Monarch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Nakhnikian, George. 1996.
"On Plantinga's 1967 & 1983 Parity Defenses." In <i>Faith, Freedom & Rationality:
Philosophy of Religion Today</i>, ed. Jeff Jordan & Daniel Howard-Snyder
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), pp. 205-40. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Noxon, James. 1966. “Hume’s Agnosticism.” In V. C. Chappell, ed., <i>Hume
</i>(London & Basingstoke: Macmillan), pp. 361-383.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Poplin, Mary. 2008. <i>Finding <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Calcutta</st1:place></st1:city>:
What Mother Teresa Taught Me about Meaningful Work & Service. </i><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Downers Grove</st1:place>, <st1:state w:st="on">Illinois</st1:state></st1:city>:
IVP Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Rorty, Richard. 1997. “Religious
Faith, Intellectual Responsibility, & Romance.” In Ruth Anna Putnam, ed., <i>The <st1:city w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:city>
Companion to William James </i>(<st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city> & <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>: Routledge
& Kegan Paul), pp. 84-102.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey, ed. 1988. <i>Essays on Moral Realism.</i> <st1:city w:st="on">Ithaca</st1:city>: <st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cornell</st1:place> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:placename>
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<span lang="EN-US">Smith, Christian. </span><span lang="EN-GB">2009. “Does Naturalism Warrant a Moral Belief in Universal Benevolence
& Human Rights?” In </span><span lang="EN-US">Jeffrey Schloss & Michael
Murray, eds., <i>The Believing Primate: Scientific, Philosophical, &
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<st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Oxford</st1:place> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:placename> Press, 2009), pp.
292-317.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Van Inwagen, Peter. 1996. “Ít is
Wrong, Everywhere, Always, & for Anyone, to Believe Anything upon
Insufficient Evidence.” In Jeff Jordan & Daniel Howard-Snyder, eds., <i>Faith,
Freedom, & Rationality: Philosophy of Religion Today</i> (<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lanham</st1:place>, <st1:state w:st="on">Maryland</st1:state></st1:city>:
Rowman & Littlefield), pp. 137-154.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Wright, Robert. 1996. <i>The
Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology & Everyday Life. </i><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>: Abacus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">關啟文,《上帝、</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世俗社會與道德的基礎》,香港:天道,</span><span lang="EN-US">2006</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">月。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文,〈人權的基礎是經驗嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評德蕭維奇(</span><span lang="EN-US">Alan Dershowitz</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的人權論〉,《哲學與文化》,</span><span lang="EN-US">422</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">期(第三十六卷第七期),</span><span lang="EN-US">2009</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">31-57</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王偉雄、劉創馥,《宗哲對話錄》,香港:中文大學出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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believe anything upon insufficient evidence" (Clifford 1996, p. 70). </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我採納了《王劉》的中文翻譯(見頁</span><span lang="EN-US">205</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有關證據主義的解釋,參</span><span lang="EN-US">Feldman & Conee (1985)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,有關其</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評價,可參</span><span lang="EN-US">Kvanvig (1983) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Nakhnikian (1996, pp. 211-216) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另參</span><span lang="EN-US">Meiland (1980) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Van Inwagen (1996)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Helm (1994,
pp. 90-103)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有時哲懷對宗信的回應沒有扣緊這點,宗信提到一個案例,當中的事主因過分要求證據而放棄了大好姻緣。哲懷這樣回應:「你可能是錯過了一段姻緣,也可能是免於一場尷尬甚至屈辱。你不冒這個險,是十分理性的,沒有做錯,只是運氣不好而已。」(《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">213</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)然而討論的重點應該不是「不冒險沒有做錯」,而是否「冒險就必然做錯」?詹姆士可承認,不冒險沒有做錯,但冒險同樣沒有做錯,兩種選擇都是合法的。就著這個例子,哲懷似乎沒有提出理由,對那些重視大好姻緣多於尷尬或屈辱的人,為何放手一搏一定是做錯了呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷曾有另一個回應:「我想不到有任何特定的宗教,其支持和反對的證據是分不出強弱的。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">212) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但縱使這一點為真,我們仍然可以構想在一些情況下某信念的支持和反對的證據是分不出強弱的,例如我們面前有兩個球體,我們按照所有的知識能判斷其中之一是炸彈,而另一個不是,但兩個球在所知的各方面都是一模一樣的。那相信那一個是炸彈都沒有更強的證據,</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是否在這情況下應該應用呢?這仍然是一個合法的問題。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我也澄清,我對哲懷的批評不能等同對王與劉兩位教授的批評,因為在一些對話錄的體裁中,究竟那個人是代表作者往往是沒有絕對答案的,如</span><span lang="EN-US">Thomas More</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Utopia</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,又如休謨的《自然宗教對話錄》,究竟是</span><span lang="EN-US">Philo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">還是</span><span lang="EN-US">Cleanthes</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">代表休謨,學者還爭論不休。如</span><span lang="EN-US">James Noxon</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指出:「要決定《自然宗教對話錄》中所表達的立場之中哪個是休謨所持守的,似乎並非易事。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(Noxon 1966, p. 375)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克利福德還舉出另一個宗教迫害的例子</span><span lang="EN-US">(Clifford 1996, pp. 66-67) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,顯示以「偏見與激情」建立信念的危險,但加多一個例子幫助不會很大。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在宗信與哲懷的對話中,本來是宗信要求哲懷解釋支持</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的理據,但之後討論焦點就變成主要是宗信為</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供反例,而哲懷不斷反駁。參《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">209</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">克利福德就呼籲船主那類人撫心自問:</span><span lang="EN-US">“Every one of them, if he chose to examine himself <i>in foro conscientiae</i>, would know that he
had acquired & nourished a belief, when he had no right to believe on such
evidence as was before him; & therein he would know that he had done a
wrong thing” (Clifford 1996, p. 67).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我不認為這種策略一定有矛盾,有時在道德論證中雙管齊下也無不可。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">還有另一個宗信自認不如的例子:「你是懂科學的,你的科學知識,我真是望塵莫及。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">40) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這不單單是欣賞,更有點恭維的味道,這再次印證我在〈初評〉指出哲懷比宗信優越的寫作設計。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">重構別人論證永遠有錯誤的可能,我在正文的詮釋應該是一種自然的解釋,若這理解不能代表哲懷的最佳論證,我邀請王兄和劉兄作出釐清,然後再作討論。以上論證基本上追隨克利福德的思路(</span><span lang="EN-US">Clifford 1996, pp. 68-70</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原文(頁</span><span lang="EN-US">207</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)沒有提及「沒有充分證據」,但若</span><span lang="EN-US">(A) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只是說,有些信念(無論有否充分證據)會導致惡果,似乎對證立</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並無幫助。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原文(頁</span><span lang="EN-US">208</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)沒有「必然」二字,但假若</span><span lang="EN-US">(B) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只是說<b><i>可能</i></b>會有這種後果,那亦較難為普遍性的</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供充分證據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正文沒有明白地提出</span><span lang="EN-US">(E) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但假若不假設類似的規範性原則,那規範性的結論</span><span lang="EN-US">(CP)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是難以由</span><span lang="EN-US">(A)-(D) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那些純粹事實性的前提推論出來的。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷或許會說這信念不需要建基於宗教,因為可以提供充分的世俗證據支持它,假若如此,我很有興趣知道這些世俗理由是甚麼。再者,這與正文的例子不相干,縱使別人有其他理由支持「愛人如己」,但那些信徒卻並不是建基於那些理據。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Stephen Davis</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對</span><span lang="EN-US">William James</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的進路有全面的探討和維護(</span><span lang="EN-US">Davis 1978</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在書中有詳細討論,參關啟文</span><span lang="EN-US">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,第二章。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">道德實在論也有很多不同版本,這裡主要是指承認道德判斷有客觀的真假值的理論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷認為「我們有相當充分的理由相信,我們是生活在一個機械式的世界」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">116) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進化心理學會用到</span><span lang="EN-US">kin selection</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等概念,參</span><span lang="EN-US">W. D. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Hamilton</st1:city></st1:place>, ‘The Genetical Evolution of Social
Behavior,’ <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i>,
7</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span lang="EN-US">1964</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span lang="EN-US">, p. 19. </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另參</span><span lang="EN-US">Wright 1996 (chapter 16) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是哲懷罕有地承認有困難的一次。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我對這類論證提出了一些批評,參關啟文</span><span lang="EN-US">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,第五章。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其實接受或否定</span><span lang="EN-US">CP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有甚麼後果,很視乎證據的準則,假若這種準則非常嚴格(如休謨的經驗主義),則很有可能導致各式各樣的懷疑論。假若這種標準較寬鬆,則可能保存各種常識信念,例如我提倡一種批判信任進路</span><span lang="EN-US">(Critical Trust Approach) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,認為應對各種人類經驗採納一種「先信任、後懷疑」的態度。當然,這種進路很有爭議性,我有專著維護此進路。</span><span lang="EN-US">(Kwan 2011)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Sayre-McCord (1988) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">收集了這場辯論的文章。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要注意,德克蘭修女不必要否定她的經驗,她只要有懷疑就不會作出如此大冒險的行為。在這種情況下,否定和存而不論都會產生相同後果,這就是詹姆士提到的</span><span lang="EN-US">forced option</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。我在〈三評〉會進一步討論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/RV-%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E4%BA%8C%E8%A9%95(Kwan)%20(1).doc#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我對此有不少討論,參</span><span lang="EN-US">Kwan (2009) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和關啟文</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">2009) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;另參</span><span lang="EN-US">Smith (</span><span lang="EN-GB">2009)</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-8827927416400983292016-10-23T19:06:00.000-07:002017-01-15T18:20:53.795-08:00與哲懷對話──初評王偉雄與劉創馥的《宗哲對話錄》<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文</span> <span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">香港浸會大學宗教及哲學系教授兼系主任</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">停不了的對話</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王偉雄與劉創馥是兩位華人無神論哲學家,他們分別在美國加州奇科</span><span lang="EN-US">(Chico)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的大學和香港中文大學任教。他們最近合寫了《宗哲對話錄》(以下以《王劉》代表),</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們以對話的方式探討一些宗教哲學的課題,如神蹟、科學與宗教、設計論、苦罪、來生與人生意義等。對話在宗信和哲懷兩位主角中進行,前者代表願意以理性思考的宗教信徒,而後者則代表以哲學和理性精神懷疑宗教的人士,</span>
<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷明確地表示:「我事實上不是中立,而是反對基督教。不只是基督教,對於世上任何特定的宗教,我都認為有充分的理據不接受。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">214) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我絕對歡迎他們以理性探討和反思宗教的嘗試,我們與作者同樣「期望讀者能懷著開放和理性的態度思考相關問題。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">xvi)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若這書能刺激讀者和年青人對宗教哲學有更多的興趣,已經相當有價值了。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而對話的精神就是容許你來我往,和持續的探討,並沒有誰能說出最後的定論</span><span lang="EN-US">(the last word) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,所以我這〈初評〉會對此書內容提出初步的回應,以後若有時間會作出更詳細和全面的回應。相信王和劉兩位作者會歡迎吧,事實上多年前我曾邀請劉創馥博士到我家的讀書組分享他的無神論觀點。我本身是一個有神論者,雖然在個別論點上未必與哲懷有分歧(如不接受新近創造論),但我們的基本的立場是相異的。而且我對宗信的表現也不大滿意,雖然他是代表有神論的「哲學家」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">xii)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但我認為他為宗教提供的辯護還未到達專業水平,與一流的有神論哲學家(如</span><span lang="EN-US">Richard Swinburne</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Alvin Plantinga</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">William Alston</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">William Lane Craig</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)有一大段距離。我們希望持續的對話能讓讀者對當代宗教哲學界裡的對話有更全面的認識。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不對等的對話──「陪跑」的宗信</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讀畢全書,我有一些感想:雖然宗信與哲懷兩者都能秉持互相尊重的對話精神,但在實力上兩者似乎有一定距離。整體而言,宗信似乎是扮演一個「陪跑」的角色,他的主要功能是透過他的軟弱回應去襯托哲懷的尖銳和睿智。或許這不是故意的,因為王偉雄說他扮演宗信時也「十分投入」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">xii</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),但無奈的是,縱然他十分投入,仍然未能真的如實反映一個有神論者的最佳論點。《王劉》的前言說他們會「力求將宗教信仰重要的各方面如實論述,這樣批評才更顯得有力。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US">xvii</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)但反過來說:若他們不能如實表達最強的有神論版本,所以縱使打倒了一些宗教辯護的「山寨版」或</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">貨,也不見得真正摧毀了有神論。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老實說,宗信有時的回應顯得有點「低能」,例如他以「熱心傳教」的論點支持信徒會「了解</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗教有甚麼理據」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">34) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我就從來沒想過可以這樣立論──因為實在太弱了!當哲懷提到可用另一例子解釋「所有自然現象都有自然成因」是由大爆炸開始時,宗信竟如此反應:「竟然有更類似的例子?」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">105) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這實在令人感到有點大驚小怪!宗信又說「祂就是自己的成因」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">99) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,也是哲學上難以成立的,因為因要存在於果之前(最少要同時存在),就算是上帝也難以在自己存在之前有能力產生自己。這點很多有神論哲學家也承認,但宗信卻一無所知,這顯示他的分析哲學功力相當薄弱。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上,宗信承認「這幾次和你</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">辯論,有時亦感到處於下風」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">84) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但哲懷則從未說過類似說話,因為按照此書的安排,永遠是哲懷佔上風,宗信基本上沒有還手之力。面對哲懷對</span><span lang="EN-US">Kalam Cosmological Argument</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的批評,宗信只能很軟弱地說:「我也不肯定怎樣證明我的前提是對的」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">108) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但其實支持那前提的論點還有不少,最少還可對哲懷的批評作出不少理性回應,但宗信卻對這些一無所知!事實上,該章的延伸閱讀資料都沒有維護</span><span lang="EN-US">kalam cosmological argument</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的書,後面的參考資料有提到</span><span lang="EN-US">William Craig</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><i><span lang="EN-US">The Kalam Cosmological Argument</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一書,卻沒有提到</span><span lang="EN-US">Craig</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與無神論者</span><span lang="EN-US">Quentin
Smith</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的辯論。在這些書中和後期的資料(如期刊文章),</span><span lang="EN-US">Craig</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都有詳細地維護他的前提和回應哲懷那類批評,但宗信卻完全沒有引用這些資料,難怪會顯得落下風。這些進一步的爭辯會以後交待,這裡的重點是:宗信作為有神論的代表,卻對當代有神論論證一竅不通。究竟為何宗信顯得如此不濟呢?是王與劉兩位作者不知道那些觀點,還是故意設計一個不懂這些的宗信呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論到苦罪時,宗信「坦白承認我沒有一個可以令非信徒滿意的答案」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">122) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但關鍵不在於此,而是無神論者有沒有強有力的論證透過苦罪問題推翻神的存在,證明的責任在哲懷那方,宗信卻從來不懂去要求哲懷詳細解釋和證立他的論證。宗信承認「我一時之間真的不懂得怎樣回答」一些苦罪的問題,但哲懷永遠對任何問題都即時有回應!宗信又承認自己「說得不清楚」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">140) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但哲懷永遠沒有這個問題。誰的分析能力較強,不是一目瞭然嗎?當論到宗教與道德,哲懷用經典的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif";">猶希佛</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">兩</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif";">難<span lang="EN-US">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Euthyphro
dilemma)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">去證明「道德的來源不是神」,而宗信馬上說「你說的不無道理」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">149) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,又是不能回應!但哲懷永遠有後</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">著</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,使宗信不能招架。事實上,有神論者對</span><span lang="EN-US">Euthyphro dilemma</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已作出多種合理的回應,如</span><span lang="EN-US">Richard Swinburne</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Robert Adams</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">William Alston</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Hugo Meynell</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等等,其實連著名政治哲學家諾齊克</span><span lang="EN-US">(Robert Nozick)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也認為這兩難題是可以解決的</span><span lang="EN-US">(Nozick, p. 554) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我也寫了處理這問題的論文。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗信會否投降得過早呢?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">總結而言,《王劉》所呈現的一個不對等的對話,無論是學識與能力,都是哲懷強、宗信弱。全書的一貫目的就是證明無神論的合理性和有神論的不濟。每章最後的「延伸閱讀」代表「作者推薦給讀者的有關書籍或文章。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">xviii) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從此我們也可看到作者們對無神論的偏好,例如在第四章「設計論」的五篇延伸閱讀中,所有都代表無神論觀點,沒有一篇是支持設計論的。第七章「宗教與道德」也如是,五篇延伸閱讀都反映無神論。(書後的「參考資料」則略為平衡,有多一點維護有神論的學術書籍,但也遺漏了很多重要的。)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗信對當代設計論的無知</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗信對當代設計論的理論和爭辯的認識也相當薄弱,只是重覆地說「假設有智能設計合理得多」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">76) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,卻知其然而不知其所以然!其實當代智慧設計</span><span lang="EN-US">(ID) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的理論有很多論點,如</span><span lang="EN-US">William Dembski</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Design Inference</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和《王劉》書目的</span><span lang="EN-US">Dembski’ <i>No Free Lunch</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但宗信又是近乎無知。作者認為「宗教哲學的中文著作極少,找不到值得參考的。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">xviii) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但其實我們在</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年已出版了一本書去解釋</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的論點,和對各種批評作出回應:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文、陳海智、湯靈磐、譚振基編,《</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">智慧設計的當代爭論</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》,香港:天道書樓,</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月。或許宗信的口中也可反映一些裡面的觀點吧?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">舉一些例子。</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學者愛用捕鼠器比喻生物的不可消減複雜性,哲懷提出批評時,宗信似乎有點措手不及:「難道捕鼠器的組件可以有獨立的功能?」哲懷解釋:「當然!捕鼠器的組件可以有其他用途,例如做個小勾或夾子,而且其中一些組件可以組合成較簡單的捕鼠器,只是捕鼠功能弱一點而已。」然後宗信很快投降:「那麼我同意捕鼠器的類比並不恰當」!</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">74) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看來他的還擊力實在太弱了,也顯得完全不能預期無神論者的批評!但事實上</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學者已對這類批評作出有力回應,指出那些所謂「迂迴進化」的解釋並不真的可以用來解釋捕鼠器或複雜生物器官的產生。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也不用捨近求遠,我在</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年已指出:「</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">顯然,捕鼠器的彈弓在許多不同的處境下都有不同的功能:筆、天平等。又如電腦,當然它很多部件都可以在另一些複雜系統中起作用,這是否表明原初的電腦沒有不可簡化的複雜性嗎?當然不是」。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 細明體;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我又解釋:「</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的論證其實是這樣的:</span> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)一些分子機器擁有不可簡化的複雜性,因此它不能透過新達爾文主義的方式<b><i>直接</i></b>形成,而這在各種無導向的進化過程中已經是最有可能的機制。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)因此若這些分子機器要演化出來,它必須通過一個非常<b><i>間接的</i></b>過程,而這過程的概率是更低的。這分子機器的複雜性愈高,它間接演化的機率就愈低。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />
c</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)舉證責任是在進化論者一方:除非他們能提供足夠的經驗證據,詳細說明這種間接或迂迴進化的途徑是真實存在的,不然就沒有充分的理由相信這種迂迴進化已經發生。</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />
d</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)按照設計推論,這些分子機器既然擁有特定複雜性,又不能透過定律和機遇解釋,我們就能合理地推論出智慧設計的存在。」</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 細明體;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然後我又「</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回到捕鼠器起源的問題,米拿是如此否定它的不可簡化的複雜性的(只是粗略的描述):首先只有一個組件,就是捕鼠器的底版,這可用來作紙鎮;接著再加上兩個組件(如彈簧),把它變成投紙器;最後再加上兩個組件</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如捕捉器和固定器</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,捕鼠器就是這樣產生的。我很佩服米拿的想像力,但誰都知道捕鼠器是一種智慧設計,不是這樣產生的,所以這漂亮的『捕鼠器的迂迴進化』的故事並非真理。假若地球發生核災難,人類全體毀滅,一億年後一種新人類進化出來,他們在泥土裡發掘到人類文明的遺跡,其中包括捕鼠器。然而他們認定史前人類的說法是神話,他們的科學家對所有『文明產品』都用『進化論』去解釋,因為他們同樣認為智慧設計不是科學,最後大家都確信捕鼠器真的是『自然進化』而樣產生的,雖然他們從來未能找到捕鼠器的『祖先』。你看這不是相當諷刺嗎?」</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 細明體;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一般而言,</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要透過迂迴進化建構一個複雜的機器,是非常困難的,因為「我們需要幾個條件:</span><span lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有必要組成部分都可供使用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">部件要同一時間聚集在同一個地點。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所有部件都要彼此適應、互相配合(例如兩個形狀和大小都不能配合的齒輪就難以共同構成複雜的機器),這被稱為界面配合。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">裝嵌零件時要按適當的次序。」</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 細明體;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若認為指出了複雜器官裡的組件可以另有功能,就解決了複雜器官如何進化而來的難題,是有點天真的。當然,詳細論點在將來討論設計論時還需再補充。這裡的重點是,假若宗信不是那麼無知,願意稍為看一些以上的本地著作──雖然這些觀點未必是定論,但他與哲懷的討論將會更豐富、更有趣,因為他對哲懷的回應早可預料,並且已有初步回應。我認為《王劉》的趣味性未算太強,其中一個原因就是討論的最終結果基本上是可以早早預測的。一場並不勢均力敵的比賽又如何能扣人心弦呢?</span> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一個例子。哲懷問宗信有沒有聽過道金斯的「黃鼠狼程式」(用以證明自然選擇的創造力),宗信竟然說「未聽過」,這實在相當無知!然後哲懷一面解釋,他只是唯唯諾諾,繼續顯示無知,完全不能作出任何有力的回應。但</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學者真的這麼無能嗎?事實上不少</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學者早已對道金斯的程式作出批評,</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指出這程式根本設定了一個最終目標(有意義的英文句子如出自《哈姆雷特》的</span><span lang="EN-US"> “METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL”</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),然後每一個隨機產品(一串字母)會與這終極目標比較,相符的字母會被一直保留,其他則繼續變化,直到所有字母都與終極目標一致。當然,這個道金斯設計的程式能比較容易找到有意義的目標,因為這資訊已被輸入程序之內,且一直指導著所謂「隨機」的變化。這根本完全不能與自然選擇作類比,因為如哲懷指出:「所有演化過程都沒有任何特定的目的」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">71) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。這個問題顯而易見,宗信的無知實在是不可饒恕。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個程式的另一個問題是:演化的真實過程跟隨「適者生存」的殘酷定律,一些生命形式若有缺陷就很可能要被淘汰。然而在找到</span><span lang="EN-US">METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的過程中,要經歷很多全無意義的句子的階段,但電腦程式會繼續下去而不受影響。但若一個「沒意義」的生命形式出現在真實世界,一切都會終結。如</span><span lang="EN-US">Robert Newman</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指出,若要用這類電腦程式模擬演化,我們要讓那串字母的長度都可隨機改變,又不可設立終極目標,而且每一個階段程式都要檢視所產生的英文是否符合英文語法,或是否有意義,不然就要推倒重來。只有這樣的模擬才能與真實世界的突變和自然選擇堪可相比,黃鼠狼程式與此差別太大了。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後來進化論者也嘗試透過更複雜的程式去模擬進化(如</span><span lang="EN-US">AVIDA</span><span style="font-family: "simsun"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><i><span lang="EN-US">ev</span></i><span style="font-family: "simsun"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,以證明其可信性。這是否成功還有疑問,可參</span><span lang="EN-US">William Dembski</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Robert Marks</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的討論。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">論到眼睛的進化問題,哲懷訴諸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilsson & Pelger</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">的文章,認為「由簡單原始的感光器官演化出像人眼那麼複雜的眼睛,只需約四十萬年的時間。」</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">(</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">75) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">然而我在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">的文章已指出:「很多進化論者宣稱,眼睛的進化這問題已經解決了,他們經常引用的是以下論文:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dan-Erik Nilsson and Susanne Pelger</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> "A Pessimistic Estimate of the Time
Required for an Eye to Evolve," <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society, </i>London
B<b> </b>(1994) 256, 53-58. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">然而數學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">David
Berlinski</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">指出這只是神話,參</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">David Berlinski, “A Scientific Scandal,” <i>Commentary
Magazine</i>, April, 2003.</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">」</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">我親自閱讀過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Berlinski</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">的批評,相信無論他是否能決定性地反駁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Nilsson and Pelger</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,但最少能指出他們的「模型」的重重疑點。假若宗信有閱讀這書,就可作出一些回應,並能與哲懷進行更深入的對話。真是可惜,王與劉筆下的宗信似乎沒有下足功夫。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我要強調,我認為《王劉》這種安排並無不可,以上討論主要是指出其限制。</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">討論宗教課題的哲學家大都有偏愛的立場,王與劉著墨去維護他們深信的無神論也是挺自然的,正如有神論哲學家會開宗明義維護宗教一樣,此書的優點正是可幫助讀者較明白無神論的論據。我們只想提醒讀者,從當代有神論哲學水平而論,宗信是不合格的,最少他並不能視作代表人物。若想對有關宗教的哲學辯論有更全面的認識(特別是較有質素的有神論辯護),不能止於此書的結論,我們還需看多點資料。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">思考方法的問題</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一般而言,《王劉》除了在這思想爭論中給予宗信的裝備有欠充足外,其他思考和推論大多清晰和公平。然而仍然有一些方法論問題值得注意,如雙重標準</span><span lang="EN-US">(doubled standard) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。例如哲懷批評宗信「訴諸無知」,但他回應微調論證時,卻說「可能只是我們的物理知識還未完整,未能明白那些常數以及它們的相互關係。」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">86) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這也不是「訴諸無知」嗎?面對苦罪問題時,信徒也可以有類似說法:「可能只是我們對上帝的價值觀和計劃的知識還未完整,未能明白那些苦罪與那些價值的相互關係。」不是嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">哲懷又經常挑戰宗信缺乏經驗數據,如「這只是你的直覺,沒有充分的數理基礎」</span><span lang="EN-US">((</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">90) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,生物學的爭論中也使用類似反駁(如隨機形成生命的或然率)。然而,哲懷的很多判斷同樣沒有經驗數據,如哲懷說:追求來生或天國「會令人較輕視人間的幸福與公義,妨礙文明進步」</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">122) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但有那些經驗研究或「數理基礎」支持這論點呢?最少書中沒有交待,類似的問題還有很多,將來再補充。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同途殊歸──哲學路必然摧毀信仰嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩位作者的人生路和哲學路都是從信仰到懷疑,如劉創馥認為是基督教帶他「走上哲學之路」,但他今天「是徹底的無神論者」。然而年青時他「很長時間是個虔誠的基督徒,而且是信奉保守的福音派基督教。」信仰的疑惑刺激他作哲學反思,但哲學反思卻最終使他離開信仰。王偉雄也說:「年少時因內子玉瓊</span><span lang="EN-US">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的『引領』而成為基督徒,多年後我由於種種人生體驗和思想上的改變而放棄宗教信仰,她不久也領悟,跟我走同一的方向」。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《王劉》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">xiii) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看來哲學的思想最少使他確認離開信仰的道路。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我完全尊重他們的道路和抉擇,只是有趣的是,我卻與他們「同途殊歸」。我從信仰開始,但卻經歷過一段深刻懷疑的階段,並因此開始瘋狂地讀哲學。但我的「歸宿」卻與他們不同,當我全面檢視支持和反對宗教的論證,和比較基督教與無神論或自然主義的優劣,我認為有神論或基督教在理性上是可以維護的,並且在理性上也不會遜於無神論世界觀。我在《我信故我思》中述說了我的心路歷程,和在各樣著作中詳細解釋我的論據(如</span><span lang="EN-US">Kwan 2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我最後只想指出,對宗教的哲學反思不一定帶來懷疑,也可能激發重新確信和委身。「哲信」與「哲懷」都是可能的,哲學懷疑論並非唯一出路。這只是初評,</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只是一頓哲學爭論的大餐的前菜,希望雙方的討論可激發更多人對宗教哲學的興趣。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考書目</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<st1:place w:st="on"><span lang="EN-US">Adams</span></st1:place><span lang="EN-US">, R. M. 1987. <i>The Virtue
of Faith and Other Essays in Philosophical Theology.</i> <st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city> : <st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Oxford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place></st1:placename> Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Alston, William. 1989. “Some
Suggestions for the Divine Command Theorists.” <i>Divine Nature and Human
Language: Essays in Philosophical Theology</i> (<st1:city w:st="on">Ithaca</st1:city>
and <st1:city w:st="on">London</st1:city>: <st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Cornell</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place></st1:placename> Press), pp.
253-272.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Craig, William Lane &
Quentin Smith. 1993. <i>Theism, Atheism,
& Big Bang Cosmology.</i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city></st1:place>: Clarendon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Helm, Paul, ed. 1981. <i>Divine
Commands and Morality.</i> <st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city>: <st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Oxford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place></st1:placename> Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Kwan, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Kai</st1:city> <st1:state w:st="on">Man.</st1:state></st1:place></st1:city>
2011. <i>The Rainbow of Experiences, Critical Trust, and God: A Defense of
Holistic Empiricism. </i><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New
York</st1:state></st1:place>: Continuum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">Meynell, Hugo. 1972. “The
Euthyphro Dilemma.” <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society </i>(1972):
223-234.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">Nozick, Robert. 1981. <i>Philosophical
Explanations.</i> <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city></st1:place>:
Clarendon Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US">Swinburne, Richard. 1974.
“Duty and the Will of God.” <i>Canadian Journal of Philosophy</i> 4: 213-227.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Swinburne, Richard. 1977. <i>The
Coherence of Theism. </i><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Oxford</st1:city></st1:place>: Clarendon Press. <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文、陳海智、湯靈磐、譚振基編,《</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">智慧設計的當代爭論</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》,香港:天道書樓,</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月。</span><i><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">王偉雄、劉創馥,《宗哲對話錄》,香港:中文大學出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US">2016</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">關啟文,〈有神論倫理與猶希佛</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">兩</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">難〉,「道德哲學與宗教倫理」學術會議,<span lang="EN-US">2016</span>年<span lang="EN-US">5</span>月<span lang="EN-US">6-8</span>日,四州大學公共管理學院哲學系主辦。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Miller)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與比希</span><span lang="EN-US">(Michael Behe)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的爭論</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">〉,載</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文、陳海智、湯靈磐、譚振基編,《</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">智慧設計的當代爭論</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》,香港:天道書樓,</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">279-310</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在頁</span><span lang="EN-US">294</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同上,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">303-304</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Michael Behe, <i>Darwin’s Black Box</i>, NY: Free Press, 1996, p.
221. </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另參:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/p/97"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Jonathan Witt</span></a>,
“</span><span lang="EN-US">Richard Dawkins's Weasel Program Is Bad in Ways You Never
Dreamed,” <a href="http://www.evolutionnews.org/2016/09/dawkinss_weasel103162.html">http://www.evolutionnews.org/2016/09/dawkinss_weasel103162.html</a>,
September 23, 2016. </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Robert C. Newman, “Artificial Life & Cellular Automata,” in
William Dembski, ed., <i>Mere Creation: Science, Faith & Intelligent Design
</i>(Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 1998), pp. 427-445, at 437.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">William
A. Dembski and Robert J.Marks II, “Life’s Conservation Law: Why Darwinian
Evolution Cannot Create Biological information,” Evolutionary Informatics Lab, <a href="http://www.evoinfo.org/">www.evoinfo.org</a>.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">關啟文,〈</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">智慧設計的方法論合理嗎?檢視對智慧設計的批評〉,載關啟文、陳海智、湯靈磐、譚振基編,《智慧設計的當代爭論》,香港:天道書樓,</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">239-275</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在頁</span><span lang="EN-US">282</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,腳註</span><span lang="EN-US">61</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1/KWAN%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%97%E5%93%B2%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84%E3%80%8B%E5%88%9D%E8%A9%95.doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或許我會如法輪功評共產黨一樣,由「初評」寫到「九評」也未可知,還要看有沒有時間和精力。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-58029388354994250062016-09-13T03:59:00.000-07:002016-09-13T04:29:16.290-07:00進化論的十大問題──當代研究的啟示<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">雖然進化論者不斷否定進化論有甚麼問題,且強調科學家對進化論都不再存疑問,但事實上從科學證據而言,進化論還面對巨大困難。我最近讀了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/p/188"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">Casey Luskin</span></a></span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的一篇文章,對進化論所面對的十大科學困難有詳細分析:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> “</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "crimson text";">The Top Ten Scientific Problems with Biological
and Chemical Evolution.” <a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></b></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">這文章分析清晰,而且學術資料豐富,很值一讀。我們所出版的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">《</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">智慧設計的當代爭論</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">》對進化論的問題也多有論及,</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">然而所牽涉的資料汗牛充棟,我感到</span><span lang="EN-US">Luskin</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">的文章仍然是很有價值的。</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">然而原文有數十頁,不易消化。因此,</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">本文用中文作一些介紹和撮要,再加些少評語,期望讀者可以之後再細讀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Luskin</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的原文。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: , serif;"><b>十大問題概覽</b></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題一:沒有可行的機制去產生原始有機湯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Primordial Soup ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題二:沒有指導的化學過程不能解釋遺傳密碼的起源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#problem2"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題三:隨機的突變不能產生不能簡約的複雜架構</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Irreducibly Complex Structure)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">所須的遺傳資訊</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#problem3"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題四:自然選擇難以把有利的特徵固定到生物群中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題五:物種在化石紀錄中的突然出現並不支持達爾文式的進化論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題六:分子生物學並不能產生一個統一的宏大「生命樹」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題七:趨同進化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Convergent Evolution <a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#problem5"></a>)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">摧毀了共同祖先論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Common Ancestry)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的邏輯,這構成達爾文主義的挑戰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題八:不同脊髓類動物的胚胎的差異與共同祖先論所預測的有衝突。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題九:新達爾文主義難以解釋很多物種的地理分佈。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">問題十:新達爾文主義關於退化器官</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Vestigial Organs)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和垃圾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Junk DNA)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的預測,在悠長的歷史中被證明是不正確的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="intro"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="problem1"></a><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">問題一:沒有可行的機制去產生原始有機湯</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><b>(Primordial
Soup )</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">生物進化能發生的先決條件就是化學進化──第一個生命由無生命的物質產生的化學過程,而化學進化一個基本假設就是原始有機湯的存在。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">1953</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Stanley Miller</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Harold Urey</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的實驗被視作原始有機湯的證據。然而:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings";">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Miller-Urey</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的實驗假設了原始大氣層是還原性的,主要成分是甲烷、氨氣和大量氫氣。但現時的證據指出並非如此,原始大氣層主要成分應是二氧化碳和氮氣。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn6"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn6"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">6</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2010</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">University College London</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的生物化學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Nick Lane</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">承認原始有機湯的理論「不能成立」,而且「它已經過時了」。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn13"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn13"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">13</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">他的新建議是生命是在海底的一些熱力出口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(undersea
hydrothermal vents)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">中誕生的,然而在水中氨基酸和其他有機分子根本不會連結起來而產生蛋白質那類生化分子,這是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">National Academy of Sciences </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">也承認的。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn14"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn14"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">14</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">相反,水的環境只會令蛋白質更容易分解為氨基酸。因此,化學進化是非常困難的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: , serif;"><b>問題二:沒有指導的化學過程不能解釋遺傳密碼的起源</b></span></u><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "open sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>[4]</b></span></u></span><!--[endif]--></span></u></span></a><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#problem2"></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">究竟如何能由無生命的化學品跨越到第一個可自我複製的生命系統呢?現時一個流行的理論就是「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">RNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">世界」。然而:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">從經驗看,沒有科學家有智慧地指導合成程序,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">RNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">分子根本難以自動形成。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">雖然</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">RNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">能為細胞擔任一些角色,但一些蛋白質發揮的一些生命所必須的功能,是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">RNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">不能擔起的。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn16"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn16"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">16</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">RNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">世界的理論不能解釋遺傳資訊的起源。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">第一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">RNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">大概需要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">200-300 nucleotides</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,但並沒有化學或物理定律可決定這些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">nucleotides</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的次序──但有正確的次序才能盛載遺傳資訊。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn18"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn18"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">18</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">進化論者能倚賴的只有機遇,但能隨機找到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">250 nucleotides</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的正確次序的或然率大概是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">1 in 10</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;">150</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> --</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">這低於整個宇宙時空能產生的隨機事件。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn19"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn19"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">19</span></a> <a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn20"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">20</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">這理論也不能解釋遺傳密碼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(genetic code)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的起源。<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn20"></a>單單有正確的遺傳資訊仍然與生命無益,我們必須能把遺傳資訊轉化為有功能的蛋白質,但這個轉化過程(如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">transcription</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">translation</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">)本身又需要大量蛋白質和分子機器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(molecular machines)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">然而這些蛋白質和分子機器的產生又是倚靠已經存在的遺傳資訊!這是一個雞與雞蛋的問題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">去解釋以上那點,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Luskin</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">使用了一個很好的比喻,就是第一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DVD</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DVD</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">機的起源。一隻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DVD</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的確充滿資訊(如一套電影),但假若沒有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DVD</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">機把這些資訊轉化為圖像與聲音,它一點用也沒有。假設如何製造和使用第一個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DVD</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">機的說明書也只是紀錄在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DVD</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">中,那我們如何產生整個系統?答案很簡單:智慧設計能同時製造互相配合的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DVD</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DVD</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">機。要有一個生命系統,不單要有正確的遺傳資訊,更要有轉化機制,而且兩者要說同一種語言!若不能發揮功能,自然選擇也無處著力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2007</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,哈佛大學化學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">George Whitesides</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">被頒授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Priestley Medal</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">──是美國化學家協會的最高榮譽,他發表演說時說:「生命的起源是科學的大問題之一,大部分化學家(包括我自己)相信生命是在無生命的地球的化學混合物中自然產生的。但如何產生?我一點頭緒也沒有。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn22"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn22"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">22</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="problem3"></a><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">問題三:隨機的突變不能產生不可簡約的複雜架構</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Irreducibly Complex Structure)</span></u><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">所須的遺傳資訊</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#problem3"></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">生物擁有很多複雜架構,這也需要相應的複雜遺傳資訊,這些資訊真的能按照達爾文理論所言產生嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Lehigh University</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的生化學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Michael Behe</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">指出:假若只須一個突變就能產生某種優勢,進化論面對的問題不大,但若需要多個突變才能產生功能優勢,那「進化」就只會陷於膠著狀態。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn24"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn24"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">24</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">然而一個不可簡約的複雜架構需要多個組件同時存在才能發揮功能,所以要產生這些架構也需要多個突變,所以它們的產生是難以用進化論解釋的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">一個例子就是細菌的鞭毛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(bacterial flagellum) --</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">一個分子馬達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(micromolecular rotary-engine)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,一些實驗顯示,只要缺少了約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">35</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">個基因之一,它就不能發揮功能。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn32"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn32"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">32</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <i>Nature
Reviews Microbiology</i></span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的一篇論文承認:「研究鞭毛的群體根本還未開始考慮這些系統是如何產生的。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn33"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn33"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">33</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">但生物的分子機器成千上萬,例如一個研究計劃就在酵母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(yeast)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">裡找到超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">250</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">個新的分子機器。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn34"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn34"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">34</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">不單這些分子機器往往有不可簡約的複雜性,製造這些機器的蛋白質本身也需要多個突變才能產生,這使問題雪上加霜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">有些批評者認為這些所謂低或然率難以量化,或只是建基於沒有實證的假設,然而這方面的實證生物學研究已有不少。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2000</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2004</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,蛋白質科學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Douglas Axe</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Journal of Molecular Biology</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">出版了他的實驗結果,指出一個能有穩定摺疊的蛋白質的或然率約是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">1 in 10</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;">74</span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,那絕大多數的蛋白質根本就不能形成穩定結構,更遑論能發揮生物功能了。由於不同有功能的蛋白質有不同摺疊結構,那由一個有功能的蛋白質演化到另一個有功能的蛋白質,很難不經過一些沒有功能的階段,但這些階段卻會被自然選擇淘汰!</span><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "open sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: , serif;">此外,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2004</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Behe</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">University of Pittsburgh</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的物理學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">David Snoke</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">模擬達爾文式的進化論如何產生蛋白質之間的互動,他們發現:若需要的是兩個或以上的突變,整個地球歷史用上也不夠時間。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn38"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn38"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">38</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2011</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Douglas Axe </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Ann Gauger</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">嘗試把一個細菌的酵素轉變為另一個相近的酵素,進化論者認為這類改變應該能輕易發生。然而他們發現這改變最少需要七個同步的突變──而這超越了地球歷史能產生的極限。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn40"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn40"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">40</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">以上那種改變雖然相對簡單,但已是這麼困難,那更複雜的改變就更不可能了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Gauger</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">University of Wisconsin, Superior</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Ralph Seelke</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">做了另一個實驗,他們故意破壞了大腸杆菌製造氨基酸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">tryptophan</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的基因。他們發現,若破壞只限於一點,那細菌的確能透過隨機突變修復這基因。然而若被破壞的點超過兩個,那達爾文式的進化根本不能令細菌重拾功能<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn41"></a>。</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn41"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">41</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">已去世的生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Lynn Margulis</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">曾說:「新突變不會創造新物種,它們只會創造損壞的後代。」<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn44"></a>另外八百個科學家也持類同觀點。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn47"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn47"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">47</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: , serif;"><b>問題四:自然選擇難以把有利的特徵固定到生物群中</b></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2008</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">16</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">位來自世界各地的生物學家在奧地利的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Altenberg</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">開會,探討進化論的問題。科學期刊</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Nature</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">也有報道這</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">"Altenberg 16"</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">會議,引述一些著名科學家說:「翅膀的起源和生命的登陸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">. . . </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">等事情,進化論能告訴我們的非常少。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn49"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn49"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">49</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">我們姑且假設一些突變能產生一些有利生存的新特徵,但若要達成生命的進化,這特徵還要固定到生物群中。進化論者經常假設這是輕如易舉之事,但在真實世界卻沒有那麼簡單。例如一些活在冰天雪地的狐狸本來的毛是棕色的,但後來一隻演化出白毛來,應該是有掩護作用的。然而有很多意外可能發生,例如這隻白狐狸可能斷了腿或被吃掉,那牠的有利基因就不能傳遞下去。所以,不少隨機力量(通稱為遺傳飄移</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">[genetic drift]</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">)能輕易把有利突變取消,除非這新特徵帶來的優勢非常巨大。如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Indiana University</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的進化生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Michael Lynch</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">說:「隨機的遺傳飄移對分子的改良是強大的障礙。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn50"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn50"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">50</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">遺傳飄移甚至傾向把一些中性或輕微不利的突變固定下來。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn51"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn51"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">51</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> Lynch</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">指出很多進化論者把自然選擇描繪為一種無所不能的力量,能產任何生物的複雜結構,他卻認為這是神話。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn56"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn56"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">56</span></a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn58"></a><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn58"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">58</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Lynch</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">則相信隨機的遺傳飄移才是主要的解釋,但這種觀點又受到嚴厲批評,如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Ann Gauger</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn59"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn59"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">59</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和進化論者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Jerry Coyne</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn60"></a><span style="font-family: , serif;">。</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn60"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">60</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">看來雙方的批評都有道理,無論是自然選擇或遺傳飄移都不能充分解釋生物複雜性的產生。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="problem5"></a><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">問題五:物種在化石紀錄中的突然出現並不支持達爾文式的進化論。</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">達爾文預期化石紀錄應該充滿著物種與物種之間的中介生物,但事實並非如此,所以他在《物種起源》裡也問:「為何不是每一個地質岩層都充斥著這些中介連繫呢?」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn66"></a><sup><span style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn66"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">66</span></a></span></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">他承認這是進化論要面對的最大問題,而他那時的解釋是訴諸化石紀錄的不完整。然而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">150</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年過去了,今天數以千計的物種在化石紀錄中被發現,只有很少數看起來像中介生物。如古生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Stephen Jay Gould</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">承認:「在生物設計的主要轉接之間的中介階段,我們並沒有化石證據;事實上在很多情況下,就算在我們的想像中去建構一些功能上中介的生物也很困難,這一直是漸進進化論持久面對的嚴重問題。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn68"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn68"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">68</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">絕大部分生物都是突然出現,沒有明顯的祖先,而且出現時已相當完整,之後也沒有巨大變化。一些例子如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">最有名的當然是寒武紀大爆炸</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Cambrian explosion)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">──各類的動物祖先突然在五億五千萬年前出現。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn76"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn76"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">76</span></a><a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 9pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">主要魚類的組別的起源。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn80"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn80"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">80</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">陸地植物的起源。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn81"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn81"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">81</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">有花的植物</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(angiosperms)</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的起源。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn82"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn82"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">82</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">很多種哺乳類動物的起源。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn83"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn83"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">83</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">有關人類的演化,著名進化生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Ernst Mayr</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2004</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">指出:「在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Homo</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">, <i>Homo
rudolfensis</i></span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Homo erectus</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">的最早化石,與及</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Australopithecus</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">之間,存在一個巨大且沒有連接的鴻溝。我們如何解釋這個表面的跳躍呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">…</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">並沒有可視作缺環的化石。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn92"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn92"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">92</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="problem6"></a><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">問題六:分子生物學並不能產生一個統一的宏大「生命樹」。</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">按進化論的假設,不同物種的生化分子是由祖先漸漸演變而來,所以比較它們相似的程度,應當可以決定他們在演化的系譜上有多接近,這樣就可建構代表演化過程的「生命樹」。生物擁有多種生化分子(如蛋白質、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">等),但真實的演化過程只有一個,所以我們也可預期,使用不同生物分子去建構的生命樹,大體上也應互相吻合的。然而事實卻非如此,如</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">New Scientist</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">所言:「長久以來建構生命樹就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">[</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">]</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的聖杯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">…</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">但今天這個研究計劃已是頹桓敗瓦,被相反的證據撕成碎片。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn104"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn104"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">104</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">當生物學家分析三大類生命(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">bacteria</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">archaea</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">eukarya</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">)時,發覺它們的基因並不能歸納為一顆樹。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn102"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn102"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">102</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">當這種矛盾在細菌上出現時,進化論者提出基因交換</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(gene-swapping)</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的機制去解釋。然而這類矛盾在較高等的動物中也出現,但牠們之間不多出現基因交換。當微生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Michael Syvanen</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">研究不同動物的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2000</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">個基因,企圖建構牠們之間的演化關係,但他失敗了,因為不同基因所說的故事互相衝突,不能協調。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn107"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn107"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">107</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">到最後</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Syvanen</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">哀嘆:「我們剛剛殲滅了生命樹了。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn108"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn108"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">108</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">一般生命樹認定人與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">rodents</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">較接近,與大象則較疏遠。然而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">microRNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">基因的分析卻顯示人其實與大象較接近,這類建基於基因比較的生命樹的衝突比比皆是。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Dartmouth</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Kevin Peterson</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">說:「我研究了數以千計的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">microRNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">基因,但我找不到一個支持傳統生命樹的例子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">...</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">它們提供的生命樹與所有人希望見到的都截然不同。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn111"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn111"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">111</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">就算在同一個物種的基因內,我們用不同基因去建構的生命樹也互不相容。使用不同蛋白質得出的結果亦是互相矛盾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">除了使用分子分析外,我們亦可透過比較生物的形態</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(morphology)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">去建構生命樹。但兩種方法得出的生命樹亦是經常發生衝突。且是資料愈多,衝突愈嚴重。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn112"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn112"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">112</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">例如進化論者經常提到使用酵素</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">cytochrome c</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">所得出的生命樹,與建基於形態的傳統生命樹相當吻合,但其實若建基於</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">cytochrome b</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">,則會得出於傳統生命樹截然不同的結果(如貓與鯨魚都被歸入靈長類),</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn114"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">114</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">他們對此卻隻字不提。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn113"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn114"></a><span style="font-family: "open sans";"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">面對這些矛盾,進化論者提出了不少臨時的解釋:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">horizontal gene transfer, long branch attraction, rapid
evolution, different rates of evolution, coalescent theory, incomplete
sampling, flawed methodology, and convergent evolution</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,但或許要質疑的是生命樹背後的基本假設,就是所有生物都有一個共同祖先。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">問題七:趨同進化</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Convergent Evolution <a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#problem5"></a>)</span></u><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">摧毀了共同祖先論</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Common Ancestry)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></u><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">的邏輯,這構成達爾文主義的挑戰。</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">進化論的一個基本假設,就是生物的相似性反映了來自共同祖先的遺傳資訊。然而我們發現在不少情況下,當兩個物種有一些相似特徵時,這特徵是不可能源自牠們的共同祖先的,這被稱為趨同進化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(convergent or parallel evolution)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">。然而這也意味著,生物的相似性<b><i>不一定</i></b>反映共同祖先的遺傳,這即是說進化論的基本假設不是完全正確的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">科學家研究不同物種的粒線體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA(mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,發現一些鳥類的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">mtDNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">與一些疏遠的物種(如蛇與蜥蜴)的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">mtDNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">相當相似,看來這些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">mtDNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">是有「多次獨立的起源」。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn120"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn120"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">120</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">動物與植物的內在免疫系統的生化組織高度相似,但它們的共同祖先卻沒有這種免疫系統。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn121"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn121"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">121</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">蝙蝠和鯨魚都有一種回音定位系統</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(echolocation)</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,但它們的共同祖先亦沒有這種系統。不單在形態上趨同,它們的基因亦相當相似。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn123"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn123"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">123</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">其他趨同進化的例子包括:眼睛的多次出現;脊髓類動物的色素改變;蛋白質的特質;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">mimicry in butterflies for mutualistic interactions</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">convergence of some flower traits
in plants</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">等。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn125"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn125"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">125</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">遺傳上的趨同進化亦有超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">100</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">個例子。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn126"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn126"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">126</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: , serif;"><b>問題八:不同脊髓類動物的胚胎的差異與共同祖先論所預測的有衝突。</b></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">進化論者認為,不同脊髓類動物的胚胎發展有巨大相似之處,這與共同祖先論所預測的一致,所以可成為進化論的證據。然而當生物學家經過仔細研究,發現不同脊髓類動物的胚胎發展從最早階段開始就存在差異,與共同祖先論所預測的有所衝突。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn130"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn130"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">130</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn131"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn131"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">131</span></a> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn132"></a><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn132"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">132</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">一些進化論者仍然堅持在一個中間的階段,不同脊髓類動物的胚胎呈現高度相似性,這被稱為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">phylotypic stage</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">。然而</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Anatomy and Embryology</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的一個全面研究指出這也不正確,因為那些胚胎在以下幾方面都存在不少差異:身體的大小,身體計劃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(body plan)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">、生長規律和發展時間表。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn134"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn134"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">134</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="problem9"></a><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">問題九:新達爾文主義難以解釋很多物種的地理分佈。</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">生物地理學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Biogeography)</span><span lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">被視為支持進化論的重要證據,然而很多不符的例子卻被忽略了:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">南美洲有一種猴子叫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">platyrrhines</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,根據形態和分子的分析,進化論者認為牠們是非洲猴子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">catarrhine</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的後裔。化石紀錄顯示猴子在南美洲生存了約三千萬年,但地質證據卻顯示南美洲與非洲在一億年前已經分開。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn137"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn137"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">137</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">那究竟非洲的猴子是如何橫渡廣闊的海洋(兩者之間相距程最小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2600</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">公里),去到南美洲再演化出新的猴子物種的呢?這實在是一個大難題。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn140"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn140"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">140</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">一些科學家提出猴子是乘木筏飄洋過海的,但這可能性又多大?而且一定要有兩隻猴子一同渡過,旅程所需的食物和食水又從何而來?這些理論的牽強,實在令人嘆為觀止。我們亦可提問:若飄洋過海這麼容易,為何其他非洲靈長類沒有去到南美洲繁衍,而只有猴子呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">其他例子還有:南美洲的蜥蜴和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">large caviomorph rodents</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Madagascar</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的密蜂、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">lemurs</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和其他哺乳類;</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn150"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn150"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">150</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">很多海島中出現的大象化石;</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn151"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn151"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">151</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">橫跨海島鏈出現的淡水青蛙。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn152"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn152"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">152</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="problem10"></a><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">問題十:新達爾文主義關於退化器官</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(Vestigial Organs)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></u><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">和垃圾</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Junk DNA)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></u><u><span style="font-family: , serif;">的預測,在悠長的歷史中被證明是不正確的。</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">1925</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,進化生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Horatio Hackett
Newman</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">認為人體中有超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">180</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">個退化器官,但隨著日子過去,一個又一個的「退化器官」的功能和目的都被發現。</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">New Scientist</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2008</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的報告指出今天「生物學家根本非常害怕談及退化器官。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn158"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn158"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">158</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">進化論者又把這種思維應用到基因上,因為只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2%</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的人類基因是用來製造蛋白質的,他們就認為餘下的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">98%</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">大多是垃圾基因,是進化歷程的遺物。</span><span style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">然而今天很多所謂「垃圾基因」的功能已被找出來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">人類基因中有一些不斷重覆的元素,一直被認為是「垃圾」,然而生物學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Richard Sternberg</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">指出,這些重覆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA(</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">SINE)</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的功能包括:形成更高層次的細胞核結構、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">centromeres</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">telomeres</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">等;協助細胞繁衍;基因的翻譯;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">修補等。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn168"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn168"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">168</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">LINE<i> </i></span><span style="font-family: , serif;">和</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Alu</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">也是一些不斷重覆的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,亦找到它們的一些功能。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn171"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn171"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">171</span></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn172"></a> <a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn172"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">172</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">甚至有論文提出</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Alu</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">元妻可能與腦功能的發展有關。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn173"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn173"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">173</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">各種不牽涉於製造蛋白質的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的功能包括:修補</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn174"></a><span style="font-family: , serif;">;</span><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn174"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">174</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">協助</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">複製;</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn175"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn175"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">175</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">規管</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">transcription</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">;</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn176"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn176"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">176</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">協助染色體的摺疊和維持;</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn177"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn177"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">177</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">控制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">RNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的編輯和切開;</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn178"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn178"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">178</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">協助抵抗疾病;</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn179"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn179"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">179</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">規管胚胎發展。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn180"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn180"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">180</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">2012</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">年,</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Nature</span></i><span style="font-family: , serif;">報道了一個多年的研究計劃叫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">ENCODE </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">400</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">個科學家參與其中,他們的目的就是研究不牽涉於製造蛋白質的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的功能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">ENCODE</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的主要報告說:「這些資料讓我們能指定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">80%</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">的基因庫的生化功能,特別在那些製造蛋白質的區域以外的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn182"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn182"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">182</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-family: , serif;">事實上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">ENCODE </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">只研究了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">147</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">種細胞,但人體擁有數千種細胞,所以有功能的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">DNA</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">「可能會超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">80%</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,而達到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">100%</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">。」</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn183"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn183"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">183</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: , serif;">另一些被視為「垃圾」叫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">pseudogenes</span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,然而我們發現它們也與基因表達的調節相關,與癌症起源的研究也息息相關。</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn190"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn190"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">190</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn192"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn192"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">192</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn194"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="backfn195"></a><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans"; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#fn195"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">195</span></a></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">當然,我們還未完全明白基因庫的功能,但現在科研的趨勢是:我們愈仔細研究所謂「垃圾基因」,我們愈加發現它們的功能。其實「垃圾基因」的概念源自達爾文式的進化論,在過往幾十年是生物學的主流範式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">(paradigm)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,很多生物學家都不敢質疑,所以只有少數科學家去研究它們的功能。由此看來,進化論的框框實在窒礙了生物學的發展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: , serif;">結語</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: , serif;">當然,進化論的爭論是異常複雜的,所以我無意說單憑以上資料,進化論已被百分百否證。面對以上的難題,進化論者也會提出多種解釋和回應。這些回應是否足夠,還須深入探討,然而坊間往往對進化論的問題缺乏認識,而一些「護教學家」對進化論的批評則有時流於表面,所以我希望能介紹一些有扎實學術基礎的批評,一方面突破一些進化論者製造的假象,另一方面也要提昇批評進化論的論述的質素(參以下的學術參考資料)。我多年來對這問題相當關注,也相信以上進化論的十大問題的確令進化論的可信性大幅減低,然而我們在提出這些主張時,應堅持學術和理性的態度,我們還需要做的工夫有很多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="problembonus"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">References Cited:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn6"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn6"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[6.]</span></a> David W. Deamer,
"The First Living Systems: a Bioenergetic Perspective," <i>Microbiology
& Molecular Biology Reviews</i>, 61:239 (1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn7"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn16"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn16"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[16.]</span></a> See Stephen C.
Meyer, <i>Signature in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design</i>,
p. 304 (<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>:
HarperOne, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn17"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn18"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn18"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[18.]</span></a> Michael Polanyi,
"Life's Irreducible Structure," <i>Science</i>, 160 (3834): 1308-1312
(June 21, 1968).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn19"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn19"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[19.]</span></a> See William A.
Dembski, <i>The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance through Small
Probabilities</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn20"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn22"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn22"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[22.]</span></a> George
M. Whitesides, "Revolutions In Chemistry: Priestley Medalist George M.
Whitesides' Address," <i>Chemical and Engineering News</i>, 85: 12-17
(March 26, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn23"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn24"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn24"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[24.]</span></a> See Michael Behe,
"Is There an 'Edge' to Evolution?" at <a href="http://www.faithandevolution.org/debates/is-there-an-edge-to-evolution.php"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">http://www.faithandevolution.org/debates/is-there-an-edge-to-evolution.php</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn25"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn32"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn32"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[32.]</span></a> These experiments
have been done on flagella in <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. typhimurium</i>. See
Transcript of Testimony of Scott Minnich, pp. 103-112, <i>Kitzmiller et al. v.
Dover Area School Board</i>, No. 4:04-CV-2688 (M.D. Pa., Nov. 3, 2005). Other
experimental studies have identified over 30 proteins necessary to form
flagella. See Table 1. in Robert M. Macnab, "Flagella," in <i>Escheria
Coli and Salmonella Typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology Vol 1</i>, pp.
73-74, Frederick C. Neidhart, John L. Ingraham, K. Brooks Low, Boris Magasanik,
Moselio Schaechter, and H. Edwin Umbarger, eds., (Washington D.C.: American
Society for Microbiology, 1987).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn33"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn33"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[33.]</span></a> Mark Pallen and
Nicholas Matzke, "From The Origin of Species to the Origin of Bacterial
Flagella," <i>Nature Reviews Microbiology</i>, 4:788 (2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn34"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn36"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn36"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[36.]</span></a> Douglas A. Axe,
"Estimating the Prevalence of Protein Sequences Adopting Functional Enzyme
Folds," <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i>, 341: 1295-1315 (2004);
Douglas A. Axe, "Extreme Functional Sensitivity to Conservative Amino Acid
Changes on Enzyme Exteriors," <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i>, 301:
585-595 (2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn37"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn38"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn38"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[38.]</span></a> Michael Behe and
David Snoke, "Simulating Evolution by Gene Duplication of Protein Features
That Require Multiple Amino Acid Residues," <i>Protein Science</i>, 13:
2651-2664 (2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn39"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn40"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn40"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[40.]</span></a> Ann Gauger and
Douglas Axe, "The Evolutionary Accessibility of New Enzyme Functions: A
Case Study from the Biotin Pathway," <i>BIO-Complexity</i>, 2011 (1):
1-17.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn41"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn41"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[41.]</span></a> Ann Gauger,
Stephanie Ebnet, Pamela F. Fahey, and Ralph Seelke, "Reductive Evolution
Can Prevent Populations from Taking Simple Adaptive Paths to High
Fitness," <i>BIO-Complexity</i>, 2010 (2): 1-9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn42"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn44"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn44"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[44.]</span></a> Lynn Margulis,
quoted in Darry Madden, UMass Scientist to Lead Debate on Evolutionary Theory, <i>Brattleboro
(Vt.) Reformer</i> (February 3, 2006).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn47"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> <a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn47"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[47.]</span></a> See "A Scientific Dissent from
Darwinism" at <a href="http://www.dissentfromdarwin.org/"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">http://www.dissentfromdarwin.org/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn48"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn49"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn49"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[49.]</span></a> Scott
Gilbert, Stuart Newman, and Graham Budd quoted in John Whitfield,
"Biological theory: Postmodern evolution?" <i>Nature</i>, 455:
281-284 (September 17, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn50"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn50"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[50.]</span></a> Michael Lynch,
"Evolutionary layering and the limits to cellular perfection," <i>Proceedings
of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences</i>, <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1216130109"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1216130109</span></a>
(2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn51"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn51"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[51.]</span></a> Michael Lynch,
"The frailty of adaptive hypotheses for the origins of organismal
complexity," <i>Proceedings of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences</i>,
104: 8597-8604 (May 15, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn52"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn56"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn56"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[56.]</span></a> Michael Lynch,
"The evolution of genetic networks by non-adaptive processes," <i>Nature
Reviews Genetics</i>, 8:803-813 (October, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn57"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn58"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn58"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[58.]</span></a> Michael Lynch,
"The frailty of adaptive hypotheses for the origins of organismal
complexity," <i>Proceedings of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences</i>,
104: 8597-8604 (May 15, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn59"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn59"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[59.]</span></a> Ann Gauger,
"The Frailty of the Darwinian Hypothesis, Part 2," Evolution News
& Views (July 14, 2009), at <a href="http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/07/the_frailty_of_the_darwinian_h_1022911.html"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/07/the_frailty_of_the_darwinian_h_1022911.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn60"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn60"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[60.]</span></a> Jerry A. Coyne, <i>Why
Evolution is True</i>, p. 123 (Viking, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn61"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn68"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn68"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[68.]</span></a> Stephen Jay
Gould, "Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging?" <i>Paleobiology</i>,
6(1): 119-130 (1980).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn69"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn76"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn76"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[76.]</span></a> R.S.K. Barnes, P.
Calow and P.J.W. Olive, <i>The Invertebrates: A New Synthesis</i>, pp. 9-10
(3rd ed., Blackwell Sci. Publications, 2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn77"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn80"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn80"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[80.]</span></a> Arthur N.
Strahler, <i>Science and Earth History: The Evolution/Creation Controversy</i>,
pp. 408-409 (New York: Prometheus Books, 1987).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn81"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn81"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[81.]</span></a> Richard M.
Bateman, Peter R. Crane, William A. DiMichele, Paul R. Kenrick, Nick P. Rowe,
Thomas Speck, and William E. Stein, "Early Evolution of Land Plants:
Phylogeny, Physiology, and Ecology of the Primary Terrestrial Radiation," <i>Annual
Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>, 29: 263-292 (1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn82"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn82"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[82.]</span></a> Stefanie De Bodt,
Steven Maere, and Yves Van de Peer, "Genome duplication and the origin of
angiosperms," <i>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</i>, 20:591-597 (2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn83"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn83"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[83.]</span></a> <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Niles</st1:place></st1:city> Eldredge, <i>The Monkey Business: A
Scientist Looks at Creationism</i> (New York: Washington Square Press, 1982),
65.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn84"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn92"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn92"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[92.]</span></a> Ernst Mayr, <i>What
Makes Biology Unique?</i>, p. 198 (<st1:placename w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Cambridge</st1:place>
<st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:placename> Press,
2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn101"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn93"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn102"></a><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn102"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "open sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[102.]</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> Graham <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lawton</st1:place></st1:city>,
"Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life," <i>New Scientist</i>
(January 21, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn103"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn104"></a><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn104"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "open sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[104.]</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> Partly quoting Eric
Bapteste, in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lawton</st1:place></st1:city>,
"Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life" (internal quotations
omitted).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn105"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn108"></a><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn108"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "open sans"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[108.]</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"> Michael Syvanen,
quoted in <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Lawton</st1:place></st1:city>,
"Why Darwin was wrong about the tree of life."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn109"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn111"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn111"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[111.]</span></a> Elie Dolgin,
"Rewriting Evolution," <i>Nature</i>, 486: 460-462 (June 28, 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn112"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn112"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[112.]</span></a> Liliana M.
Dávalos, Andrea L. Cirranello, Jonathan H. Geisler, and Nancy B. Simmons,
"Understanding phylogenetic incongruence: lessons from phyllostomid
bats," <i>Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>,
87:991-1024 (2012).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn113"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn113"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[113.]</span></a> For example, see
<i>BSCS Biology: A Molecular Approach</i> (Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 2006), 227;
Sylvia S. Mader, Jeffrey A. Isaacson, Kimberly G. Lyle-Ippolito, Andrew T.
Storfer, <i>Inquiry Into Life</i>, 13th ed. (McGraw Hill, 2011), 550.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn114"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn120"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn120"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[120.]</span></a> David P.
Mindell, Michael D. Sorenson, and Derek E. Dimcheff, "Multiple independent
origins of mitochondrial gene order in birds," <i>Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA</i>, 95 (September, 1998): 10693-10697.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn121"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn121"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[121.]</span></a> Frederick M
Ausubel, "Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals
conserved?," <i>Nature Immunology</i>, 6 (10): 973-979 (October, 2005).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn122"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn123"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn123"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[123.]</span></a> Ying Li,
Zhen Liu, Peng Shi, and Jianzhi Zhang, "The hearing gene <i>Prestin</i>
unites echolocating bats and whales," <i>Current Biology</i>,
20(2):R55-R56 (January, 2010) (internal citations removed).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn124"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn126"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn126"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[126.]</span></a> See Fazale Rana,
<i>The Cell's Design: How Chemistry Reveals the Creator's Artistry</i>, pp.
207-214 (Baker Books, 2008).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn127"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn130"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn130"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[130.]</span></a> For example, one
paper states "Recent workers have shown that early development can vary
quite extensively, even within closely related species, such as sea urchins,
amphibians, and vertebrates in general. By early development, I refer to those
stages from fertilization through neurolation (gastrulation for such taxa as
sea urchins, which do not undergo neurulation). Elinson (1987) has shown how
such early stages as initial cleavages and gastrula can vary quite extensively
across vertebrates." Andres Collazo, "Developmental Variation,
Homology, and the Pharyngula Stage," <i>Systematic Biology</i>, 49 (2000):
3 (internal citations omitted). Another paper states, "According to recent
models, not only is the putative conserved stage followed by divergence, but it
is preceded by variation at earlier stages, including gastrulation and
neurulation. This is seen for example in squamata, where variations in patterns
of gastrulation and neurulation may be followed by a rather similar somite
stage. Thus the relationship between evolution and development has come to be
modelled as an 'evolutionary hourglass.'" Michael K. Richardson <i>et al.</i>,
"There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the vertebrates:
implications for current theories of evolution and development," <i>Anatomy
and Embryology</i>, 196:91-106 (1997) (internal citations omitted).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn131"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn131"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[131.]</span></a>
Kalinka et al., "Gene expression divergence recapitulates the
developmental hourglass model," <i>Nature</i>, 468:811 (December 9, 2010)
(internal citations removed).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn132"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn132"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[132.]</span></a> Brian K. Hall,
"Phylotypic stage or phantom: is there a highly conserved embryonic stage
in vertebrates?," <i>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</i>, 12(12): 461-463
(December, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn133"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn133"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[133.]</span></a> Michael K.
Richardson et al., "There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the
vertebrates: implications for current theories of evolution and
development," <i>Anatomy and Embryology</i>, 196:91-106 (1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn134"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn134"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[134.]</span></a> Michael K.
Richardson <i>et al.</i>, "There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in
the vertebrates: implications for current theories of evolution and
development," <i>Anatomy and Embryology</i>, 196:91-106 (1997). See also
Steven Poe and Marvalee H. Wake, "Quantitative Tests of General Models for
the Evolution of Development," <i>The American Naturalist</i>, 164 (September,
2004): 415-422; Michael K. Richardson, "Heterochrony and the Phylotypic
Period," <i>Developmental Biology</i>, 172 (1995): 412-421; Olaf R. P.
Bininda-Emonds, Jonathan E. Jeffery, and Michael K. Richardson, "Inverting
the hourglass: quantitative evidence against the phylotypic stage in vertebrate
development," <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B</i>, 270
(2003): 341-346;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn135"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn135"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[135.]</span></a> Michael K.
Richardson et al., "There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the
vertebrates: implications for current theories of evolution and
development," <i>Anatomy and Embryology</i>, 196:91-106 (1997).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn136"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn136"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[136.]</span></a> Olaf R. P.
Bininda-Emonds, Jonathan E. Jeffery, and Michael K. Richardson, "Inverting
the hourglass: quantitative evidence against the phylotypic stage in vertebrate
development," <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>, B,
270:341-346 (2003) (emphases added). See also Steven Poe and Marvalee H. Wake,
"Quantitative Tests of General Models for the Evolution of
Development," <i>The American Naturalist</i>, 164 (3):415-422 (September
2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn137"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn137"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[137.]</span></a> Alfred L
Rosenberger and Walter Carl Hartwig, "<st1:place w:st="on">New World</st1:place>
Monkeys," <i>Encyclopedia of Life Sciences</i> (Nature Publishing Group,
2001).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn138"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn138"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[138.]</span></a> Carlos G.
Schrago and Claudia A. M. Russo, "Timing the origin of New World
monkeys," <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>, 20(10):1620--1625
(2003); John J. Flynn and A.R. Wyss, "Recent advances in South American
mammalian paleontology," <i>Trends in Ecology and Evolution</i>,
13(11):449-454 (November, 1998); C. Barry Cox & Peter D. Moore, <i>Biogeography:
An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach</i>, p. 185 (Blackwell Science, 1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn139"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn139"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[139.]</span></a> Adrienne L.
Zihlman, <i>The Human Evolution Coloring Book</i>, pp. 4-11 (Harper Collins,
2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn140"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn140"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[140.]</span></a> John G. Fleagle
and Christopher C. Gilbert, "The Biogeography of Primate Evolution: The
Role of Plate Tectonics, Climate and Chance," in <i>Primate Biogeography:
Progress and Prospects</i>, pp. 393-394 (Shawn M. Lehman and John G. Fleagle,
eds., Springer, 2006) (emphasis added).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn141"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn141"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[141.]</span></a> Walter Carl
Hartwig, "Patterns, Puzzles and Perspectives on Platyrrhine Origins,"
in <i>Integrative Paths to the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of
F. Clark Howell</i>, p. 69 (Edited by Robert S. Corruccini and Russell L.
Ciochon, Prentice Hall, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn142"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn142"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[142.]</span></a> Adrienne L.
Zihlman, <i>The Human Evolution Coloring Book</i>, pp. 4-11 (Harper Collins,
2000).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn143"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn143"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[143.]</span></a> John G. Fleagle
and Christopher C. Gilbert, "The Biogeography of Primate Evolution: The
Role of Plate Tectonics, Climate and Chance," in <i>Primate Biogeography:
Progress and Prospects</i>, p. 394 (Shawn M. Lehman and John G. Fleagle, eds.,
Springer, 2006) (emphasis added).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn144"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn144"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[144.]</span></a> Ibid. at 394-395
(emphasis added).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn145"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn145"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[145.]</span></a> Ibid. at 404.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn146"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn146"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[146.]</span></a> Ibid. at
403-404.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn147"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn147"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[147.]</span></a> Walter Carl
Hartwig, "Patterns, Puzzles and Perspectives on Platyrrhine Origins,"
in <i>Integrative Paths to the Past: Paleoanthropological Advances in Honor of
F. Clark Howell</i>, pp. 76, 84 (Edited by Robert S. Corruccini and Russell L.
Ciochon, Prentice Hall, 1994).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn148"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn148"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[148.]</span></a> John G. Fleagle
and Christopher C. Gilbert, "The Biogeography of Primate Evolution: The
Role of Plate Tectonics, Climate and Chance," in <i>Primate Biogeography:
Progress and Prospects</i>, p. 395 (Shawn M. Lehman and John G. Fleagle, eds.,
Springer, 2006).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="fn149"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041#backfn149"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">[149.]</span></a> John C. Briggs, <i>Global
Biogeography</i>, p. 93 (Elsevier Science, 1995).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: , serif;">見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";"><a href="http://www.discovery.org/a/24041"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">http://www.discovery.org/a/24041</span></a></span><span style="font-family: , serif;">,這文章收集於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "open sans";">Robert
Stackpole and Paul Brown, eds.,<i> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/More-than-Myth-Creation-Evolution/dp/0991988027"><span style="color: black; mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%; mso-style-textfill-fill-color: black;">More than Myth</span></a> </i>(Chartwell
Press, 2014).</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">關啟文、陳海智、湯靈磐、譚振基編,《智慧設計的當代爭論》,香港:天道書樓,</span><span lang="EN-US">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">另參</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Michael Denton’s <i>Evolution:
Still a Theory in Crisis </i>(<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Seattle</st1:city></st1:place>: Discovery
Institute Press, 2016)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">有關生命與遺傳資訊的起源,請參</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Stephen C. Meyer, </span><i><span lang="EN-US">Signature in the Cell: DNA and the
Evidence for Intelligent Design</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> (New York: HarperOne, 2009)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。此書有詳盡的討論,已有中譯本:史蒂芬.梅爾著,唐理明等譯,《細胞中的印記:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">DNA</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">編碼信息之謎》,北京:團結出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #444444; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2012</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Douglas Axe</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">是另一個對進化論批判的生物學家,他最近更全面維護智慧設計,參他的新書:</span><span lang="EN-US">Douglas Axe, <i>Undeniable: How Biology Confirms Our Intuition That
Life Is Designed </i>(New York: HarperOne, 2016) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///F:/kmblog/BLOG-Kai%20MAn/BG-%E7%9F%AD%E6%96%87/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8/ART-%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C(Casey%20Luskin).rtf#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">有關這方面的研究和爭論,可參</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Stephen
Meyer’s </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Darwin’s Doubt: The Explosive Origin of Animal Life & the Case for
Intelligent Design </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(New York: HarperOne, 2013)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,他在此書中批判地檢視了進化論者對寒武紀大爆炸的諸種解釋,也引起了不少爭議。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Meyer</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">及其盟友也作出了回應:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">David Klinghoffer, ed., <i>Debating
</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Darwin’s Doubt: A Scientific Controversy That Can No Longer Be Denied </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Seattle: Discovery Institute, 2015)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體" , "serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-39518319473344784902015-11-10T06:04:00.000-08:002015-11-11T23:22:26.071-08:00重建性別界線──多元性別論的批判反思<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 王漢宗顏楷體繁;">重建性別界線</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">──</span></b><span style="font-family: 王漢宗顏楷體繁;">多元性別論的批判反思</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">關啟文</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">(香港性文化學會主席/浸會大學宗哲系系主任)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">陳婉珊</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">(香港性文化學會研究幹事)</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">撮要</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 台灣政府積極推行性別平等教育,但一些團體卻藉此灌輸多元性別論,認為「性別」不單包括生理性別,也包括性別認同、性傾向等,而且一切都是光譜。這種意識形態是否適合成為性平教育的指導思想呢?本文會指出多元性別論的諸種問題,總結如下:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">我的特質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">類別</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">屬性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">錯謬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我生下來是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生理性別</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">sex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 12.06%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光譜地帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 10.88%;" width="10%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 39.02%;" width="39%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跨大了生理性別光譜的連續性(雖然男與女之間是有灰色地帶,但絕大部分情況是清晰的)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 4.25pt; width: 12.84%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我覺得我是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 14.16%;" width="14%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別認同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">gender<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 11.02%;" width="11%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 12.06%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光譜地帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 10.88%;" width="10%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 39.02%;" width="39%">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過分高舉性別建構論,忽略性別的先天基礎一般而言是首要的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美化和正常化易服、跨性和變性的現象。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">把少數異常的情況普遍化,為大多數青少年製造不必要的性別混亂,甚或做成惡果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 4.25pt; width: 12.84%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我看起來像</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 14.16%;" width="14%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別氣質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">gender
qualities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 11.02%;" width="11%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陽剛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 12.06%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光譜地帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 10.88%;" width="10%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陰柔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 39.02%;" width="39%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">過分高舉性別建構論,雖然性別氣質有不少是受後天塑造,但一些先天的傾向還是存在的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 4.25pt; width: 12.84%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我喜歡的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 14.16%;" width="14%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性傾向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">sexual
orientation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 11.02%;" width="11%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 12.06%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光譜地帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 10.88%;" width="10%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 39.02%;" width="39%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這版本根本不能定義「性傾向」,因為只喜歡男生的可以是同性戀,也可以是異性戀!這反映不應混淆「性別」與「性傾向」兩個不同的概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 4.25pt; width: 12.84%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我喜歡的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">(</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一版本</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 14.16%;" width="14%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性傾向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">sexual
orientation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 11.02%;" width="11%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">異性戀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 12.06%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雙性戀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 10.88%;" width="10%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性戀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 39.02%;" width="39%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 17.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這定義仍然不合理,不應把「性傾向」放在「性別」裡面。這種做法混淆不同概念,似乎是想達到政治目的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="6" style="background: gray; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 128; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 4.25pt; width: 99.98%;" valign="top" width="99%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">以下的不是經常放在他們的表裡,但提倡多元性別時卻往往包括在內</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 4.25pt; width: 12.84%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我的情慾模式是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 14.16%;" width="14%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元情慾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主體</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 11.02%;" width="11%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 12.06%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五花八門,不能盡錄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 10.88%;" width="10%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 39.02%;" width="39%">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">錯誤地假設所有偏離傳統的情慾模式都同樣好,但對「愛情</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">─</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性愛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">─</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻」結合的模式卻充滿偏見。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-para-margin-left: 0gd; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">借多元性別之名提倡性解放,最終是騎劫了男女平等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 4.25pt; width: 12.84%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我的家庭模式是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 14.16%;" width="14%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 11.02%;" width="11%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 2.85pt 1.4pt 2.85pt; width: 12.06%;" width="12%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">忽略了一夫一妻為基礎的家庭是社會的基礎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">盲目攻擊傳統家庭,破壞社會的公共利益。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前言</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #f5ffff; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 最近美國密西西比州一名</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">17</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲高中跨性別學生萊拉.佩里(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Lila Perry</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)爭取在學校使用女生更衣室和洗手間,事件觸發百多名學生離開課室靜坐抗議約兩小時,反對容許生理男生使用女生洗手間或更衣室。縱使校方已向佩里提供獨立洗手間,但佩里拒絕,堅持要使用女生更衣室:「我沒有傷害任何人,我不想覺得被隔離,我不要使用性別中性洗手間。我是女生,我不應被推去另一個洗手間。」對於同校學生發起示威抗議,自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">13</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲起認同自己是女性的佩里表示:「有太多無知,她們說她們[與生理男生共用更衣室]不舒服,我一點也不相信,我認為這是徹頭徹尾的偏執狂。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們故然同情佩里的感覺和訴求,但佩里全盤抹殺別人的感覺和訴求(甚或標籤他們),又是否合理呢?事實上,多倫多大學實施了類似政策後,就發生了偷窺的案例,以致大學要修改政策。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 類似爭議正在美國各州陸續上演。奧巴馬政府於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2014</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年中將「性別身份」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Gender Identity</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)加入</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">1972</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年訂立的教育條例修訂條款</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Title IX──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原本是保障性別平等的,然後要求全國受政府資助的學校推行性別認同相關政策,不然就可能失去資助。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一些校區礙於龐大的資助金額,容許跨性別學生使用異性設施,卻受到家長的強烈反對,批評此舉乃罔顧其他學生的隱私權。除美國外,加拿大關於性別議題的爭議和法律戰同樣如火如荼。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 與本港鄰近的台灣,一些團體十多年前已騎劫了性別平等教育,滲入多元性別論:「激進婦女團體和同運團體巧妙地把『兩性平等』的概念改為『性別平等』,然後再逐步滲入多元性別論,直至這成為台灣性平教育的『道統』」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">譬如台灣教育部國民及學前教育署製作的「性別平等教育資訊網」便這樣解釋「性別」的概念:「這種光從生理面的二分法因為太過草率,早就退流行啦!其實人的性別,除了外在生理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">(</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">)</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,還有其他不同的屬性:[多元性別論]」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。「性別」真的不是只有「男」和「女」嗎?多元性別論又有沒有理性和學術的根據,抑或它只是一種社運的意識形態?它是否適合成為台灣的性別平等教育的指導思想呢?本文會探討這些問題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台灣的性別教育</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">[7]</span></sup><!--[endif]--></span></sup></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在激進婦女主義者和性自由派努力下,台灣政府接受了「性別」概念,而放棄「兩性」的說法:「教育部在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2002</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年將當時正在草擬的『兩性平等教育法草案』,更名為《性別平等教育法》;原本就存在的『兩性平等教育委員會』也更名為『性別平等教育委員會』,以宣示國家尊重多元性別主體的決心。」(游美惠、楊幸真、楊巧玲主編,《性別教育》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">102</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。以下沒有標出作者的頁數也是指此書。)台灣於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2004</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">6</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">23</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日公布《性別平等教育法》,該法第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">17</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條第四款規定「大專校院應廣開性別研究相關課程」,這更使「性別研究」和多元性別的意識形態廣為流行。「隨著校園之中性別平等教育的推動,漸漸地,社會大眾已經知曉「兩性」之概念有其侷限性,應該用「性別」或「多元性別」觀念取而代之。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">8</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)推動力量主要來自女權運動和同志運動的結盟:「婦女新知基金會之外,台灣性別平等教育協會與台灣同志諮詢熱線協會,也是國內相當重要的推動性別平等教育民間組織。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">38</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以下簡介這種性別教育的觀點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別教育旨在打破性別歧視</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 他們提出<b>性別建構論:</b>「在婦女運動與性別研究的倡議與努力之下,『性別不僅是生物特徵,更是社會建構的產物』</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別是一個文化的而非生物的類別,事實上正是這個文化的類別形塑了我們的生物概念。」(序)「生理上的男女區分,只是了解性別的一小部分,每個社會如何藉由男女生理性別上的差異來建構它的社會制度與文化」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">28</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">既然如此,性別教育主要目標是打破性別刻板印象、性別偏見、性別歧視。角色定型的例子是「教科書</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大多將女性刻畫成是母親或妻子的家庭角色,這對女性在公領域求發展構成不利的因素</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讓教育成為解放壓迫的力量」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">6</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),因此,他們會批判大專院校舉辦禮賓小姐的選拔(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">13-14</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。一個支持性別教育的重要論據,就是打破性別歧視,才能有效防止性別欺凌。這是他們經常提到的案例:「屏東縣高樹國中的葉永鋕,就是一個因為具有女性化特質而被同儕欺凌,不敢於下課時間去上廁所,而後在廁所發生意外的校園性別暴力實例。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">67</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別教育是社會運動的重要環節</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 性別教育從一開始就與社運掛鉤,提倡者也坦承多元性別論的意識形態是一種社會鬥爭和改革的武器:「性別觀點則是回首與前瞻的利器,藉由檢視社會文化裡的性別不平等,滋生性別平等意識,在日常生活中去挑戰、去改變,化批判的利器為正義的力氣」,長遠目標是「各種性別改革,無論是在體制外的改革發聲或體制內的監督倡議」(序)他們希望用激進的人權和平等概念全面改造社會,不會滿足於制度上的基本平等和權利:「一個比較能照顧弱勢族群或少數人權利的『平等』概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能盡可能涵蓋社會中異質多元的聲音。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">11</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)問題是,他們口頭上說要「涵蓋社會中異質多元的聲音」,但從實踐經驗看,這主要是指</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">LGBT</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和性小眾的聲音,若是傳統和宗教的聲音(特別是不認同多元性別論的聲音),則往往被猛烈抨擊,這究竟是否真正的「多元」呢?他們矢志改革社會,動機是性別「正義」,本來是值得欣賞的。然而在「改革」過程,難免會衝擊別人的權益,他們的「正義」可能對其他人就變成「不正義」和「壓逼」,這些矛盾又如何化解呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 性別教育支持者很懂得用民主運動的術語去包裝他們激進的訴求,他們會說「人際關係領域的全面民主化,與公領域的民主並無二致,甚至還可能因為親密關係的轉變對整個現代制度造成顛覆性的影響</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而性別平等目標的追求,更可以是日常生活全面民主化的最佳證明。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">18</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)他們認為多元性別和情慾實踐是基本人權和自由:「性別表現和情慾實踐方式攸關一個人的身分認同和親密關係,也和一個人是否能夠活得自信、快樂有密切關係。在一個民主的社會裡,對於多元性別和性取向的尊重應該是每位公民所可以享有的基本人權。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">117</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 那甚麼是「人際關係、親密關係和日常生活全面民主化」呢?這其實是把他們的「性別平等」(並非兩性平等那麼簡單!)和「多元情慾」等同「民主」和「人權」必不可少的一部分,所以縱使</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">LGBT</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和性小眾已經擁有與其他公民一樣的人權(如投票權、言論自由、結社自由等),這並不足夠。他們還要在社會的私領域、人際關係和親密關係中,使到所有人(最少是主流)都接受多元性別論,如跨性別現象、同性戀和多元情慾是全然正常的,任何還不接受這些意識形態的人就被視作「民主和人權」的敵人!當然,要達成這目標,他們誓要改造社會文化,因此也必須佔據教育的領域,自小向孩子灌輸多元性別論的意識形態。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 他們不諱言,他們希望帶來「顛覆性的影響」!例如他們深信「只要不傷害別人,每個人都有權利擁有不同的價值體系。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在一個尊重多元性別和情慾實踐的社會裡,每個人才能享有選擇的自由和做自己的自由。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">117</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)這種說法初次聽起來很吸引,但想深一層其實會為性解放大開綠燈,如亂倫、獸交、姦屍、多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">P</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、換妻等等,在自願的情況下都不傷害人,那都沒有問題嗎?我們還要在正規教育提倡這種性解放哲學?!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">無限擴張「性別」的定義</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 令人驚訝的是,台灣性別教育中的「多元性別」真的內涵無比「豐富」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它包括「多元的情慾主體(</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如同性戀、雙性戀者)與多元多樣跨性別者(包括陰陽人、扮裝者、變性人)」。(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">9</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「性別的概念其實很多元,包括了生理上的男性和女性、性傾向、性別特質與性別認同等等。『兩性』的說法,不僅無法完全包括這些豐富的意涵,更容易讓人忽略性別差異、性別少數(例如︰同志、跨性別者),甚至產生歧視或偏見。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">26-27</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)問題是,這種概念從何而來,為何要這樣定義「性別」?根據何在?我們在性別教育的教材中,往往只看到這種「主張」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">assertion</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),卻很少聽到「論據」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">argument</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 雖然沒有怎麼交待論據,他們還是斷然以絕對真理的形式主張性別身份有幾種不同層次,而且「在各個類別之內,並非截然二分或三分的關係,中間應是如彩虹一般,依程度差異而呈現出光譜的樣貌。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">104</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)如下圖就是他們常用的總結:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">我的特質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: gray; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 128; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 26.32%;" width="26%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">類別</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td colspan="3" style="background: gray; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 128; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 29.26%;" width="29%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">屬性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: gray; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 128; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 23.66%;" width="23%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background1;">社會議題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-themecolor: background1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 20.76%;" width="20%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我生下來是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 26.32%;" width="26%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生理性別</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">sex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.74%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.76%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光譜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.76%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 23.66%;" width="23%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女男平等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 20.76%;" width="20%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我覺得我是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 26.32%;" width="26%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別認同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">gender<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.74%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.76%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光譜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.76%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 23.66%;" width="23%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跨性別</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 20.76%;" width="20%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我看起來像</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 26.32%;" width="26%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別氣質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">gender qualities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.74%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陽剛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.76%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光譜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.76%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陰柔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 23.66%;" width="23%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">娘娘腔與男人婆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 20.76%;" width="20%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我喜歡的是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 26.32%;" width="26%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性傾向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">sexual orientation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C5F0FF; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.74%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E2CFF1; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.76%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">光譜</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">地帶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FFE5FC; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 9.76%;" width="9%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 1.4pt 5.4pt 1.4pt 5.4pt; width: 23.66%;" width="23%">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 19.0pt; margin-right: 3.5pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-para-margin-right: .29gd; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性戀與雙性戀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 9pt 0cm; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由多元「性別」到相對主義</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 這裡值得注意,本來事物和現象的多元不必代表事物在價值上都等同,但「多元性別論」也蘊含了「<b>所有性別區分在價值上都無分高低</b>」,也沒有正常或變態之別:「目前社會上大多數的人受到性別二分架構的影響,仍然將『男</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陽剛氣概</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">異性戀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自我認同為男性』、『女</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陰柔氣質</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">異性戀</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自我認同為女性』這兩組對應關係視為『自然』</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其他都是『不正常』或『變態』的傾向和行為。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">使得落在這個分類以外的多元性別主體(如男人婆、娘娘腔、同性戀、異性戀、雙性戀、跨性別、變性人、陰陽人等),在日常生活中承受著『神經病』、『變態』、『噁心』、『怪胎』、『不男不女』、『性倒錯』、『性別認同障礙』等汙名,長期下來對他/她們的自尊、自信和身心發展已造成莫大的傷害,也使得他/她們的受教、工作、福利、人身安全等權益受到嚴重的損害。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">104</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 以上的話更連帶一種指控:<b>不接受他們那種「多元性別」就會產生壓逼和傷害。</b>又如:「女變男</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或男變女</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,性別和性的模式多如繁星,主流社會只根據生理性別的分野,就想界定出一套截然二分的性別體制,用以規範人們的身體、認同和情慾,不僅是一件不可能的任務,也會造成系統性的貶抑、歧視和暴力發生。因此,我們所該質疑的是這個社會看待性與性別的特定方式,而非多元性別的合理性。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">106-107</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 性別教育還包含親同的同志教育</span></b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,如「性別平等教育的諸多活動中」就包括「『同志大遊行』</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">『台灣同志遊行聯盟』」,(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">41</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)縱使輕微地不贊成同性戀都是「恐同症」。(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">109</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)另外,<b>多元性別的執行要求廁所和宿舍的改革:</b>「校園裡的廁所通常都是男女廁分開,跨性別學生經常會因為外表裝扮與生理性別不符合,在上廁所時遭受別人的異樣眼光,有時還會遭人辱罵,或者被強行趕出。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">114</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2009</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年第十四屆的校園同志甦醒日中,多間大學同志社團成員聯合發表一份聲明,要求校園設置無性別廁所。具體作法為以廁所功能來區分/標示廁所(如馬桶座或小便斗),而非以性別作區分;或者是像家中廁所一樣,採獨立式設計(內有馬桶和小便抖)。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">114</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「性別中立宿舍的設立可以維護多元性別學生選擇一個性別友善住宿環境的權益。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">115</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),如「男女混宿」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">116</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。「學生健身中心、游泳池的浴室或更衣室也必須納入多元性別的考量。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中性浴室,以供跨性別學生更衣淋浴。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">116</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由多元性別到多元家庭</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年下旬,台灣伴侶權益推動聯盟(簡稱伴侶盟)要將包含「同性婚姻」、「伴侶制度」及「多人家屬」的多元成家民法修正草案送入立法院並推動立法,最後因為訴求過於激進,引發台北</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">30</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人上凱道抗議,令草案無功而回。在這方面,台灣應該是開創了先河,比歐美更激進,直接要求類似多元婚姻的制度。雖然很多人尚未能接受「多人家屬」,但婦運和同運早已默默耕耘:「內政部於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2004</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的社會福利政策綱領中正式宣示支持多元家庭︰『各項公共政策之推動應尊重因不同性傾向、種族、婚姻關係、家庭模式、家庭結構所構成的家庭型態,及價值觀念差異</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也指出單親家庭、繼親家庭、同性戀家庭、未婚生育家庭、未成年家庭、個人(不婚)家庭等多元家庭觀念漸漸被接納,然其家庭成員的福祉亦應得到照顧。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">『宣導多元文化價值,消弭因年齡、性別、性傾向、種族、婚姻狀況、身心條件、家庭組成、經濟條件,及血緣關係等差異所產生的歧視對待』。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">150</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 為了正常化其他家庭型態,他們要<b>重新定義家庭</b>:「在一本《婚姻與家庭》教科書之中,作者古德曼(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Goodman</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)指出︰家庭成員間是基於血緣、婚姻和領養來連帶的(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Goodman, 1993/1995</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已有更多文獻指出,家庭不再被視為一個由親屬關係與感情組合而成的單位,而是一群有著不同活動與利益相衝突的人們所組成(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Zinn, 1996</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)」。(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">151</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2008</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年底時</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">生活在傳統一夫一妻模式家庭的人口,其實只佔了台灣人口的一半;另一半則是離婚、同居、同志、單身等各類多元家庭模式。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">149</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)他們又提到「單親、繼親、隔代教養、跨國婚姻、單身、同居、無子女及同志家庭等</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元家庭型態」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">154</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。然而這些說話是相當誤導的,他們把傳統一夫一妻模式與多元家庭對立起來,但其實一夫一妻制是與「離婚、同居、單身、單親、繼親、隔代教養、跨國婚姻、無子女」都沒有衝突的,它也容許沒有正式註冊的「同志家庭」。下面再討論這問題。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 一如上面提到的策略,他們往往沒有正面論證,卻在不知不覺之間由現象的多元性跳躍到價值上的相對主義。因此既然有多元家庭的形式,也就推出家庭相對主義,即是說<b>沒有</b><b>正常與不正常家庭之別</b>:「要破解社會大眾對於『正常家庭』的迷思,我們不該預設異性戀婚姻所組成的核心家庭必然就是幸福家庭的唯一型態」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">164</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> ──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「這其實是奠基於一種錯誤的概念,認為只有一種家庭型態是正確的」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">153</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「『非傳統家庭』並非『畸形』的家庭,而是一種個人生活模式的自由選擇及需求滿足上的適應。因此,我們必須對家庭有更多元的想像,而不應再將家庭視為只有異性戀父母及其子女所組合成的單一標準美滿家庭樣貌;也不應受到家庭意識型態的影響,認為『男主外、女主內』的家庭分工是唯一理想的模式。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">152</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 當然他們亦支持同性婚姻和家庭</span></b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:「男同志、女同志、雙性戀和跨性別的家庭見證另外一種現實︰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">血緣關係和父母所提供的照顧關愛之間不一定相關。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些人生孩子、有些人養育孩子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只要父母一起合作,組成一個受人敬重的團體,<b>三四個或更多的父母,</b>甚至單親卻有很強的後備親人支持系統,姑姨叔舅和祖父母,在在豐富增強孩子的生命經驗。甚至<b>父母的性別也不再重要</b>,父母的性傾向跟孩子是否可以健康安全長大也沒有相關。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">162</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說到底,「我們有必要重新用一個完全不同的方式來看待養育兒童這件事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">愛、資源、奉獻責任才是更重要的變數。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">162</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別教育中可取的地方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 我們無須全盤反對性別教育,其中一些重點是我們可同意的。第一,我們應該反對欺凌和霸凌,但不應只關心性別或性傾向霸凌,所有霸凌都應反對(如對肥胖學生),包括對不認同多元性別論的學生的霸凌</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這在美國開始成為問題。所以我們慎防性別教育會變成另一種霸凌學生的工具,如銳意「搜捕」有「恐同症」的學生,對他們訓斥和施壓,甚或懲罰他們(我們聽聞已有趕這類學生離開課室的案例)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 第二,我們大力支持兩性平權,和所有人(包括性小眾)應擁有基本人權(如言論自由等)。第三,某些角色定型的確是要批判的,如「美容美體工業所蘊含之父權意識形態對女性身體和陰柔氣質的規訓。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">79</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「將女性身體當作商品販賣,推銷單一的美貌身材標準,例如︰精緻秀氣的五官、白晰無瑕的肌膚、豐滿的胸部、纖細修長的身材,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…… </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身體變成一件物品,她們不斷地對身體『作工』,以服膺外界對於美的標準,但對自己身體的使用卻無法有太多表達意見的權力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美麗不再是一個形容用語,而是一種『權力結構化的關係與安排』」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> 80</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)這些對現代商業社會的批判是有見地的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 假若性別教育只是提倡以上的觀點,我們就不會有那麼大的爭議,然而很可惜,現在台灣的性別教育有不少高度爭議性、沒有充分論證和相當意識形態化的內容。我們在下面拋磚引玉,提出一些批判性問題,希望性別教育的專家提出更多論據指正。就我們粗淺的觀察,現在的情況不太健康,有關性、性別和家庭的教育對孩子的成長和社會的發展有深遠的影響,現在多元性別論還未經過各種專業人士、學者以及社會大眾(特別是家長)深刻的討論,台灣政府就好像想急忙在教育制度中推行,這會否操之過急,及罔顧持分者(如家長、孩子、老師)的權益呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對多元性別意識形態的提問</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不合理的性別定義</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 就算是台灣的性別教育教材也承認:「『</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">gender</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">』最常見的用法是指,男女之間依其生理上的區別而產生的文化差異,這種定義的本質是二分法和差異的觀點:男人來自火星,女人來自金星。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">28</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)西方的性別研究書籍也說:「這種關係即是我們對性別一詞最常見的定義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩性的自然差異,也就是男女生理結構的不同。當然,我們仍是屬於有性生殖的物種,並非無性生殖。」(蕾恩.柯娜,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">30</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)蕾恩.柯娜最後反對「將生物的複雜性與適應性壓縮成刻板僵化的二分法,以及認定文化範型只是『表現』身體差異的觀點。」(蕾恩.柯娜,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">30</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)然後這樣定義:「性別是一種社會關係的結構,以生殖場域為中心;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別就是人類社會處理人類身體及其延續的方式,以及這種『處理』過程對我們個人生活與集體命運所造成的種種後果。」(蕾恩.柯娜,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">30</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)縱使這種觀點有爭議性,但最少沒有把「性傾向」概念放在性別裡。</span><i><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 在加拿大有一個同運組織</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Pride Education
Network</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">推動性別教育,編了一個教材叫</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">The Gender Spectrum:
What Educators Need to Know</span></i><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">裡面</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第二頁的圖認為人的核心身份由四主要元素組成,分別是性別認同(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Gender Identity</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、性別表達(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Gender Expression</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、生理性別(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Biological Sex</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和性傾向(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Sexual Orientation</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),這裡亦是把性別概念與性傾向分開。後面它更明白地說:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">“Sexual orientation describes the relationship a
person of one gender has with an other-gendered person. Gender describes an
individual’s expected role within a community”</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">p. 6</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)性傾向和性別身份是不同的!這樣看來,台灣的多元性別論似乎是台灣獨創的,就算在西方同運也不多見類似的理論,例如在香港社會,我們很清楚把「性別」與「性傾向」兩個概念分開,雖然有少數團體也在提倡台灣的多元性別論(如小童群益會的性向無限計劃),但台灣那種使用「性別議題」和「多元性別」的語言,只會令一般香港人大惑不解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這也是我們最初接觸這套語言的感覺。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 當然,語言是可以演變的,但在沒有理據的情況下,隨意更改概念的意涵,只會帶來混亂,特別當這些概念牽涉爭議性課題時,概念的混亂也會帶來思想和辯論的扭曲。若把「兩性」與「性傾向」都放進「性別」的概念裡,那「性別平等」就會同時衍生「兩性平等」與「性傾向平等」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這兩個議題大相逕庭,前者大家都接受,但後者卻有很不同意見,多元性別論的「性別平等」卻使辯論者把兩者混淆在一起。以上已解釋性傾向的內涵本就和性別不同,而且性傾向的概念是更高一屬次,你在辨別一個人是否同性戀前,要先知道他和他對象是甚麼性別,若不知某人的性別,根本不能確定他的性傾向。所以,性傾向的概念邏輯上是前設了性別的概念,將不同層次的概念混在一起根本不合邏輯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 台灣這種多元性別的定義甚至超越西方同運,為何要這樣做呢?我們認為是一種政治策略。簡單地說,多元性別運動有<b>四大要素:</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">一、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩性平權運動;</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">二、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別光譜論(且在價值上徹底「平等」);</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">三、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性解放運動;</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">四、<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同志運動。</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 一般市民大多接受(一),卻並不一定接受(二)至(四)。但使用現時定義,馬上把(一)與(二)到(四)混合在一起、捆綁在一起,這對他們大大有利。例如反對多元性別論者可能是完全接受兩性平權的,但仍會被標籤為不尊重男女平權,和不關心跨性別人士的惡霸!事實上多元性別論的推動者大多是婦女運動、同志運動和性解放學者。早期同運主要提同性戀和雙性戀者的權益,後期提</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">LGBT</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,已是與性別解放結盟。如《台北二零零四同志公民運動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認識同志手冊》裡面有〈跨性別篇〉,相信「社會性別</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原本是一個需要學習的社會化過程,但是卻被硬生生地建構在以生理性別為主的基礎上。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,也認為「人人都有『跨性別』因子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">變性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在整個世界形形色色的社會文化裡,這只不過是多元性別表現中的一種。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 可悲的是不單一般民眾被蒙蔽,連政府也不加批判就把這種爭議性的意識形態變成國策(如性別平等基本法),當然這是因為他們多年建構動聽的論述和親身去遊說政府、滲透政府,更可悲的是這個過程已進行了整整十多年,但社會差不多讓他們勢如破竹,不加反對、不去監察。(香港政府成立了跨部門小組研究性別認同的問題,當中「性別」的定義最為關鍵,我們絕對反對用多元性別的意識形態去定義。這只會混淆問題,對不同理念的公民不公平,和不符民主程序。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">誇大了多元性別的「光譜」</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 有些時性別區分也有灰色地帶,但多元性別論極度誇大了生理性別中間的光譜。多元性別論的提倡者愛援引「</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">許多美洲原住民部落中,有所謂『雙靈人(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">two-spirit</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)』的性別分類存在。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">105</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)但當然不少部落中也有獵頭族、巫醫,為何又不引用?他們又說「研究結果發現絕大多數人都平均分配在這中間」(游美惠等,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">105</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),但後面資料是:「陰陽人或雙性人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可能佔美國新生兒的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">4%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">106</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),就算這數字正確,但</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">4%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是「絕大多數人」嗎?有「平均分配」嗎?沒有。一個簡單的事實是,<b>絕大多數人清楚知道自己是男或是女,而且他們的生理性別和性別認同也吻合。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Anne
Fausto-Sterling</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曾估計雙性人(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">intersex</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)人口可達至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">1.7%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> Leonard Sax</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指出</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Fausto-Sterling</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對「雙性人」的定義過寬</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">她的數字包括克氏症候群(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Klinefelter's Syndrome</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、透納氏症候群(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Turner
syndrome</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)及遲發性腎上腺增長症(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Late-onset adrenal hyperplasia</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)等,而這些都不是「雙性人」一般所指的。如果只計算染色體性別與身體表徵性別不符,或身體表徵不能清楚分辨男女的雙性人,其實只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">0.018%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Anne</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的數字少接近一百倍。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一般而言,單憑男女生理器官,已可正確判斷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> 99.98%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男或女的性別,而另外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">0.02%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是有含糊性,卻是一種</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Disorder of Sexual Development</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">DSD</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),這是一種遺傳的問題,成因複雜,但不是真正的光譜。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 真實的光譜是指兩端中存在一個不斷有微細區分但連綿不斷的區域,很多概念都有灰色地帶,就算人類(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">human</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與非人類(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">non-human</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)之間也有一些難以完全確定的例子,如出生時就沒有腦袋的嬰兒、回復清醒機會很微的植物人等,但我們不會說人類與非人類(如其他動物)構成一個光譜。若灰色地帶就等同光譜,那我們也難以界定人類,法律應賦予「甚麼東西」人權也變成一個難以克服的難題。同樣道理,無論是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">0.018%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">1.7%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">4%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的性別灰色地帶都不足以構成「兩性光譜論」。如上指出,絕大部分人清楚知道自己是男或是女(生理性別和性別認同)。當然,少數人的權益都應尊重,他/她們的困境應關懷,但以少數人的困境為基礎,去顛覆一些基本、常識的區別,和改造整體社會的文化、教育和法制,卻未必有足夠的理據。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 縱使加進性別焦慮症(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">gender
dysphoria</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和變性人的族群,以上論據也不會受影響。這些人有多少呢?根據精神科醫生葛蘿絲曼:「在十五歲以上患者中間的普及率,據統計是每十萬人中間有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">8.18</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名」,另一統計指出「成年男性中有三萬分之一,以及成年女性中的十萬分之一人口,尋求性別重置手術。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">327</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">注</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">69</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)這些數字都偏低,也不能構成光譜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性別建構論忽略了性別有重大的先天因素</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 葛蘿絲曼的《你們在教我孩子什麼?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從醫學看性教育》很值得一讀,它的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">7</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章叫「性別奇境」對這課題很有啟發性。她指出「性別奇境脫離現實,脫離得讓人驚愣。在這裡,是男或女都根據感受隨意認定,不是根據生物學。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">233</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)她提到這等意識形態源自曼尼(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">John Money</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他是創造「性別認同」概念的心理學家,認為性別主要是後天建構:「在性別塑造過程中,環境因素的確勝過生物因素」。他為了證明其極端主張利用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">David Reimer</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作其實驗品,結果摧毀了他(和他的家人)一生的幸福。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 當然,某程度的社會建構是存在的,我們也不「</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為『男主外、女主內』的家庭分工是唯一理想的模式」,但全盤否定性別有先天因素則違反常識和科學:「今天我們知道</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Y</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">染色體充滿男性特有的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">DNA</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">單位。從受孕的那一刻起,就有獨特的男與女性的設計藍圖湧現。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">晚近的研究發現大腦功能受到與性別影響程度驚人」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">241</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「支持此項事實的研究非常多,但是對於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">SIECUS</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和所有其他組織而言,卻當它們不存在。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">243</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">SIECUS</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是美國提倡性解放性教育的組織,我們聽說台灣的「性別團體」也相當抗拒有關性別的科學(如大腦研究)。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 簡介一些研究如下:「日本的研究者檢視了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">252</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">幅幼兒園小朋友的畫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">男孩畫會動的物體是女孩的二十倍。女孩畫裡有花朵或蝴蝶的,是男孩的七倍。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">245</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)還有喜愛用的顏色,男的是灰和藍,女的是粉紅和膚色。還有其他研究支持性別並非純粹建構而來的:如有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">CAH</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的女孩的研究(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">245-246</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),和「針對年輕的公猴與母猴所作的研究」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">248</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),不贅了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 葛蘿絲曼這樣下結論:「性別是文化指定的?我可不這麼想。而且跟得上本世紀神經科學研究的人,也不會這麼想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二十一世紀的科學指出,典型的男孩或女孩的行為傾向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒錯,性別刻板印象</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是與生俱來的。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">246-247</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)或許她的結論仍可商榷,那台灣需要的是更多討論和研究,並非是以意識形態的名義去忽略、甚或鎮壓有關性別的科學研究。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由多元事物到價值平等是錯謬推論</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 存在就代表合理?這是一種扭曲的黑格爾哲學,和邏輯上的謬誤(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">fallacy</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。多元性別論者指出跨性別等「差異」,然後就假設所有現象都沒有問題,但真的可以這樣推論嗎?葛蘿絲曼就提問:「那麼其他自我認同『偏差』的個案又如何?」例如「『身體完整性認知失調』</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[的]受害者有『一種無法抗拒的慾望,想要切除某個或更多的肢體,或是搞成半身癱瘓</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只有在更多自殘己身,或由地下密醫動刀切除之後</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們才感到完整。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">249-250</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)例如美國猶他州女子懷特<span style="letter-spacing: .95pt;">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: .95pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Chloe Jennings-White</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; letter-spacing: .95pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就患上罕見的「身體完整認同障礙症」(</span></span><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Body Integrity Identity Disorder, BIID</span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),她四肢健全,卻渴望坐輪椅,不惜試圖找醫生動手術令她下半身癱瘓。她有這種古怪念頭,只因無法接受自己肢體健全。她</span></span><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">9</span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲時不惜騎單車從</span></span><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">1.2</span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">米高台掉下,希望以自殘方式令雙腳癱瘓,但未成功。自此她在獨處時扮作傷殘人士,甚至玩高危運動或爬樹企圖令自己半癱。</span></span><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2010</span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年她甚至找醫生切除坐骨神經和股骨神經,但因無法支付</span></span><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">1.6</span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬鎊(</span></span><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">18.8</span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬港元)手術費作罷。</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="a2"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a2"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[20]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></sup></span></a><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> Jewel Shuping</span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是另一個案例,她是住在美國</span></span><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">North Carolina </span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的</span></span><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">30</span></span><span class="a2"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲婦人,她曾嘗試把通渠劑倒進自己眼裡,把自己弄瞎,卻感到非常快樂!因為她強力感到生下來就應該是盲的,這是她內心的聲音。</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="a2"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="a2"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[21]</span></sup></span><!--[endif]--></span></sup></span></a><span class="a2"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 21pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 16.2pt; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 難道我們就鼓勵她們實理自己的欲望,去切除手腳或自殘?傷殘後又是誰去承擔照顧的責任?家人、政府?我們相信大部分人雖然有憐憫之心,也不會同意這樣做,更遑論把這種「自殘傾向」正常化、美化!哪個家長會同意在國小和國中推動身體教育時,要教導孩子身體身份(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">body identity</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是多元的,叫他們自己選擇怎樣才是正常的:「有眼、耳、口、鼻、有雙手雙腳」,還是「有眼、耳、口、鼻,但沒有雙手雙腳」,「沒有眼、耳、口、鼻,但有雙手雙腳」,「有口、鼻、雙手,但沒有眼、耳和雙腳」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嘿,還有很多「多元」組合呢!所以又可建構一種「多元身體光譜論」?</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21pt; margin-bottom: 16.2pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 有些人很抗拒「正常」與「不正常」的分野,並指出人數少不就代表不正常,難道愛因斯坦也是不正常嗎?好問題,但其實在生物學裡面,正常與不正常的區分不在多寡,而是在於設計與功能,假如有一天有突變,九成人都盲了,不代表餘下一成有功能的眼就不正常,或分不清那些是正常。性的設計本就是二元,性別專家蕾恩.柯娜不也承認「我們仍是屬於有性生殖的物種,並非無性生殖」嗎?這只是難以否認的常識:人類的生存是倚賴兩性配合的有性繁殖,所以男女之別本來就是人類的基本的設計,也是正常的。雖然在某些個體中有時會發生功能失調,但若然不能發揮人類基本的設計所指向的目標,為何不可指出是不正常呢?當然,這並不代表當事人就缺乏尊嚴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 從性別教育的角度看,「男孩如果持續且強烈地感到自己是女孩,就像某個有兩條健康的腿卻感覺抑鬱的人一樣,是一種病。目標應該是幫他解除痛苦。把跨性/變性主義常態化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「性別認同失調」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是基於一種意識型態,希望模糊兩性之間的區別。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">250</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)但「即使是跨性/變性主義的觀念,也依然是由兩性的預設所構成的。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">251</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)跨性別運動對這種觀點是模稜兩可的,一方面會說這都是偏見,但另一方面卻仍然接受性別焦慮症的分類,因為這樣才可拿到醫療福利。政府有責任照顧病人,卻不會承擔市民整容手術的費用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 我們不用在這裡下結論,主要是指出性別教育「把跨性/變性主義常態化」並非沒有爭議性,也不應去灌輸給孩子。事實上,變性人的性別認同與生理性別的衝突產生巨大痛苦,這不能單純歸咎於社會歧視,而且縱使完成變性手術者(過程非常痛苦且帶來身體的傷殘),其實是否真的能改了性別,也仍有疑問。例如男變女的變性人並不能擁有女性身體的基本週期,所以只能每月假扮一次有月經,這是「真女人」嗎?</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現在台灣的性別教育基本上對這些疑問隻字不提,過度美化跨性別現象,是有危險的(參下面討論)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元的價值判斷</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> versus</span></b><b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一元的多元性別意識形態</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 上面已指出多元性別意識形態的一個謬誤,就是由「多元事物的存在」推論到「所有事物在價值上都是平等的」,這種推論是不成立的,又或許提倡者沒有去作出正式的推論,卻在說完前者後馬上跳到後者的結論。這種思想面對很多不同的事物,很草率地跳躍到「一樣的價值」的結論,其實是一種一元論,或價值剷平主義。因此,有時提倡多元性別者只是偽平等,因為他們本來說所有情慾方式都是平等的,但假若你選擇禁慾、婚後才有性行為或堅守一夫一妻,他們又會說你落伍、無知、情慾非常貧乏(所以極須他們啟蒙)云云,所以真正「平等」的主要是那些偏離傳統和正常的情慾方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 多元性別論在倫理學上是貧乏的,因為他們忽略了道德和價值判斷也有一個多元光譜,也有很多個層次(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">x</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">代表某種行為或生活方式):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">x</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是絕對禁止的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">x</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是原則上禁止的,但在少數情況下有例外</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">x</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是原則上不應鼓勵的,雖然它的惡果不一定即時發生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21pt; margin-left: 41.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">x</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是中性的,做與不做都要看情況和個人喜好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 21pt; margin-left: 41.95pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">x</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是應鼓勵的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">x</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是我們的責任</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">g)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">x</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是超過責任的美善</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正常與變態也有一個光譜:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 41.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">完全正常:用腳走路;用鼻(有時用口配合)吸氣;用口吃飯;一夫一妻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中性:喜歡黑色和白色衣服,用左手或右手寫字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 41.85pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有點不正常:本來雙腳正常,但偏偏喜歡用頭走路(倒立);喜歡用鼻吸水或吃飯;本是男兒身,卻對自己身體感到不舒服(未去到憎惡)。但這裡的不正常也不一定是道德問題,但屬於未必值得鼓勵的事情,因為在生命裡產生功能不協調。另外有些人是受到後天影響才發生,我們是要多寬容和幫助。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不正常:身體完整性認知失調;各種嚴重的精神病;嚴重的性別焦慮症,以致憎恨自己的身體。這些情況往往是悲劇,「不正常」的判斷不是要用來譴責那些受苦的人的,我們要盡量提供幫助,寬容忍耐,但這不代表一定要否定一些價值判斷。很簡單問一個問題:假若有一種藥,吃了後就會有嚴重的性別焦慮症,你要不要給孩子吃,或主動問他們要不要吃?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">變態:姦屍;吃大便才感到性興奮</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">…… <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 讀者未必全然同意以上例子,但關鍵是我們是難以逃避對事物作出價值判斷的,不能單單因為有多元現象就不用思考。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">硬把多元性別意識形態加於學生的危機</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 葛蘿絲曼指出扭曲事實、誤導學生只會製造不必要的性別混亂或焦慮,她提到一些西方學者(柯琳娜)也認為「性別跟二元一點也不相近,而像大多數事物一樣,是一個寬闊、多元的光譜,一場真正多采多姿的性別狂歡派對。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">251-2</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)這些「『專家』想讓青少年覺得這一些沒什麼好大驚小怪的:反而是爭取自由和基本人權的奮鬥。那是讓自己當家作主,掙脫專橫以及沒必要的限制。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">253</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「孩童受到這樣的教導:作決定的是你自己的權利。歡慶你的自我本質。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">263</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)這些主張和台灣的性別教育如出一轍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 然而這是一種極端的個人主義,例如孩童要變性,是否要考慮父母的權利呢?中國人相信身體髮膚受諸父母,不可毀傷。這觀點起碼應是考慮因素之一吧?再者,「多采多姿的性別狂歡派對」等浪漫主義只會鼓勵魯莽的個人決定,和衝擊社會秩序(考慮上面提到佩里的案例)。葛蘿絲曼的經驗告訴她:「在真實生活裡,後果難以避免。…根據在校內諮詢工作的經驗,我知道一些像路克這樣的學生,在學校內或他處接受了變動的雙性觀念以後,接受了危險的荷爾蒙療法以及無法回復的手術。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">254</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)路克後來卻有些後悔了!近年變性人運動更提倡不設年齡限制,盡量向孩童灌輸性別是可以隨意選擇,甚或流動不息的概念。然而這會否使原本沒有性別認同問題的青少年也產生性別疑惑和混亂,為他們製造不必要的痛苦?甚或催促他們過於倉猝走上變性的路途,以致蒙受不必要但恨錯難返的傷害?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 事實上有不少案例:例如澳洲人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Alan
Finch</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">19</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲時想變成女人,醫生和母親都支持,他過了九年女性的生活,甚至與一男士結婚。但後來他開始與一女士發展關係。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">30</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲時他回歸男性身分(但當然身體已傷殘),發現早年的性別認同障礙(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">GID</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)診斷根本錯了,他需要的是心理輔導而不是變性手術。他發現問題根源是他缺乏正面的男性角色典範,於是以女性身分作逃避。但他當年有掙扎時,他身邊人並不深究原因,就告訴他變性就是解決方案。他現在只感到憤怒,一方面「他當年這麼容易就相信成為女人是解決他身分危機的方法」,他為此惱恨自己。另一方面如其他後悔者一樣,他「感到被別人的謊言欺騙」,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Alan</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說:「由頭頂到腳趾,我身上每一處都是假的。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 多元性別論認為跨性別人士若遇到任何問題,都「是這個世界的錯」,所以認為「要求大家都改變來配合她,當然不算太過分。」葛蘿絲曼則相信「這根本是顛倒是非。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">六十歲的凱特[一個多元性別論者]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">著手締造為她[一名十三歲女孩]『量身訂做』的世界,一個拒絕生理事實的世界。這是背離現實。而教育當局</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卻把這求助的十三歲女孩指派到凱特那裡去</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我的憤怒是針對獨裁的性教育,因為他們根據凱特荒謬、降格的哲學來教導天真、脆弱的孩童。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">262</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)這種「獨裁的性教育」不單危害孩子的幸福,也會違反家長的權利,我們希望台灣的性別教育不要變成這種「獨裁的性教育」!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">製造逆向歧視</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 多元性別論者往往認為「認定每個人非男即女,就構成跨性/變性恐懼症(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">transphobia</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">260</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)不贊成同性戀就是恐同症!這些是反過來把不認同他們意識形態的人污名化,為打壓他們預先鋪路。當政府進一步制訂性傾向與性別認同的歧視法,就更會在各層面打壓不認同他們意識形態的人。美國的侯斯頓市(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Houston</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)就是一個好例子,其女同性戀市長強行推動一條性傾向與性別認同的歧視法,市民反對時,她卻用法律的壓力侵害反對領袖的言論自由,到後來要法庭介入,她才無奈讓市民公投,最後在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">11</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">3</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,大多數市民推翻了這法例。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這市長的狂傲實在叫人吃驚。還有許多逆向歧視的例子,不能盡錄。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以多元性別意識形態為掩飾</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">
</span></b><b><span style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最後還是推動性解放</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #8b7eea; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 我以《青春水漾》的影片為例子,已充分說明這點。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">葛蘿絲曼也舉出提倡變性手術的曼尼(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">John Money</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)為例子:「這群導師緊緊依附曼尼的理由,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[就是]喜歡曼尼的思想</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會過度限制對我們的『性表達』自由。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">265</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)曼尼這類思想也與性解放相關:他「相信成人與孩童之間的性可以帶來益處。他擁護成人與兒童之間的愛情,甚至是近親亂倫。」(葛蘿絲曼,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">235</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)當曼尼「治療」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">David Reimer</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(後來改名為布蘭達[</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Brenda</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">])時,是這樣勸導他的父母朗恩和真娜的:「曼尼告訴他們要加強布蘭達對男女性器官差異的觀念,並教朗恩和真娜給布蘭達看他們的裸體。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">父母親展示性器官,有助於小孩異性觀念的發展,他甚至建議父母親在小孩面前從事性行為。」(科拉品托,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">119</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)這是藉醫學治療之名,推動性解放!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 台灣的性別教育教條地反對「女生宿舍的門禁」(游美惠等,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">78</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),他們指出男生宿舍沒有此限制,所以是「雙重標準」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">83</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。「安全的考量重於行動的自由」是一貫理由,我認為仍然成立,性侵害的受害者大部分是女性,是難以否認的事實,這也反映男女生理結構的不同,前面他們不是說過考慮平等時,也要考慮男女生理結構的不同嗎?所以其實是他們雙重標準。他們提出「應該積極進行的是安全教育,使每個學生都能注意到自己和別人的身體自主權,在面對危險時具有應變與保護自己的能力」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">83</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),但教育與門禁根本沒有矛盾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 說到底,他們反對的根本理由還是要提倡女生的性解放,他們反對「提倡婚前的守貞與禁慾」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">85</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),認為「與異性伴侶進行性行為,也是女生探索並體驗情慾的方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些住宿女生會直接夜宿男生宿舍,或者乾脆外宿。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; 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mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">85</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。事實上,台灣的一些性解放學者全無底線,如一本討論性/別政治的書就提倡亂倫:何春蕤在〈編者序〉說:「曾焯文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">揭露文化中對家人戀的深刻偏見,因而</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為近親戀(亂倫)非刑事化奠立基礎。」(曾焯文,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">ii</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)曾焯文說,「本文將首先重新命名或定義『亂倫』</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目的是探究近親戀(亂倫)非刑事化的可能,以及發揚近親戀(亂倫)文學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由於亂倫二字帶有強烈貶義,不夠客觀和中立,筆者決定把亂倫重新命名為『血親戀』和『近親戀』。」(曾焯文,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">99</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)文章結束時引用了周顯的一段話:「亂倫也是兩個成年人之間的事,亦不妨礙社會大眾,為什麼我們贊成同性戀而反對亂倫?答案是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不講科學,不講邏輯的社會規範。」(曾焯文,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">109</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; 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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 多元性別論者把有爭議性和無爭議性的家庭形式混雜在同一個概念中,只是一種混亂思想的策略。其實相信一夫一妻者並不強逼任何人結婚,也容許離婚,所以大多接受「單親、繼親、隔代教養、跨國婚姻、單身」等「多元家庭」,他們不一定鼓勵同居,但這在制度中也是容許的,因為婚姻制度是嘉許性,而不是強制性的。因此,同居的「同志家庭」也與一夫一妻制沒有矛盾(社會寬容而不制度上嘉許);但正式制度化的「同志家庭」則是另一個問題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它是一個重大的婚姻制度變革,不可與前幾種相提並論。把所有東西都稱為「多元家庭」,又是混淆</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">視聽!我們需要的是對同性「婚姻」更全面的探討。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 他們另一個論點是,所有家庭結構都沒有分別,但證據何在呢?相反,當代的社會科學研究大多印證一個中國人社會廣為接受的民間智慧:孩子仍是由保持結婚狀態的親生父母撫養成人,是對孩子最好的。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以離婚和單親家庭為例,很多研究指出,離婚的壞影響是嚴重和持久的。如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Judith S. Wallerstein</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">1970</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代早期開始做縱向研究達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">15</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年之久,她指出以前我們往往假設夫妻的衝突和不和諧會比離婚使兒女更痛苦,所以離婚很多時是不得已的惡,但這假設與她的研究結果不符:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">離婚後只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">10%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的子女感到更好。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五年後,超過三分之一有憂鬱症(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">clinical
depression</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">十年後,很大比率在學業上不成功。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">十五年後,很大比率仍然缺乏安全感,難以維持穩定的人際關係。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Paul R.
Amato</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Alan Booth</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的研究也印證以上的結果,他們也是作縱向研究,用四方面的指標(心理健康、自我形象、社化過程和教育成就)衡量離婚的影響。他們研究了全國數目相當大的樣本,發現只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">25-33%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的離婚令子女更好。按他們的分析,因為過高的個人期望使人們對本來不太壞的婚姻不滿意,所以只有小量衝突的婚姻也經常以離婚告終。他們的結論是:既然是父母把兒女帶進世界,那要求他們為了子女的幸福忍受一個不十全十美的婚姻,並非過分的要求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 離婚和其他文化因素塑造很多單親家庭,很多時是有母親、沒有父親的家庭。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2000</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,美國的孩童有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">40%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是婚外生的,大約其中四分之一是由於女性故意選擇作單親。近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">30%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孩童活在單親家庭裡,他們差不多有一半在窮困和乏人照顧的環境下長大,他們社化程度和紀律性會較低,也會經堂想究竟父親去了那裡。他們比較容易被學校留堂、離家出走、患憂鬱症和自殺。其實離婚為孩子帶來的損失是不難明白的,不是同住的父親難以在經濟上和感情上照顧孩子,在養育孩子的過程,有兩雙手總比一雙手好,只要想想父母日常承受的壓力就不難明白:換尿片、孩子發脾氣、孩子生病、去買奶粉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">……</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當男孩缺乏有責任的男性的榜樣,和女孩缺乏了一個有委身與關愛的男性形象時(這可能影響她將來的擇偶),母親就要獨個兒承受身體和情緒的壓力。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">1994</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">40%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孩童沒有和父親同住,其實核心家庭的核已破裂了!青少年暴力相信也和此有關,因為失去父親的孩子缺乏自制力,和心存怨憤。例如在美國的青少年謀殺犯中,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">70%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">來自沒有父親的家庭。在美國的長期囚犯中,也是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">70%</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">來自沒有父親的家庭。(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Bennett, p. 83</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)我們不應讓監獄取代父親的角色吧?消失的爸爸正正是當代社會不少問題的根源,我們故然同情、支援單親家庭,卻不能不正視問題,以減少對孩子的傷害。這邊廂社會問題正在加劇,那邊廂我們卻在學校教導孩子怎麼樣的家庭結構都不重要?這樣不是火上加油嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 有些人會指出離婚後再婚也相當普遍,所以不用過分憂慮離婚的影響。然而不少研究指出,子女在有後父母的家庭(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">stepfamilies</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)中的適應甚為困難和複雜。如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Martin Daly</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Margo Wilson</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分析了大量數據,得出這樣的結論:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">後父母對子女的關懷,比親生父母的低很多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在繼親家庭(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">stepfamilies</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)裡,致命的虐兒機會率大一百倍,不致命的虐兒機會率大四十倍。(仙履奇緣(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Cinderella</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和香港的粵語長片等故事原來也有事實根據的!)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm -7.1pt 6pt 0cm; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Sara McLanahan</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Gary Sandeur</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的研究指出,被後父母養育的子女,比完整家庭的子女</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有行為與情緒問題的機會大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2-3</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有成長與學習問題的機會大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">更大機會不能高中畢業</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">更大機會成為單身青少年媽媽</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">更難維持穩定的工作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們的行為問題與單親家庭的子女差不多(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Bennett,
pp. 89-90</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們的行為問題與喪父的孩子比較卻嚴重多(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Bennett, p. 90</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 最後,離婚不單對兒女有壞影響,對成人也很不利,離婚始終是高壓事件。如離婚者(特別是男人)比常人更易得精神病,婚姻破裂也使死亡率提高。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Judith S. Wallerstein</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Joan Berlin Kelley</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開始研究時,預期成人在離婚後一年便會康復,但她們發覺有些人在十五年後仍很受影響。另外,根據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">National Institute of Mental Health</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,離婚與身體和精神疾病有最大相關性:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">離婚男士的死亡率(包括自殺率)高多了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">離婚女士的自殺率高不少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">離婚女士有意外和嚴重或長期疾病的比率較高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分開或離婚的男或女酗酒的機會率高</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">4.5</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倍</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt 42.55pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由此可見,就算從解決成年人的問題的角度看,離婚也絕不是萬應靈丹。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 以上的數據當然不是全部資料,也有很多討論空間,但性別教育卻草率地從自己的意識形態演繹出一個沒有經驗數據支持的立場,並要強加於學童。這樣真的沒有問題嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元性別意識形態的錯謬:總結</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 要再次強調,我們大可鼓勵孩子由保持結婚狀態的親生父母撫養成人,但也要明白有很多變數是不能控制的,對不符這模式的人我們的態度並非譴責或污名化,而是接納、關愛和支援。面對複雜的社會,恩典與真理的結合是非常重要的,特別在個人層面恩典是首要的。但在關注社會公益的大前提下,特別是孩子的成長和福祉攸關時,我們實在難以接受以性別教育和反歧視為借口,去把多元性別論(和連帶的社會運動)制度化、常規化,並強行灌輸給孩子(特別在違反父母基本價值和信念時)。寬容是可以教導的,但孩子需要的不是性別混亂,而是性別自信(參</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Melvin Wong</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">●</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考資料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《台北二零零四同志公民運動</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認識同志手冊》,台灣同志諮詢熱線協會,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2004</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。(由台北市政府民政局印製)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm -2.9pt 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">約翰.科拉品托,《性別天生</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一個性別實驗犧牲者的真實遭遇》,台北:經典傳訊文化,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2002</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm -2.9pt 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">游美惠、楊幸真、楊巧玲主編,《性別教育》,台北:華都文化,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2010</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曾焯文,〈近親戀文學史初稿〉,載何春蕤編,《性/別政治與主體形構》,台北:麥田出版,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2000</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">99-110</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm -2.9pt 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">葛蘿絲曼,《你們在教我孩子什麼?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從醫學看性教育》,新北市:校園書房,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">3</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月。[第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">7</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章:性別奇境]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蕾恩.柯娜(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">Raewyn Connell</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),《性別的世界觀》,台北:書林,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2011</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文,《同性與變性</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評價同性戀運動和變性人婚姻》,香港:宣道,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">6</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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ARMOUR</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/jessica-chin/"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; padding: 0cm;">Chin</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; padding: 0cm;">, Jessica. (2015, October 6). </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">University
Of Toronto Gender-Neutral Bathrooms Reduced After Voyeurism Reports <span class="thirdparty-logo"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">The Huffington Post Canada</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">. Retrieved from </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/10/06/u-of-t-bathrooms-voyeurism_n_8253970.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/10/06/u-of-t-bathrooms-voyeurism_n_8253970.html</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Siggins Dustin. (2014, May
2). Obama administration says Title IX anti-sex discrimination law covers
transgender people. <i>LifeSiteNews.com</i>.
Retrieved from </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/obama-administration-says-title-ix-anti-sex-discrimination-law-covers-trans">https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/obama-administration-says-title-ix-anti-sex-discrimination-law-covers-trans</a></span><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外,最近伊利諾斯州一校區便收到教育部民權辦公室發出的信函,指只准跨性別學生使用獨立洗手間,而不讓其使用自我認同性別的洗手間,是侵犯了教育條例修訂條款</span><span lang="EN-US">Title IX</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所保障的權利,整個校區可能因此不獲政府資助,這是何等大的威嚇?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Smith, Mitch & Davey,
Monica. (2015, November 2). Illinois District Violated Transgender Student’s
Rights, U.S. Says. <i>The New York Times</i>.
Retrieved from </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/us/illinois-district-violated-transgender-students-rights-us-says.html">http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/us/illinois-district-violated-transgender-students-rights-us-says.html</a></span><span lang="EN-US">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參本特刊另一文章:關啟文,〈「性別平等教育」如何被騎劫?</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從高雄市教育部事件談起〉,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。另刊於關啟文網誌,</span><span lang="EN-US">2012</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">12</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">10</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2012/12/blog-post_10.html">http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2012/12/blog-post_10.html</a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈性別的自我瞭解(教職員篇)〉,教育部國民及學前教育署製作的「性別平等教育資訊網」。取自:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://gender.cpshs.hcc.edu.tw/files/16-1002-288.php?Lang=zh-tw">http://gender.cpshs.hcc.edu.tw/files/16-1002-288.php?Lang=zh-tw</a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這部分主要參考自游美惠、楊幸真、楊巧玲主編,《性別教育》,台北:華都文化,</span><span lang="EN-US">2010</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但當對他們有利時,他們也會強調生理的差別:「沒有考慮到女男之間的生理差異,也忽略了社會上的傳統性別分工模式仍或多或少對女人之就業產生限制。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">9</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「如何兼顧女性和男性的差異以及女性之間的個別差異來爭取『平等』就很重要!」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">10</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)例如「我們過去在蓋廁所時,忽略了男女生理構造上的差異(女生排尿時間需時較長)、服裝穿著的文化規範(如女生若是穿絲襪、裙子內又加穿安全褲)與如廁需求的不同(女生生理期時如廁也會需要較長的時間)等等」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">30</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),這會被視為性別不平等。看來他們的性別建構論也是選擇性使用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這種家庭的定義實在太寬了,一整個學生宿舍或足球隊也算作家庭?還有甚麼不可以是家庭?</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這些描述也有犯上稻草人謬誤之嫌,支持一夫一妻制無須認為異性戀「必然」是幸福的,當然是有例外。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「父母的性傾向跟孩子是否可以健康安全長大也沒有相關」,是另一個神話,參香港性文化學會的《性文化評論》第一期《折解同性撫養的迷思》:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.scs.org.hk/files/comment/comment1-120150211170021.pdf">http://www.scs.org.hk/files/comment/comment1-120150211170021.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://pridenet.ca/wp-content/uploads/the-gender-spectrum.pdf">http://pridenet.ca/wp-content/uploads/the-gender-spectrum.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《台北二零零四同志公民運動</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認識同志手冊》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">54</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同上,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">55</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Fausto-Sterling, Anne.
(2000). <i>Sexing the body: Gender politics
and the construction of sexuality</i>. New York: Basic Books.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Sax, Leonard. (2002). How
Common Is Intersex? A Response to Anne Fausto-Sterling. <i>The Journal of Sex Research</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 174-178.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">更多資料請參本特刊文章〈不能被模糊的性別 從基因說起〉,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">58</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">參科拉品托的《性別天生</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">一個性別實驗犧牲者的真實遇》,還有其他類似案例顯示「性別天生」。(頁</span><span lang="EN-US">310-311</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本特刊有另一篇文章更詳細介紹性別的生理基礎的研究:〈男女腦不同</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從腦神經科學看兩性,兼駁多元性別論〉,頁</span><span lang="EN-US">52</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〈健全婦坐輪椅 自殘望癱瘓〉,《蘋果日報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">7</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">18</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">A29</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。取自:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20130718/18338410"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20130718/18338410</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> Licea, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://nypost.com/author/melkorka-licea/"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; padding: 0cm;">Melkorka</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; padding: 0cm;">. (2015, October 1). </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/i-blinded-myself-on-purpose-and-have-never-been-happier/"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; padding: 0cm;">I
poured drain cleaner in my eyes to blind myself</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> <i>NewYork Post</i>. Retrieved from </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/i-blinded-myself-on-purpose-and-have-never-been-happier/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">http://nypost.com/2015/10/01/i-blinded-myself-on-purpose-and-have-never-been-happier/</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上真的有人在推動類似意識形態,但還未普及。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在我的書有探討變性的問題:參關啟文,《同性與變性</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評價同性戀運動和變性人婚姻》,第</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章。另參我網誌上的一些文章:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/search/label/%E8%AE%8A%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%BA">http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/search/label/<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">變性人</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參關啟文,《同性與變性</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">評價同性戀運動和變性人婚姻》,第</span><span lang="EN-US">9</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">章。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> Johnson, Ben. (2015, November 4). Houston voters repeal transgender
bathroom bill in a landslide. <i>LifeSiteNews.com</i>.
Retrieved from </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/houston-voters-repeal-transgender-bathroom-bill-in-a-landslide"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/houston-voters-repeal-transgender-bathroom-bill-in-a-landslide</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請參「性文化資料庫」:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/category/%E9%80%86%E5%90%91%E6%AD%A7%E8%A6%96">https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/category/<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">逆向歧視</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文,〈掛「性平教育」的頭,賣「性解放」的肉</span><b><span lang="EN-US">──</span></b><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">從《青春水漾》到春心盪漾〉,</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「關懷.啟示.文化」</span><span lang="EN-US">──</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文個人網頁,</span><span lang="EN-US">2015</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日。取自:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2015/11/TWSE1.html">http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2015/11/TWSE1.html</a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在網上有一篇五萬字文章〈</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2012/11/blog-post_22.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性婚姻是人權嗎?</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〉討論這課題,最近也在一台灣期刊作進一步探討:關啟文,〈「婚姻平權」的反思〉,《應用倫理評論》第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">58</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">期(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">月),頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1-43</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,參:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2015/06/blog-post_30.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2015/06/blog-post_30.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A_20151111%20(1).docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; mso-fareast-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請參</span><span lang="EN-US">William Bennett</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Don Browning</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US">Stephen Post</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US">Linda Waite</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的書,裡面有很多資料。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-71094470117086810632015-11-02T23:25:00.002-08:002015-11-03T00:29:29.781-08:00掛「性平教育」的頭,賣「性解放」的肉 ──從《青春水漾》到春心盪漾!<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; text-align: center;">
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掛「性平教育」的頭,賣「性解放」的肉<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">──</span>從《青春水漾》到春心盪漾!<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> </span>香港性文化學會主席/浸會大學宗哲系系主任</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj18hMaoPdncTtXMhyMIAxosvZZmu5vtnVbA6O-CC_Av-bcnB8xw8EnVAL_XeJCsCsZdZ6IYnV5gVW0U7EYtQrc-mn4TOxmtjB1P2H9T0LY8IKHlyl8MUsoLpPI4ZzuxLZccgndoc8__3c1/s1600/%25E6%258E%259B%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%2580%25A7%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E6%2595%2599%25E8%2582%25B2%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25A0%25AD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25B3%25A3%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%2580%25A7%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2582%2589+%25E2%2594%2580%25E2%2594%2580%25E5%25BE%259E%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259D%2592%25E6%2598%25A5%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E6%25BC%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E5%2588%25B0%25E6%2598%25A5%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%259B%25AA%25E6%25BC%25BE%25EF%25BC%2581.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj18hMaoPdncTtXMhyMIAxosvZZmu5vtnVbA6O-CC_Av-bcnB8xw8EnVAL_XeJCsCsZdZ6IYnV5gVW0U7EYtQrc-mn4TOxmtjB1P2H9T0LY8IKHlyl8MUsoLpPI4ZzuxLZccgndoc8__3c1/s320/%25E6%258E%259B%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%2580%25A7%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E6%2595%2599%25E8%2582%25B2%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25A0%25AD%25EF%25BC%258C%25E8%25B3%25A3%25E3%2580%258C%25E6%2580%25A7%25E8%25A7%25A3%25E6%2594%25BE%25E3%2580%258D%25E7%259A%2584%25E8%2582%2589+%25E2%2594%2580%25E2%2594%2580%25E5%25BE%259E%25E3%2580%258A%25E9%259D%2592%25E6%2598%25A5%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E6%25BC%25BE%25E3%2580%258B%25E5%2588%25B0%25E6%2598%25A5%25E5%25BF%2583%25E7%259B%25AA%25E6%25BC%25BE%25EF%25BC%2581.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 我久仰《青春水漾》的「大名」,在<span lang="EN-US">2015</span>年<span lang="EN-US">9</span>月終於有機會與友好一起觀賞,實在「歎為觀止」!一方面佩服編劇與導演的高明,能不知不覺把性解放的意識形態滲進整部影片,另一方面慨歎這樣的影片竟能在台灣的校園中登堂入室,向中學生播放(亦有人嘗試在小學推動這影片),令人錯愕和難以置信!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 《青春水漾》是台灣性別平等教育協會(下面簡稱「協會」)製作的「性教育影片」,協會也出版了《青春水漾導讀手冊》(<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>)(下面簡稱《導讀》)以協助老師使用這影片,這《導讀》也為《青春水漾》的意識形態提供了說明。從協會的角度看,《青春水漾》提供的是「正向的、積極的<span lang="EN-US">……</span>性教育」,也是他們「送給台灣性別平等教育大業的禮物。」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">2</span>、<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)。然而事與願違,這影片引發不少家長的負面反應,更被台灣的監察院嚴厲批評。<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>當然,《青春水漾》的支持者會認為批評者過於保守,然而我相信監察院的批評不單成立,更認為他們只集中在法例問題,其實忽略了更重要的要點,就是《青春水漾》其實是在向少年男女(而且特別針對少女)灌輸性解放的意識形態。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 有些人會反駁,《青春水漾》沒有「露點」,沒有露骨的性行為描述,也沒有鼓吹濫交,如何能說是在提倡性解放呢?其實只要細心看《青春水漾》和《導讀》,已可看到不少端倪。協會也明白地說:「透過水流和指尖,體驗愉悅和解放<span lang="EN-US"> </span>泳池裡的青春探索,餘波盪漾<span lang="EN-US">……</span>」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">11</span>),而觀眾也不難看到:水與泳池本來就是代表情慾,本片導演傅天余就說:「身體的慾望有如游泳池」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">5</span>),那所謂「餘波盪漾」不就是「春心盪漾」嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 首先,性解放的根源是對性的不同了解,傳統性倫理,起碼肯定性行為應該在愛的關係中進行,<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>愛是性行為的先決條件,而性行為是愛的表達。因此,性行為被稱為「做愛」。性解放意識形態則否定以上理解,認為性的本質是透過身體尋找「愉悅」、「舒服」和「爽」的感覺,不多也不少,就是這麼簡單!綜觀《青春水漾》,焦點從頭到尾都放在女主角少女雅若如何去尋找令自己身體爽的「開關」,影片並沒有交待男主角小康與雅若之間除了身體接觸外,有甚麼精神上甚或生活上的交流。所以當傅天余說《青春水漾》在提供「情感教育」時(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">4</span>),我實在大惑不解。影片究竟在那裡有處理「情感」呢?無處不在的卻是「情慾」和「性快感」,差之毫釐,謬之千里!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 傅天余接著說:「性<span lang="EN-US">……</span>是人類透過自己身體與另一個人互相取悅的方式。」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)他一方面說「不準備提出任何口號或結論」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">4</span>),但另一方面卻希望國高中生「建立一種正確的態度」──這就是「身體自覺<span lang="EN-US">……</span>對身體、對慾望的自信」。(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">5</span>)這樣看來,《青春水漾》還是有其結論的,就是性的本質就是「身體性」的,而其目的是「愉悅」!當然,口號也不少:「敏感帶」、「爽」和「舒服」。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 在協會推介的教學活動中,焦點也是放在身體的情慾上,如「活動<span lang="EN-US">3 </span>身體密碼」叫學生「用藍色貼紙標記妳∕你的敏感帶。試著摸摸看自己的身體,什麼方式及部位讓妳∕你最舒服?」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">21</span>)在「活動<span lang="EN-US">4 </span>性的地圖」中,協會批評「身心二分,遠離我們的身體經驗與感覺」的進路,並強調「身體愉悅的來源與方式十分多元<span lang="EN-US">……</span>性其實可以很多元多樣」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">22</span>)。而接著提到「取悅自己」的方式的確很多元:女性的「跳蛋、手機、手指、蓮藕頭<span lang="EN-US">……</span>按摩棒、小黃瓜、奶油犬」,以及男性的「充氣娃娃、保齡球瓶、用硬物摩擦」。(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">23</span>)<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>片尾曲《愛神》的歌詞也說:「哪兒是快樂的入口<span lang="EN-US"> </span>求求愛神告訴我<span lang="EN-US">……</span>哎呦!累死了!要不要再來一次啊?」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">29</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</w:anchorlock></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 毫無疑問,《青春水漾》在提倡性解放,而「多元」基本上是「甚麼都行!」(<span lang="EN-US">Anything goes!</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">由追尋「好爽」到性混亂<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 有些人會質問:「追尋身體的愉悅有甚麼問題?我們不是已指出傳統性教育的『身心二分』的流弊嗎?」當然,我們也反對「身心二分」,有些傳統性教育只強調心靈,卻貶低「身體經驗與感覺」,我們也不以為然。但《青春水漾》所談的性卻好像只有身體感覺的向度,沒有深刻的人際關係,沒有心靈的交流。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 當然,更沒有互相的委身,他們談的頂多是「互相取悅」,但到後來連「互相」兩個字也消失,只餘下「取悅自己」──這樣性行為的關係性也就取消了。我對此一點也不奇怪,若把焦點放在「愉悅」及「爽」上,一些人很快就發現,或許令我們更愉悅及爽的,不一定是另一個人,而是「蓮藕頭、小黃瓜」或「充氣娃娃」!只有身體卻沒有心靈或關係的性,不正是顛倒過來的「身心二分」嗎?其實著名存在主義心理學家羅洛.梅(<span lang="EN-US">Rollo May</span>)已指出西方性解放的一個問題,就是顛倒的「清教徒主義」,假若傳統的清教徒主義是有愛無性的話,現代社會的顛倒清教徒主義卻是「有性無愛」!<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</w:anchorlock></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 沒有了整全的愛的指引和約束,情慾本身就會如脫彊野馬,難以找到界線。若性就是要爽,那任何能令自己爽的性行為就是美好的性,任何性道德不單是多餘的,更導致萬惡之根──性壓抑。因此,我們要剷除所有性道德。首先要除掉的當然是性節制的理念,在「活動<span lang="EN-US">1 </span>青春對話中」,老師要問以下問題:「在親密的身體互動中,例如<span lang="EN-US">……</span>做愛<span lang="EN-US">……</span>,如果一個女生都只能一直說『不要」,對她自己會有什麼問題?」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">13</span>)當然,這是一個引導性問題,暗示性節制是有問題的。協會對貞潔似乎有種恐慌,好像年青人不進行性行為就大禍臨頭,當然這是毫無根據的。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 第二個要打破的是對同性戀的禁忌。《青春水漾》很清晰地提倡同性戀,協會的楊佳羚承認影片提到「女性友伴的身體探索與女同志情感的滋長」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">8</span>),這裡指的當然是小蜜幫助雅若探索敏感帶的情節。其實這情節已是非常大膽和「出位」,但她楊佳羚仍要投訴「片子中的主要親密關係仍以異性戀為主軸<span lang="EN-US">……</span>,沒能夠好好地呈現少女小蜜的情慾」!(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">9</span>)<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>而不接受同性戀的立場被標籤為「同性戀歧視或恐同症」。(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">18</span>)當然,若只是求爽,何必理會令你爽者是同性還是異性?甚或近親?可以如此改編《青春水漾》:當雅若問她媽媽敏感帶的問題時,媽媽不單沒有逃避問題,更親自幫雅若摸遍全身,為她找尋敏感帶!只是要爽,為何近親不能擔任令妳爽者的角色呢?若性行為的本質是互相取悅,這不是很適合母女間(或父子、父女、母子間)進行的活動嗎?!換言之,從性解放的性哲學看,亂倫的禁忌,與婚前性行為和同性戀的禁忌,都是沒有基礎的!<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 第三,以上的邏輯也可應用到各式各樣的性行為上。協會認為我們不能把性想像局限於插入性的異性戀性行為,而要認識多元的「性行為或性遊戲」,這包括:「<span lang="EN-US">69</span>、共浴、舔果醬、口交、肛交、<span lang="EN-US">3P</span>、人獸交、多<span lang="EN-US">P</span>」。(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">24</span>)當然,他們沒有明白說所有這些行為都沒有問題,但從上文下理看,完全看不到他們對任何性行為有任何道德上的保留,當然這只是背後性哲學的延伸:只要能爽,甚麼形式、與甚麼人、多少人、甚麼東西進行「性遊戲」又有甚麼相干?然而,在道德與法律上人獸交真的沒有問題嗎?肛交的風險又為何隻字不提?這是負責任和面對事實的性教育嗎?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 第四,爽的邏輯根本不能講忠誠,這對婚姻和家庭制度會帶來毀滅性的衝擊。基本問題是,若性就是為了「爽」,那「不爽」時性行為不就失去意義嗎?假若性只是為了愉悅,那當與妻子或丈夫做愛不那麼爽時,還有理由要這樣做嗎?又或者你想像與另一些青春少艾上床會比與「黃臉婆」做愛更爽,那通姦不是變得合理嗎?當然,妻子也可投訴丈夫不能滿足她的性需要,所以她要在外面找「猛男」慰藉,不也是天經地義嗎?事實上,推動性解放的人(如何春蕤)也明白地把這些涵義說出來。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">改造少女成為豪爽女人<b>──</b>性解放的策略<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</w:anchorlock></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 在人類歷史中,女性一直是傳統性道德的中流砥柱,也是性解放的主要障礙,所以要推動性解放,一定要改造女性的思想、感覺和價值觀。但成年女人的性格往往難以改造,所以最「明智」的策略就是改造少女,讓她們成為豪爽女人──這正正是何春蕤的主張,而她本來就是性平教育的鼻祖。在<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月<span lang="EN-US">5</span>日的性權會募款餐會裡何春蕤的發言題目是「回歸身體 回歸性」,她說:<b>「</b>在教育部推動多元性別教育事件上,<span lang="EN-US">……</span>如果我們自己在這個議題的辯論過程中也極力撇清,劃地自限,強調多元性別教育並不是鼓勵多元性別認知,不是鼓勵青少年發生性行為,不是引導青少年發展多元情慾,不是鼓勵他們嘗試建立多元家庭,那麼,這個多元性別教育還剩下什麼東西是值得我們費力去推動、去爭戰的?我今天還是要回到豪爽女人性解放的基本立場:<span lang="EN-US">……</span>真正的關鍵在身體,在透過性的好奇所帶動的探索和越軌,在短暫歡愉中領悟社會文化對個人長久以來的剝奪,在跨越羞恥和罪惡所設立的藩籬時體驗解放的快感。」她強調:「下一代的孩子總是有機會從頭開始的,<b>這也就是為什麼我們必須抵抗那些再度要把兒少鎖入身體暗櫃的團體,我們必須打兒少的性自由這一仗。」但她要改造的並非自己的兒女,而是別人的兒女啊!</b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 《青春水漾》對「好爽」的執迷反映的正正是何春蕤的《豪爽女人》所提倡的意識形態。<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>何春蕤就是台灣性革命的主將,她提倡把性和愛徹底脫鉤,她接受「一個多元多音的情慾世界,<span lang="EN-US">……</span>沒有什麼道德也沒有什麼底線的。不同的伴侶、異性同性、不同的關係、動物<span lang="EN-US">……</span>什麼都可以玩,都好玩。」<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"> </span>何春蕤更著力美化、歌頌賣淫,高姿態說<i>性工作就是好工作!</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>她公然在網站倡導大家「快快樂樂去援交」。<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span>她曾在中央大學性/別研究室的「性解放」網頁內,呈現人與斑馬、豬、熊等人獸交的圖片。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 她致力婚姻制度的徹底顛覆,如通姦合法化和第三者英雄化,因為「外遇是追求性解放的手段<span lang="EN-US">……</span>已經在外遇中的男人女人以及俗稱破壞別人家庭的第三者實在是抗暴的義士先驅。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">而且「你不只要做第三者,還應該同時<span lang="EN-US">……</span>做不同人的第四者、第五者、第六者,更要培養自己的第二者、第三者、第四者。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">她的性解放伴侶甯應斌(筆名卡維波)乾脆否定變態與常態的分野,認為所有「性少數」都應平反,他們包括:「同性戀、雙性戀、第三者</span><v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" style="height: 143.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 391.25pt; margin-top: 28.35pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: page; mso-position-vertical-relative: page; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 191.35pt; z-index: -251657728;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</w:anchorlock></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt;">、濫交者、賣淫者或其他性工作者、豪放女、群交者、易裝戀、變性戀、家人戀、跨代戀、物戀、動物戀、排泄戀、屍戀、<span lang="EN-US">SM</span>、綑綁戀、窺視或觀淫戀、露陰或展示戀、追求情慾滿足的老人和青少年、愛滋病患、私生子<span lang="EN-US">……</span>等等。(口交者、肛交者、祼體模特兒、受性侵害者、殘障戀、婚前性行為、不倫的性幻想等,在保守的性文化中可能是性少數)」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 指導《青春水漾》的基本上是以上意識形態,但這影片的高明之處,是用較低調的方法,從少女的角度出發,去描繪一種性解放的性想像。假若一切都以男性視野出發,描述一個少男如何藉著泳池的水流獲取性快感,又透過與女性身體的接觸產生性興奮,並最後與女生上床,上床之後不是關注與女生的關係,只是感激女生讓他知道他身體的「開關」何在,如何能夠很舒服、很爽<span lang="EN-US">……</span>這樣的《青春水漾》肯定會給人「很色」的感覺,儼然是另一套把女性身體物化和看作性玩物的<span lang="EN-US">A</span>片。然而從女生的角度敘事,這種感覺就大大淡化。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 但究竟這種敘事有多少現實性呢?有多少少女真的會藉著泳池的水流獲取性快感,並因著與男性身體的接觸就產生性興奮,並且當男生說:「時間還早,不如一起睡吧?」就馬上鑽進被窩與男生睡?又有多少女生在與男生上床之前和之後,不是關注與男生的關係,反而只是聚焦於自己身體的感覺呢?其實「開關」這種詞彙把身體說成機器一般,但性真的只是機械性的反應嗎?性行為中能否感到舒服和很爽,只要找到「敏感帶」就有保證?如此把性完全抽離於人際關係,這不單是非人性化(<span lang="EN-US">depersonalization</span>),更未必與女性的性情和真正需要吻合。我有點懷疑,這種種對女性的描述有多符合現實,抑或都只是男性對女性性愛的投射?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 這些描述雖然可能不太現實,但青春期的性想像還是很受媒體和文化影響的,台灣過往幾十年來,女性的性解放正迎頭趕上,<span lang="EN-US">2011</span>年的一項調查顯示,台灣年輕女性的性開放程度令人咋舌。<span lang="EN-US">20</span>歲男學生曾經性交的比率,從<span lang="EN-US">1979</span>年的<span lang="EN-US">29.3%</span>逐漸成長為<span lang="EN-US">2007</span>年的<span lang="EN-US">40.3%</span>。而女性婚前性行為的比率,從<span lang="EN-US">1979</span>年的<span lang="EN-US">5.3%</span>攀升到<span lang="EN-US">2007</span>年的<span lang="EN-US">35.7%</span>,<span lang="EN-US">30</span>年來增幅達<span lang="EN-US">7</span>倍!負責研究的學者晏涵文指出,台灣年輕女性從「玉女」成為「慾女」。<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>不少案例也印證這種改變,如<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年一少女<span lang="EN-US">Rainfull</span>與十八男生在列車舉行集體性派對,<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US">2010</span>年一名叫「茜茜」的<span lang="EN-US">19</span>歲女學生在其部落格上載露點自拍照,並表明要「百人斬」(至少和<span lang="EN-US">100</span>人發生性關係),大批男網民爭相表示要「協助」她完成心願。除了自稱與<span lang="EN-US">19</span>至<span lang="EN-US">44</span>歲的男人上過床,她在文中大膽描述<span lang="EN-US">3P</span>、角色扮演等,其中一篇寫道:「<span lang="EN-US">I am a Bitch......Just Wanna <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">Fxxk</span></span>」(原文粗言,以<span lang="EN-US">x</span>代替),又說「我是卑賤的,我是淫蕩的」。<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>亦有年青女生在捷運公然為男生口交的案例。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 《青春水漾》這種性媒體只會進一步扭曲少女的性想像,把她們塑造為豪爽女人。但這種發展到最後只會對她們帶來傷害,是火上加油。例如楊佳羚嘲笑傳統性教育強調「『小媽媽的天空』的悲慘世界」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">7</span>),但性解放的一個惡果的確是愈來愈多的小媽媽,我自己就親耳聽過她們的故事──而「悲慘世界」的確是存在的。(其實不難想像雅若之後繼續追逐身體之爽,不久就會懷孕,屆時就要面對墮胎與小媽媽的悲慘抉擇。)悲哀的是,性解放派可以肆無忌憚去「放火」,但往往「被火燒傷」和付出代價去「救火」的卻是少男、少女和他們的家長。《青春水漾》的性解放意識形態不斷鼓勵同學「探索」身體情慾,卻對罔顧可能有的後果,如此的性教育是不負責任的。如監察院所言,也有違法的嫌疑。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 提倡性解放的人很懂得包裝,他們使用很多動聽的語言去掩飾性解放的意識形態,若讀者不察就很易墮進他們的語言迷陣,忘記了性解放的不良後果。例如,協會的蕭昭君說《青春水漾》提供的是「正向的、積極的<span lang="EN-US">……</span>性教育,而不是負面的、避諱的、恐嚇的<span lang="EN-US">……</span>洗腦<span lang="EN-US">……</span>。讓學生有機會積極正向看待自己的存在,自尊自信地發展跟別人、社會的正向互動關係。」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)其實後者提到的東西,是每個教育工作者都能認同的,提倡性節制教育者也不會否定我們「應該<span lang="EN-US">……</span>肯定青少年發展過程中對於身體與性的求知」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">2</span>),但這不代表我們應該提倡性解放。提倡性節制者同樣希望學生「積極正向看待自己的存在」──但我們並非純動物性的存在,而是身心靈結合、有良知和自由意志的存在,所以我們要告訴同學,他們的身體很重要,但他們的存在不能消解為身體的慾望,性也不能化約為愉悅與爽的感覺。他們要好好運用自由意志,去選擇最能全面發展人性和對他人尊重的性行為模式,這是性節制而不是性解放。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 因此,性節制並非負面的,而是源自對人性的全面尊重與肯定(包括精神性);反而是性解放把人貶為單純動物性或情慾主導的存在,這其實是貶抑人性的「身體還原論」。性節制教育也不必避諱,可坦誠地與同學討論性問題,但這不代表要採納性解放的立場。至於「恐嚇」指的是寫實的「墮胎影片」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">7</span>),但為何不讓同學充分明白事實才做抉擇呢?歸根究柢,性解放派把所有對性的規限都說成是「負面」的,這並不合理,難道提倡「食」節制者(如不吃<span lang="EN-US">junk food</span>、魚翅等)也是「負面」嗎?說到底,「正面」性教育就是要去道德化和</span><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCxgme2CgEAABMCAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRwU7DMAyG
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</w:anchorlock></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">取消所有規限,這其實是性混亂,會帶來個人與社會不少傷害,如何能說是「正面」呢?<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; mso-para-margin-bottom: .5gd; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 王漢宗綜藝體繁; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;">結語:與「性別平等」何干?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 《青春水漾》是一個推動「性別平等教育」的組織製作的,一方面是性教育教材,另一方面也是性別平等教育的影片,但這究竟與性別平等有何關係?我們大可提倡平等對待和尊重男性與女性(甚或不同性傾向人士),但這不代表我們應向中小學生灌輸性</span><v:shape id="圖片_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_s1032" style="height: 143.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 391.25pt; margin-top: 28.35pt; mso-height-relative: margin; mso-position-horizontal-relative: page; mso-position-vertical-relative: page; mso-width-relative: margin; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 191.35pt; z-index: -251655680;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</w:anchorlock></w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">解放的意識形態。現在不少人把性平教育與性解放等同,並認為性平教育與傳統性教育水火不容,一個近期的新聞報道就反映這種趨勢。<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>按這報道,</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">台灣女人連線祕書長蔡宛芬說,「國高中性教育教材應正視青少年情慾發展,若擔心未婚懷孕應加強『安全性行為』教育」,這與《青春水漾》如出一轍。報道也單方面引述很多對傳統性教育教材的批評,卻完全沒有平衡的意見。</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;">這些都只是反映一種偏狹的意識形態,並沒有甚麼穩固的學術甚礎,更沒有廣大台灣家長和老師的支持。當</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">台灣女人連線理事長黃淑英說「健康教育應回歸科學與醫學專業」時,我是非常贊成的,但問題正正是,今天很多所謂性別教育,其實只是一種意識形能,並不是植根於「科學與醫學專業」,更加不是「健康教育」,例如一面倒美化同性性行為,卻完全忽略它產生的健康風險。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 我在另一篇文章指出,這是台灣的同運和性解放派多年來的努力成果,先把「兩性平等」改為「性別平等」,然後建構一種「多元性別」的偽學術理論,把所有東西都變成「性別」,然後再把「平等」理解為「甚麼都行」,這就把「性平教育」改造為「性解放洗腦」。<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.5pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>這實在是掛「性平教育」的頭,賣「性解放」的肉!但這一切建基的是一個極端、非常爭議性且沒有充足理據支持的「多元性別論」,我會在另一篇文章作出更詳細批評。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> 假若「性平教育」真的被改造為「性解放洗腦」,這並非台灣之福,也會侵害家長的教育權和學生的受教權。盼望更多家長、老師和市民對性平教育的課綱積極提出意見,守護台灣社會和下一代的幸福。<span style="color: #ff99cc;">●</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">本文可在我的<span lang="EN-US">face book page</span>和<span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">blog</span>找到。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">〈糾正案字號<span lang="EN-US">103</span>內正<span lang="EN-US">0011</span>〉,《監察院全球資訊網》,糾正案文可在這網頁下載:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.cy.gov.tw/sp.asp?xdurl=./CyBsBox/CyBsR1.asp&ctNode=910"><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">http://www.cy.gov.tw/sp.asp?xdurl=./CyBsBox/CyBsR1.asp&ctNode=910</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 18.6667px;">糾正案提及:「『青春水漾-Shall We Swim』影片,版權由內政部與該協會共享,內容教導探索性敏感帶、性高潮及進行性行為,影片出現『女對女探索身體』、『女明示男探索身體』及『男女生發生性行為』等畫面,如對未滿18歲學生播放或教導,可能觸犯禁止引誘兒童及少年為性交或猥褻行為之規定,學生如依該影片對未滿16歲者為性交或猥褻行為,將成立妨害性自主罪及性侵害犯罪,該影片對於可能觸法情事卻無片語隻字提及,且該影片以影像及對白為強烈性暗示,依法應列為限制級,至少應列為輔導級;該影片企劃書卻明載以國高中生為主要對話對象,內政部對該影片之審查不僅流於形式,而且未依法審查分級即同意發行公播版,致使該影片對許多國小、國中及高中學生播放,因而引起家長諸多恐慌及反彈,核有重大違失」,因而譴責內政部未盡審查和分級之責;台北市政府亦有虛報的嫌疑:「惟該府嗣後辯稱:上開統計表因學校填報人員認知差異倉促回報,故數據與事實不符……該市國小僅2校播放該影片約1分鐘廣告片段,國中僅1校由播放約2分鐘片段,部分學校由講師片段播放該影片作為家長親職教育及教師增能研習之教材,重新調查情形詳如附表五等語。然而,經本院調查,臺北市成功高中、志仁高中、忠孝國中及金陵女中等400位中學生曾參加該影片首映會,並有明倫高中高二兩個班級學生看過影片,與附表五所列數據顯不相同,所辯係卸責之詞,並無足採。」</span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">有些人對這裡的愛理解得比較嚴格,認為真正的愛應是一種義無反顧的委身,所以性、愛與婚姻(委身的實現)有不可分割的關係。另一些人認為「愛」只需要一種關係和感情,不一定需要婚盟的委身。這兩者的區別本文不會討論,只集中於這類立場與性解放的重大區別,因為性解放認為性行為與愛(無論如何理解)根本沒有關係。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">當然對一般男性而然,這裡列出的「充氣娃娃」容易理解,但「保齡球瓶、用硬物摩擦」則有點費解,或許這是指喜愛把東西插進自己肛門的男性吧?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">參馮川主編,《羅洛.梅文集》,中國言實出版社,<span lang="EN-US">1996</span>,頁<span lang="EN-US">41-55</span>,<span lang="EN-US">73-88</span>,<span lang="EN-US">109-113</span>。這是譯自<span lang="EN-US">Rollo May, <i>Love and Will. </i></span>我認為他或許對傳統的清教徒主義有些誤解,但這不是本文的重點。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">一個學生活動就是「改寫劇本」,請同學「做不同的劇本改寫,讓小蜜與雅若有不同的感情發展。」(《導讀》,頁<span lang="EN-US">19</span>)<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">何春蕤,<span class="newsheadline1">《豪爽女人:女性主義與性解放</span>》,台北:皇冠,<span lang="EN-US">1994</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">何春蕤,〈性工作,好工作〉,《明報》,<st1:chsdate day="13" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="2" w:st="on" year="2001"><span lang="EN-US">2001</span>年<span lang="EN-US">2</span>月<span lang="EN-US">13</span>日</st1:chsdate>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/SCS-TW%E3%80%8A%E9%9D%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B0%B4%E6%BC%BE%E3%80%8B%E8%88%87%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE(revised).doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff99cc; font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";">〈兩性專家何春蕤挨告〉,《中時晚報》,<st1:chsdate day="23" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="2003"><span lang="EN-US">2003</span>年<span lang="EN-US">6</span>月<span lang="EN-US">23</span>日</st1:chsdate>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">何春蕤,<span class="newsheadline1">《豪爽女人:女性主義與性解放</span>》,頁<span lang="EN-US">109</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">卡維波,〈一場性革命正在發生〉,載<span class="newsheadline1">《呼喚台灣新女性</span>》,頁<span lang="EN-US">354</span>。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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婚前有性易陽痿<span lang="EN-US">? </span>〉,《中國時報》,<span lang="EN-US">2015</span>年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月<span lang="EN-US">26</span>日。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "微軟正黑體" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-4008138290975528162015-07-23T05:35:00.000-07:002015-07-23T05:35:19.617-07:00美國最高法院的同性「婚姻」裁決、人大釋法與法治<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">日,美國聯邦最高法院五位大法官宣判同性婚姻是美國憲法所肯定的基本人權,所以全國五十個州都要接受同性婚姻。<span style="color: #333333;">持異議的四位法官</span>認為,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">憲法完全沒有提到「同性婚姻」,也不能由憲法合理推演這「基本權利」出來,所以這判決是不當且過份的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">司法活躍主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(judicial activism) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而且</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">最高法院的決定無理地剝奪了每個州在決定婚姻制度上的自主權。這不是法治,而是人治</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">憲政主義與司法克制</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然,這一點不是沒有爭議的,但司法活躍主義的問題其實是眾所週知的,例如美國政治學者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Gary
C. Bryner</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">在一篇討論憲政主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">(constitutionalism)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">與人權的文章裡指出:憲政主義的主要目的是「界定權利,和限制大多數人的權力」,然而這「必需人民的參與。憲法、人權法案和憲法修正案都需要人民的認可,這表明『只有人民能作出創造新權利的選擇』的理念。」因此,我們「不贊成透過司法過程去創造那些權利。司法活躍主義並非創造新權利的合適程序,因為這程序本身有諸般限制,法官擁有的資訊非常有限,而且司法程序的本質是非民主的。」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bryner
1987, p. 23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不少人反對這種看法,因為他們認為這種司法克制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(judicial restraint)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的進路代表我們不願意去處理新的問題(如新情況下的不公義)。但</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bryner</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指出這是誤解:「一般而言,我們先假定不應去創造新權利,這不表示我們不願意處理新的社群問題,而是表示我們願意去用一個嘗試性的態度去處理公共政策的問題,我們願意去探索哪些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">政策</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有實效、哪些沒有,而不是去令政府活動免於檢討和改變。」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bryner
1987, p. 27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)當然這是指我們可採取民主政治的過程去處理問題,而不是去透過司法覆核的方法凍結民主討論和進程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">因此,「我們應該用民選代表的公共選擇語言,去取代權利的語言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">我們應該摒棄『只有正式的法律才能為社會生活提供足夠的基礎』的想法。」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bryner
1987, p. 28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)「很多關於權利的辯論能夠(也應該)重新界定為公共選擇和優先次序的辯論,我們不能透過從憲法引伸一些道德權利,去解決這個辯論。相反,我們能夠(也應該)透過憲法所鼓勵的開放、積極政治討論,去解決這個辯論。」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bryner
1987, p. 29</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)當然,這與異議大法官的意見不謀而合。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">法治與司法克制</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一位美國政治學者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Noel Reynolds</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">則</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">論及憲政主義與法治的關係,她提到自由主義哲學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ronald
Dworkin</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">公開呼籲最高法院的法官在面對困難的案件時,大可使用平等的原則去找出憲法「背後」的意義。她認為這是「危險的做法」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">它「只會為那些想提倡個人政治和道德觀點的人提供合理化的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">借口</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,這個過程會產生法律混亂,而且<b><i>使我們不能預測自己行動的法律後果</i></b></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">──</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">但這正正是法治所要求的。</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reynolds </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1987,
p. 94</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">「抽象權利的語言潛在地非常麻煩,這是因為一個不受制衡的權威可以把這類有關權利的普遍述句按照自己的利益去詮釋,然後去利用這種廣泛和實質的語言。不相信的自由主義者應該提醒自己,上世紀末的保守美國法官是如何發展實質正當程序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">(substantive due process)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">的推理方法。」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reynolds
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1987,
pp. 94-95</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)當然,這個問題幾位異議大法官已多有論及。最後,她再次強調:「憲法必須保存和促進法治,要點是盡量讓市民可預料政府對私人行動的回應是甚麼」,這樣市民才可「避免」受到懲罰。(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reynolds </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1987,
p. 101</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)這也是說,若市民根本不能預料最高法院的法官甚麼時候能從憲法推演出甚麼「基本權利」,法治也變成不可能。再者,「不當地倚賴道德原則作為法律,會為黨派利益提供他們所需的武器,去實施專制的計劃。」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reynolds </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1987,
p. 102</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其實美國的判決也和香港的一個法律爭議有相通之處。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1999</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,由居港權的爭議到終審庭的判決,再到人大釋法,對香港市民(特別是司法界)產生了巨大衝擊。香港法律學者陳文敏指出這會影響法治,他的解釋與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reynolds</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的分析相當吻合:「除了有法可依內,法治還要求法律是客觀理性的,在合理的範圍內<b><i>人們可以預見法律是如何運作,</i></b>而法律的解釋和演繹,是由一套客觀的準則所規範,不會因人而異,更不會因當權者的喜惡或主觀意願而改變。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">32</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他的憂慮是:「日後香港法院仍得解釋《基本法》,沒有客觀的準則解釋法律,法律便會淪為當權者的特權,解釋法律便會變得主觀和不受質疑,對與錯只能建基於權力而非理性辯論之上,法治也就無從談起。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">33</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)「人大常委會既沒考慮反對的意見,又沒給予理由便判上訴得直並加以糾正。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人大常委會作出解釋時又不用給予理據分析,於是終審法院永遠受制於一未可知的上訴機制,法官判案時要考慮人大常委會將怎樣解釋,而這解釋可以完全出於政治而非法律考慮,那麼,司法獨立還有什麼意義?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">… </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果說這無損法治,恐怕是自欺欺人了。」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">34</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)所以,「人大釋法,動搖了普通法中最根本的概念,法律的客觀性和可預見性已盪然無存,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這和人治還有什麼區別?」(頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">34</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先,陳文敏和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Reynolds</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都同樣強調法治的一個條件,就是「可預見性」。此外,他的理據其實也可加於美國最高法院的判決:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「法治要求憲法是客觀理性的,在合理的範圍內人們可以預見憲法是如何運作,而憲法的解釋和演繹,是由一套客觀的準則所規範,不會因人而異,更不會因大法官的喜惡或主觀意願而改變。日後美國最高法院仍得解釋憲法,沒有客觀的準則解釋憲法,憲法便會淪為大多數大法官的特權,解釋憲法便會變得主觀和不受質疑,對與錯只能建基於權力而非理性辯論之上,法治也就無從談起。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這次多數法官沒充分考慮反對的意見,又沒給予充足理由便判上訴得直並強加於全美。他們作出解釋時所給予的理據,實在經不起批判分析,於是各級法院永遠受制於一未可知的上訴機制,下級法官判案時要考慮最高法院將怎樣解釋,而這解釋可以完全出於政治而非憲法考慮,那麼,司法獨立還有什麼意義?如果說這無損法治,恐怕是自欺欺人了。所以,這次最高法院的判決,動搖了憲政主義中最根本的概念,憲法的客觀性和可預見性已盪然無存,這和人治還有什麼區別?」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我不知道陳文敏會不會同意以上意見,我只是說:他對人大釋法的批評,基本上也可應用到這次最高法院的判決,事實上和異議大法官的意見有異曲同工之妙。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然,也有些學者是批評司法克制的,如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tom Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我在這裡簡短回應他的批評。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US%202015_%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8B%E6%B3%95%20(1).doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他首先批評</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">interpretivism</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──這立場認為憲政問題是要緊緊跟隨憲法的文本和制憲者的原意去解決的,一,這進路不是真正的中立,而「更多是把強加價值這回事掩飾了。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Mullen 1986, p. 18) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而他沒有為這斷言提供甚麼證據,當然有些情況「司法克制」可以是借口,但</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒有論證為何必然如此。我們要在具體案件中仔細檢視提倡「司法克制」的法官的論據,才能判斷他們有否真正尊重憲法的文本。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為就算在訴諸立憲者原意的法官中,「不同組別和個體也持守不同的觀點」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Mullen 1986, p. 19)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。這批評有點奇怪,難道採取其他進路,不同個體就會持守完全相同的觀點嗎?這實在難以置信,因為文本的詮釋呈現多元性本來就是正常的現象。然而,若有固定的文本,和對從文本所作的推演有較嚴格的要求,最少我們的詮釋會受到一定限制,而不會是無邊無際。灰色地帶仍然會存在,但這只表示「不是所有問題都有清晰、不含糊的答案」,並不表示「所有問題都沒有清晰、不含糊的答案」。若我們完全沒有客觀規限,那後者情況就會發生(屆時只會有更多不同的觀點),憲政主義的目的與價值也盪然無存。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三,我們可從制憲者的辯論中揣摸他們的原意,但</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為這能提供的指導是不完整的,因為制憲者所持的真實理由可能與他表達出來的不一樣。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這說法不是不對,但最多只說明司法克制的進路有限制,不能完全推翻這進路。其實證據不足的問題對所有理性探索(包括科學研究)都產生困擾,但我們不能因此否定所有理性探索。一般而言,我們只能承認自己的有限,把握擁有的全部證據,然後作最好的判斷。為何司法判斷不也可以如此嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四,這進路不能處理一些制憲時不能預見的問題。這是對的,但誰說所有問題都要透過憲法詮釋去解決呢?上面已指出,每個時代都可用民主政治的方法去解決那個時代的問題,在美國的處境,這方法也可保存價值和生活方式的多元性(不同州份可有不同選擇)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又說</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">interpretivism</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會令到「對人權的憲法保障」不能演化或增長。這說法則是錯的,因為憲法是可以按照民主程序修正的,例如把新的人權明明白白地寫進憲法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Muller</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">承認</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">interpretivism</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">看來是解決了憲法的合法性的問題,因為憲法對大眾作出的限制,是建基於當時大家有共識的文件,所以尊重憲法也只是尊重大家起初的協議而已。但他接著批評:「假若我們所關注的是,對民選體制的自由作出限制是不民主的,那為何過往的共識</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能凌駕現代的共識呢?看不到有清楚的理由。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Mullen 1986, p. 19) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我則認為當中理由不是很難找。考慮一個類似問題,假設</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">君今年剛好</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲,之後可以參加民主程序(如選舉立法會議員),但之前訂立的所有法律他都沒有參與,那他為甚麼要遵守那些法例呢?答案很簡單,我們可以把整個社會看作有機體,雖然在不斷發展(成員每天都不同),但只要有足夠的連續性,新一代應該承擔過往的責任,正如他們可以繼承過往遺留給他們的福利,兩者都是合理的。同樣道理,美國立國至今可看作一個整體,今天的美國公民當然要對一直延續的制度承擔責任。若按</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的邏輯,任何制度的合法性(不單是憲法)也可質疑。總結而言,司法克制進路的確為憲法的合法性問題提供更滿意的答案。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">六,「不加批判就接受原意,可能把憲法的解釋與一些不能保護人權的觀點捆綁在一起。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Mullen 1986, p. 19) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這個可能性有多大呢?實在看不到實質證據。其實我們也可倒過來說:「不加批判就偏離原意,可能把憲法的解釋與一些不能保護人權的觀點捆綁在一起。」誰能保證新創造的權利真正是人權呢?再者,支持尊重原意者若真的感到一些憲法內容有違人權,也可提出修改憲法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一些觀點是,面對困難的問題,我們可以按照傳統和社會共識去詮釋憲法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也提出反駁:這種進路完全不能提供固定的答案;也不能解決合法性的問題,因為以憲法保障人權的目的就是要超越純粹訴諸大多數的政治制度,若仍然訴諸傳統和社會共識,並不能達到這目的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mullen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚至認為,若訴諸傳統和社會共識,能保障人權的機會是低的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Mullen 1986, pp.
19-20) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我認為這些批評都欠說服力,審慎派堅持文本是基本參考,若要擴充「基本權利」,也要建基於國家深厚的傳統和一個穩定的社會共識,上面已指出,這種進路不一定每次找到清楚答案,但說它完全不能提供固定的答案,則恐怕是誇大其辭了。再者,若真的要「超越純粹訴諸大多數的制度」,那憲法法庭也不行,因為是否能「保障人權」,最終也不是靠法官的大多數嗎?特別在爭議性大的事上,很多都是五對四,那實質上作決定的只有一個法官?這一定比民主的大多數好嗎?!當然,若傳統和社會共識與人權理念有張力,我們不是可透過民主程序去改做嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">參考資料</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Bryner,
Gary C. 1987. “Constitutionalism & the Politics of Rights.” In Gary C.
Bryner & Noel B. Reynolds, eds., <i>Constitutionalism & Rights</i>
(Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, 1987), pp. 7-32.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Mullen,
Tom. 1986. “The Constitutional Protection of Human Rights.” In Tom Campbell,
David Goldberg, Sheila McClean & Tom Mullen, eds., <i>Human Rights: From
Rhetoric to Reality</i> (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), pp. 15-36.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Reynolds,
Noel B. 1987. “Constitutionalism & the Rule of Law.” In Gary C. Bryner
& Noel B. Reynolds, eds., <i>Constitutionalism & Rights</i> (Provo,
Utah: Brigham Young University, 1987), pp. 79-104.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">陳文敏,〈寫在人大釋法之後〉,載孔令瑜、林潔紅、阮美賢編,《居港權活動資料冊》,香港:天主教正義和平委員會,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1999</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">月,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">32-34</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">原刊於《明報》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1999</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">29</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">日。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US%202015_%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8B%E6%B3%95%20(1).doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">他的文章是回應英國應否制定《人權法案》的辯論,但那些論點可應用到司法活躍還是克制的爭論上。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-14978264510665103502015-07-09T20:40:00.001-07:002015-07-09T20:40:24.259-07:00狂潮中的反思──檢視美國同性「婚姻」的辯論<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvTVJQYF7qHAzDIl3uDvLQCy8R_jNAOaZqoSDF6sC1j63j_d4CH-ZkBurgdmJ91bbqqToJ1kvypilEoJFiP4H4YTLhb2CE3gJJkrM7irTy0PU4G0wQFHRwoRo8N9eevQ7XlNFq7wEqCKZz/s1600/%25E7%258B%2582%25E6%25BD%25AE%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2580%259D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvTVJQYF7qHAzDIl3uDvLQCy8R_jNAOaZqoSDF6sC1j63j_d4CH-ZkBurgdmJ91bbqqToJ1kvypilEoJFiP4H4YTLhb2CE3gJJkrM7irTy0PU4G0wQFHRwoRo8N9eevQ7XlNFq7wEqCKZz/s320/%25E7%258B%2582%25E6%25BD%25AE%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2580%259D.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2015年6月26日,美國聯邦最高法院五位大法官(以下簡稱五法官)宣判同性「婚姻」是美國憲法所肯定的基本人權,所以全國五十個州都要接受同性「婚姻」。這引發了美國以至全球的辯論,在香港和台灣亦然。就著美國最高法院的判決而言,我認為持異議的四位法官的論據更有說服力,前面的文章已介紹了他們的觀點。<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn1" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref1" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[1]</a>然而不少人對這議題存在不少誤解,本文會就著一些常見的問題進一步分析和反思。</span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">反對同性「婚姻」= 霸道且極端?</strong></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">王貽興批評反對同性「婚姻」的人「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">只容許世上剩下一種價值觀,而且必須剛好是他們信奉捍衛的那一種。非我族類的都是有問題的,都必須改邪歸正。</span>」他們是「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">霸道而且極端</span>」。<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn2" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref2" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[2]</a>事實上,在香港反對同性「婚姻」的人只是表達自己的意見,沒有要求別人「改邪歸正」,也沒有能力強逼別人去信奉他們的價值觀,這在多元社會本來是非常正常,難道他們連表達意見也不可?別人也完全有不接受和反擊的自由。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">美國判決之前,各州有兩種制度和價值觀:一夫一妻制和同性「婚姻」,但五法官卻濫用他們的司法權力,「只容許全美國剩下一種價值觀,而且必須剛好是五法官信奉捍衛的那一種(同性「婚姻」)。非我族類的州份都是有問題的,都必須改邪歸正。」究竟是誰「霸道而且極端」了?王貽興又說:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">生不生孩子是個人選擇,如果結婚必須生孩子,這些人怎麼又不跑去把那些結了婚但不打算傳宗接代的男女抓去遊街示眾,公審浸豬籠?</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn3" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref3" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">[3]</span></span></a>這些完全是誤解,提倡一夫一妻制者並沒有說「結婚必須生孩子」,更沒有提倡要用強制手段對付不打算生育的父母(或任何人)。他們只是說婚姻制度的主要目的,是確保<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">若有</em></strong>孩子誕生,他們可受親生父母撫養。</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">「平權」的勝利?</strong></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2015年6月28日《蘋界日報》報道這事件的標題就包括「平權勝利」四個大字,現在不少媒體都把同運稱為「平權運動」,當然這些稱謂都不是中立的,而是偏向同運的。同性「婚姻」是否真正的平等人權,其實是相當複雜的問題。不少人認為證立婚姻平權相當容易:異性戀者可以結婚,同性戀者當然也可以結婚,這樣才是平等人權。然而這種「平等」的概念過於簡化,也不是對「平等」的正確理解。如聖地牙哥大學(University of San Diego)的法律教授Steven Smith指出,「平等」是指:「若A與B有相同價值,那就對A與B作出同等對待;若A與B有不同價值,那就應對A與B作出相應差異的對待。」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn4" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref4" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.5px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">[4]</span></span></a>因此,要把同性「婚姻」等同婚姻平權,首先要證立同性戀結合與異性戀結合有相同價值,支持同性「婚姻」者往往只是假設了這觀點,而沒有提供論證。事實上從不同道德和宗教傳統、與及社會分析的角度看,都未必同意「同性戀結合與異性戀結合有相同價值」,他們卻假設這種觀點必定錯,而他們的觀點則絕對正確,似乎相當教條化。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我認為應從更全面的角度思考「平等人權」,《世界人權宣言》第29條說:「<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(一)人人對社會負有義務,因為只有在社會中他的個性才可能得到自由和充分的發展。(二)人人在行使他的權利和自由時,只受法律所確定的限制,確定此種限制的唯一目的在於保證對旁人的權利和自由給予應有的承認和尊重,並在一個民主的社會中適應道德、公共秩序和普遍福利的正當需要。</strong>」因此,考慮任何權利訴求時:要與對社群的責任平衡;要與其他人(或其他種類)的自由和人權平衡;要與合理的道德要求平衡;要與公眾秩序和社會的整體利益平衡。現在同運理解的「平權」只關注同性戀者的權利,和社會對他們的認可,<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但整全的平權觀應是指同性戀者的權利、道德的要求、他人的權利和社會的利益各種考慮因素的相互平衡。</strong></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">例如《世界人權宣言》第18條說:「人人有思想、良心和宗教自由的權利。」特別是<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">言論自由</em></strong>更是大家認同的普世價值。美國憲法也明文規定要保障言論自由和宗教自由(第一修正案),卻沒有提到同性「婚姻」,這是鐵一般的事實。因此,和平、基於良知或信仰而不贊同同性戀的市民,其言論自由、良心自由和宗教自由都是人權,絕對不應無理踐踏──這不也是「平權」所要求的嗎?現在有一個奇怪的趨勢:當論及同性戀議題時,儼然「不受歧視」已變成絕對的權利,其他基本人權都要靠邊站!如異議法官指出,這次判決會危害宗教自由的普世價值,事實上在判決公佈後不久,一些美國媒體已公開宣佈不再刊登反對同性「婚姻」的廣告和給編者的信。可悲的是,五法官對宗教自由也缺乏足夠的尊重(把其削減為「教導」的自由),這真的是「平權」的勝利嗎?</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">「婚姻平權」的多重意義</strong></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">其實「平等」的概念相當複雜,也有不少含糊之處,我們不得不察。<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn5" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref5" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[5]</a>而「婚姻平權」的涵義也同樣含糊,事實上對婚姻權的理解最少有九種:</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(M1) 婚姻包括一男一女的終身結合(但只限於成人和排除近親);<br />(M2) 婚姻包括兩個人(不論男女)的終身結合(但只限於成人和排除近親);<br />(M3) 婚姻包括一男多女或一女多男的終身結合(但只限於成人和排除近親);<br />(M4) 婚姻包括多男多女的終身結合(但只限於成人和排除近親);<br />(M5) 婚姻不應有年齡限制,小童也有結婚權;<br />(M6) 婚姻不應排除近親,父女、父子、母子、母女和兄弟姊妹之間也有結婚權;<br />(M7) 人與非人類動物(甚或其他生物)也有結婚權;<br />(M8) 人與電腦的虛擬人物或機械人也有結婚權;<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn6" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref6" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[6]</a><br />(M9) 人與其心愛的死物(如跑車、吉他等)也有結婚權。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">畢明說:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">誰都有結婚自由,為什麼一些人要比一些人更自由,一些人要比一些人不自由?</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn7" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref7" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[7]</a>真的嗎?一夫一妻制只同意(M1),而不同意(M2)―(M9)。縱使制度化了同性「婚姻」,也只是兩人婚姻制──它擴充到(M2),卻仍不容讓(M3)―(M9)那些類別的人結婚。我們仍然可以質問:「為什麼喜愛二人關係的同性戀者要比(M3)―(M9) 那些類別的人更自由?」因此,一些評論(如柳三禪)也看到「這不僅是平權的問題。若然只是尊重人權,那麼表兄妹可否結婚?一男二女、一女二男結婚又可乎?父女、母子結婚又可乎?」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn8" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref8" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[8]</a><a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn9" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref9" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[9]</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">若明光社說這些話,肯定會被圍攻,然後被斥責散播「滑坡論證」的謬誤。然而滑坡效應已開始了,7月1日,一男士進入Montana州的Yellowstone County(在Billings)的法院,要求第二張結婚證書。該男士Nathan Collier與Victoria正式結婚,但已有第二個妻子Christine,今次他受到最高法院的判決鼓舞,於是提出與Christine也正式結婚的訴求。<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">他說:「這也是婚姻平權,假若沒有一夫多妻,是不可能有婚姻平權的。」</strong>Yellowstone County的官員本來拒絕他們的要求,但後來則似乎有點害怕,於是說要徵詢該郡的律政司的意見。當然,重婚在美國所有州都是不合法的,但若Collier的訴求被拒,他會提出控訴。<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn10" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref10" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[10]</a>若訴訟到達最高法院,究竟五法官又可以甚麼理由否定Nathan、Victoria與Christine的「婚姻平權」呢?(這究竟是否「婚姻平權」?標準何在?有誰可以告訴我們?)抑或五法官又把一夫多妻的「基本權利」讀進憲法裡?甚或基於他們超前的「新洞見」乾脆宣佈(M3)到(M9)都是憲法保障的基本權利?你可能抗議:「憲法沒有提及(M3)到(M9)的權利!」但憲法同樣沒有提及(M2),君不知憲法是「活」的嗎?</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">活的憲法?──與時俱進,還是隨時改變?</strong></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">五法官認為拒絕制度化同性「婚姻」是有違聯邦憲法的第十四修正案的正當法律程序和平等保護條款,但第十四修正案其實說得很簡單:「任何州法不得未經正當法律程序剝奪人民的生命、自由或財產,並不得否認管轄區內任何人法律上平等保護之權利」。實在不容易看到如何從這裡衍生同性「婚姻」的基本權利,因此不少人都指出這判決有不少主觀(甚或政治)的元素。如台灣中原大學講座教授賴英照(司法院前院長)指出:「法官的生活經驗所形成的價值觀,成為主導判決的重要因素。…以法官的價值觀做為裁判的重要準據,正是多數意見與不同意見分歧的根源。上周五的案件顯示,憲法的意涵,不是取決於制憲者的原意,也不是由憲法條文的文字決定。憲法條文沒有確定的意義。如果多一個史卡利亞,少一個金斯柏格,憲法的意涵立刻改變,禁止同性『婚姻』也不違憲了;而判決結果影響幾億人的生活。這正是憲法解釋一個永恆爭議的問題。」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn11" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref11" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[11]</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">賴教授的描述很貼切五法官的做法,但若憲法的意涵完全不受制憲者的原意或憲法條文制約,那基本上就是由最高法院的大多數法官決定,而憲法又有無上權威,那統治美國三億多人的不就是那五法官嗎?這是真正的法治和民主嗎?在1819年,傑佛遜(Jefferson)已對司法活躍主義(judicial activism)提出警告:「憲法在法官手中純粹是一團蠟,他們可按自己的喜好搓揉,並隨意塑造成甚麼形狀。」異議法官對這種進路的流弊已說得很清楚。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">當然五法官對自己的進路有一套說辭,而不少人似乎相當接受。如畢明說:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">美國最高法院法官</span>Anthony Kennedy<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">說:『不公義的本質,是我們在所處的時代未必經常可以把它看出來』。但自由的寬度因時代和文明而進步,前人撰寫人權法時不假設他們能了解自由的所有層面和界限,所以他們留下一個憲章,讓未來世代可以保護</span>“the right of all persons to enjoy liberty as we learn its meaning”<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">。</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn12" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref12" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[12]</a>郭濟士也說:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">《紐約時報》指出,肯尼迪認為憲法是『活』的,應與時並進,由於當年撰寫憲法的開國元勛不可能對自由的每一層面都有周全設想,所以他們透過憲法將保障所有人權利的重任,交給未來世代。</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn13" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref13" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[13]</a>林博文更直斥持異議的4名大法官「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">食古不化</span>」。<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn14" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref14" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[14]</a>(這些報道好像把這種司法活躍的進路說成是開國元勛的想法,但其實這只是五法官的說辭而已,參上面傑佛遜的引句。)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但問題是:按這說法我們可無止境和不受約制地把新的「基本權利」讀進憲法,只要有多數法官同意就可以,這當然受時代潮流影響,但如何保證這種改變是「進」還是「退」呢?又是誰去判定是「進」還是「退」呢?余永勝援引「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">美國最高法院歷史上的著名判決,如布朗控訴托皮卡教育局案,體現的對平等價值的執著追求,對推動美國進步起到了巨大作用,也贏得了世界一致喝彩。</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn15" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref15" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[15]</a>然而羅伯茨大法官也指出,這種司法活躍主義也產生維護奴隸制度的<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dred Scott</em>判案──而這卻是臭名昭彰,還有<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lochner</em>和之後一系列的判案,明顯用司法取代了立法角色。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">余永勝也指出:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">問題的複雜在於,某些判決到底是代表著社會和觀念進步的方向,還是將其引向歧途,這不是一下子就能看出來的。將同性婚姻合法化的判決也是如此。</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn16" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref16" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[16]</a>五法官經常說他們有新的洞見和理解云云,然而他們的「洞見」難免受到個人的背景、信念和世界觀影響,而有很大的主觀成分,而且在多元社會裡,他們自以為的洞見對其他人來說卻可能是偏見,他們真的認為自己必然正確嗎?最大問題是美國的聯邦主義制度就好像州份和聯邦政府的一個立約,在原初的協議下州份保有一定自主性,也同意受成文的憲法規管。他們對這種制度賦予信任,也期望其他人信守協議。我同意解釋憲法需要有一定靈活性,也不否定灰色地帶的存在,但一旦任何一個年代的五法官按著自以為的新洞見,就能把全新的權利讀進憲法,然後強逼一些不同意的州份遵循,又如何能叫她們心服呢?我認為他們是以公義之名,進行一種程序的不公義。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">中國政法大學副教授仝宗錦也有點認同五法官的說辭:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">實際上,婚姻作為憲法上的基本權利是由1967年的Loving案確立的,該案裁決禁止不同種族通婚的法律違憲。多數意見認為,既然婚姻定義可以從同種族之間擴展為跨種族之間,那麼當然也可從異性之間擴展為同性之間。</span>」因此,他認為「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">理論上…可以證成司法介入民主的正當性。</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn17" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref17" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[17]</a>但事實上異議法官已指出,以<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Loving</em>案的擴充去推演出同性「婚姻」的「基本權利」,是有欠說服力的,這案假設的仍然是一夫一妻,而這種對婚姻的理解是立國時期到二十世紀延綿不絕的美國傳統,「同種族的一夫一妻」卻不是!<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Loving</em>案打倒的是某些州份針對黑人的法例,但那些州份往往沒有禁止另一些跨種族的婚姻,這反映那些法例基本是政治工具,並不存在一種只容許同族通婚的深厚傳統。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我再強調,異議法官不是說不可以創立新的自由,或者建基於新的「洞見」去糾正憲法沒提到的不公義,而是說應該盡量運用民主的過程去達成這些目標,不是用司法取代民主的「方法」。若賦予幾位法官這麼大的權力,我們忘了一個民主格言:「權力使人腐化,絕對權力使人絕對腐化」嗎?而民主程序則可讓那些新「洞見」透過民主辯論去檢視,出錯的機會較小,也可較靈活地創造更全面和雙贏的解決方案。這樣看來,所謂「食古不化」其實是一種結合法治與民主的智慧,總好過屈從於幾個人的「神神化化」,也更適用於美國這樣多元而複雜的社會。</span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">順應新世代的民意?</strong></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">仝宗錦認為「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">從美國各州情況而言,本案前同性婚姻在36個州和哥倫比亞特區已獲得了某種程度合法化;從全美民意而言,2012年大選時,支持比例已首次超過反對方;從代際民意而言,由於美國年輕一代與同性戀者接觸較多,也更容易對同性權利持同情態度。… 某種意義上這次判決只是美國最高法院的老人們說出了年輕一代的聲音。</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn18" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref18" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[18]</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">這說法能為五法官的做法開脫嗎?不能。首先,上面提到判案前同性「婚姻」已有36個州把同性「婚姻」制度化,但其實當中有二十多個州份是以民主方法確立了一夫一妻制(如公投),卻被聯邦的地區法院或上訴法院判為違憲,所以她們的同性「婚姻」並非基於民意,而是被法官強加身上的。退一步說,縱使有多數州份以民主方法制度化了同性「婚姻」,其他少數州份就要跟隨嗎?當然不是,她們也有自主的權利。再者,我們姑且同意現今全美民意較支持同性「婚姻」(實況可能不那麼簡單),但婚姻法是以州份為單位的,每個州的人民對同性「婚姻」的態度也有明顯不同,怎能用一州的民意去決定另一州的制度呢?過往有超過三十個州以公投確立了一夫一妻制,或許今天部分州的民意已經逆轉,但說在這三十多個州裡都已發生逆轉,卻是可能性不大。若然我這估計出錯,這也表示同運大可在這些州份發動新的公投,去制度化同性「婚姻」,那根本不需勞動五法官出手,這樣各州人民也會較服氣。或許現時未能成功,但若然年輕一代都傾向支持同性「婚姻」,那反對的上一代早晚會死清光,那時各州的同性「婚姻」不是水到渠成嗎?總結而言,若真的尊重美國人民的民意,異議法官強調的民主進路是更恰當的解決辦法,而不是五法官君臨天下、越俎代庖。</span></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Love Wins?</strong></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">畢明強調:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">愛就是愛就是愛就是愛就是愛就是:愛。相愛,結婚,兩個人願意,囍宴,理所當然。… 大家都是人,你憑什麼阻擋愛。</span>」<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn19" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref19" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[19]</a>愛,阻擋得了嗎?下面再談。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">但只容許兩個人結婚,真的是理所當然嗎?問題不是那麼簡單,這涉及制度的設立,和其他人的權利(參《同性「婚姻」網上辯論攻略(第一回)》,PF9)。<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn20" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref20" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[20]</a>看來畢明把「相愛」與「婚姻制度」混淆了。我們在《網上辯論攻略》已指出:「要區分同性戀生活方式的自由與及同性『婚姻』制度。這是因為『婚姻』是一種嘉許和鼓勵性的制度,而不是一種強制性措施:它對某種結合方式給予社會認可和其他支持(如免稅額),但卻不會強逼人結婚,也不會懲罰不以這種方式結合的人(如一夫多妻的同居者、同性同居者等),所以一夫一妻制以外的生活方式其實也有生存空間,只是缺少了整體社會認同。」</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">面對「阻止同性戀者相愛」的指控,我們指出:「其實同性性行為早已非刑事化多年(在香港是1991年),今天兩個同性戀者若兩情相悅,隨時可以山盟海誓、住在一起、永不分離,甚至可以大宴親朋(香港已有這種案例),若有機構願意,也可以給予他們夫妻般的福利。誰阻止同性戀者相愛了?老實說,我們也阻止不了,你太看得起我們了!」(PF8)令人震驚的是,大法官Kennedy也有這類誤解,他在判辭的結語時提到若沒有同性「婚姻」,同性戀者就要被判定孤獨終老(這經常被傳媒引述),但其實在判案前的美國或今天的香港,誰能阻止同性伴侶廝守終身、互相慰藉呢?沒有。就算在通過了同性「婚姻」的國家,也有大多數的同性戀者選擇不進入婚盟,難道他們是自我判定孤獨終老嗎?</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">結語</strong></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">誠然,同性「婚姻」的辯論是複雜的,香港社會的確難以迴避這個討論。在討論的過程,我期望大家都尊重民主商討的精神,互相聆聽,互相尊重,縱使不同意也要先充分理解對方的觀點。我建議反對同性「婚姻」的人士要更多明白同運人士的心聲和不少支持的世俗觀點,並作出冷靜、合理和尊重的回應,決不能訴諸謾罵。我並不贊同同性「婚姻」,但我的確曾細讀支持者的看法,並作出仔細回應。今次也看完大法官Kennedy的判辭,但愈看就感到愈沒有說服力。</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">以上討論顯示,不少人對反對同性「婚姻」者抱著濃厚敵意,也把很多負面標籤加諸他們,但往往誤解了反對者的立場和論據。<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn21" data-cke-saved-name="_ftnref21" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[21]</a>再者,很多有關同性「婚姻」的概念相當混淆、經常滑轉,也阻礙著理性討論的進行。我希望在未來雙方有更真誠、深入和互相尊重的交流,無論香港未來會否制度化同性「婚姻」,也不要讓不文明的罵戰進一步撕裂公民社會。</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">註釋:</strong></h2>
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<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref1" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn1" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[1]</a> 有人說少數意見已經是輸了的論點,再提起只是不接受失敗,等於一隊球隊輸了後還堅持自己打得好。但法庭是講法理的地方,多數法官的裁決未必代表真理與正義,也不等於少數意見的<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">論點</em></strong>輸了。若然少數意見在道理上嬴了,但結果卻「數人頭」數輸了,豈非更不公平嗎?讀者們宜細心閱讀雙方理據,再自行判斷。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref2" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn2" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[2]</a> 王貽興,〈彩虹日〉,《星島日報》,2015年7月1日,頁E06。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref3" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn3" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[3]</a> 王貽興,〈彩虹日〉,《星島日報》,2015年7月1日,頁E06。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref4" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn4" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[4]</a> Smith, S. (2013, April 8). The red herring of ‘marriage equality’. <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">LifeSiteNews.com</em>. Retrieved from :<a data-cke-saved-href="http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/the-red-herring-of-marriage-equality" href="http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/the-red-herring-of-marriage-equality" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/the-red-herring-of-marriage-equality</a>.<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref5" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn5" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[5]</a> Peter Westen, 1990, <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Speaking of Equality: An Analysis of the Rhetorical Force of “Equality” in Moral and Legal Discourse </em>(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press).<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref6" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn6" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[6]</a> 不要以為這是太遙遠的事,我以前已提及一日本青年與虛擬人物姐崎寧寧結婚的故事,也不要忘記《我的機械人女友》和<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bicentennial Man</em>等電影。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref7" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn7" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[7]</a> 畢明,〈沒有人的婚禮〉,《蘋果日報》,2015年6月28日,頁E03。他把結婚的積極權利理解為一種「自由」,湯馬斯大法官已指出其問題。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref8" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn8" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[8]</a> 柳三禪,〈同性可結婚 表兄妹可乎〉,《東方日報》,2015年7月2日,頁A36。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref9" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn9" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[9]</a> 有些人較同情美國的判決,是因為認為「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">人類的本能決定了同性婚姻不可能成為主流的婚姻模式,傳統的家庭結構也不會受到明顯衝擊。</span>」(余永勝,〈同婚合法化:勝出的是觀念而非法律〉,《香港商報》,2015年6月30日,頁A16。) 我認為這看法過於樂觀,也不明白同性「婚姻」是性解放運動的一階段而已。如潘國森指出:「『同性婚姻』當然不是兩個男人或兩個女人結婚那麼簡單,運動背後還有許多匪夷所思的後著,定會得寸進尺。最近,外電報道泰國有三個男人一起結婚!」(潘國森,〈同性婚姻必將得寸進尺〉,《文匯報》,2015年7月6日,頁A29。)這點在我的文章和書中多有論述。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref10" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn10" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[10]</a> Bourne, L. (2015, July 3). You can’t have’ marriage equality ‘without polygamy. <span class="skimlinks-unlinked" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">LifeSiteNews.com</span>. Retrieved from<a data-cke-saved-href="https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/you-cant-have-marriage-equality-without-polygamy" href="https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/you-cant-have-marriage-equality-without-polygamy" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/you-cant-have-marriage-equality-without-polygamy</a>.<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref11" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn11" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[11]</a> 賴英照,〈美同性婚姻最高法院判決 為什麼五比四?〉,《聯合報》,2015年7月1日,頁A14。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref12" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn12" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[12]</a> 畢明,〈沒有人的婚禮〉,《蘋果日報》,2015年6月28日,頁E03。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref13" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn13" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[13]</a> 郭濟士,〈以宗教自由之名對抗同性婚姻合法裁決〉,《明報》,2015年6月29日,頁A20。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref14" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn14" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[14]</a> 林博文,〈同性婚姻 關鍵大法官〉,《中國時報》,2015年7月1日,頁A15。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref15" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn15" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[15]</a> 余永勝,〈同婚合法化:勝出的是觀念而非法律〉,《香港商報》,2015年6月30日,頁A16。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref16" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn16" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[16]</a> 余永勝,〈同婚合法化:勝出的是觀念而非法律〉,《香港商報》,2015年6月30日,頁A16。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref17" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn17" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[17]</a> 仝宗錦,〈美國同性婚姻判決中的多數與少數〉,《新京報》,2015年7月1日,頁A04 。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref18" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn18" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[18]</a> 仝宗錦,〈美國同性婚姻判決中的多數與少數〉,《新京報》,2015年7月1日,頁A04 。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref19" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn19" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[19]</a> 畢明,〈沒有人的婚禮〉,《蘋果日報》,2015年6月28日,頁E03。<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref20" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn20" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[20]</a> 另參:阿C,〈同性婚姻不會影響別人?〉,《星島日報》,2015年6月30日,頁A20。他特別提到同性「婚姻」對教育的影響,而「這種教育已經不止是教導孩子不要歧視、接受差異,而是招募孩子加入同運陣營,成為忠實支持者甚至自認是性小眾。」<br />
<a data-cke-saved-href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref21" data-cke-saved-name="_ftn21" href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/09/%e7%8b%82%e6%bd%ae%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%8f%8d%e6%80%9d%e2%94%80%e2%94%80%e6%aa%a2%e8%a6%96%e7%be%8e%e5%9c%8b%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%9a%84%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96/#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="background: url(http://scs.org.hk/scs09/hkscs_admin/hkscs_editor_content/plugins/link/images/anchor.png) 0% 50% / 16px no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[21]</a> 充滿誤解的代表作可推李德成的〈從同性婚姻看美國政制〉,《蘋果日報》,2015年7月2日,頁A19。五法官援引的是第14修正案,他卻說是第5修正案,這是基本事實的錯誤。他批評反對同性「婚姻」者時說:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">如果依照他們反對同性婚姻的做法,似乎應該要鼓吹未婚媽媽刑事化才成,又或起碼要剝奪未婚媽媽對其子女的撫養權。</span>」這又是徹頭徹尾的曲解,反對者不贊成把同性「婚姻」制度化,但從未鼓吹要把同性關係刑事化。他們希望孩子盡量能在互相委身、互訂婚盟的親生父母撫養下長大成才,但在不理想的情況(如未婚媽媽)下,他們會建議社會應盡量扶助,而不是懲罰她/他們。當然他們會鼓勵孩子由親生母親撫養,斷然不會贊成「剝奪未婚媽媽對其子女的撫養權」!李德成也分不清個人生活方式與公共制度的分別,他說:「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">這九個法官的決定並沒有影響三億人的婚姻制度,因為當中大部份異性戀人士並沒有受到影響,他們還是可以用固有的制度去完成婚禮。</span>」按這說法,容許一夫多妻也不會影響一夫一妻制,因為那些只愛一個女人的還是可以只討一個老婆。當然,這說法是不對的,「制度」是指整體的安排、界線和背後的價值觀,毫無疑問,一夫多妻與一夫一妻制是兩種不同的婚姻制度。他浪漫地把美國制度說成是「<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">人類千百年來進化的最高境界,是民主和精英政治的結晶品</span>」,根本不明白民主和司法專制可能存在的張力,不贅了。</div>
關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-89862548816729369702015-07-09T20:37:00.003-07:002015-07-09T20:38:13.476-07:00同性「婚姻」網上辯論攻略(第一回)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_JZHxqPVl7JSTfTofHn95Ny6jxJ3cSFshiXIRqkdPdy2FbI5NVmHHRrgfo0flFL5cFf88AEPQD4pFysolfFnyJ694j_WgCJdg2FkhtcGcfWkrhvaIZlWP6g-SUNW1rtyMnOOmNqAEL2z0/s1600/Internet+debate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_JZHxqPVl7JSTfTofHn95Ny6jxJ3cSFshiXIRqkdPdy2FbI5NVmHHRrgfo0flFL5cFf88AEPQD4pFysolfFnyJ694j_WgCJdg2FkhtcGcfWkrhvaIZlWP6g-SUNW1rtyMnOOmNqAEL2z0/s320/Internet+debate.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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作者:香港性文化學會<br />
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">近期同性「婚姻」的辯論在媒體和網上都非常普遍,大概可分為擁同(pro-gay, PG)和支持家庭(pro-family, PF)兩方,本會認為PF的立場合情合理和經得起挑戰的,但感到這立場經常被誤解。很多人亦不懂得分析和回應PG的論點,因此我們製作了這網上辯論攻略,以短問短答的方式呈現PF的合理性,特別適用於網上的辯論。當然,網上辯論難以避免簡化的問題,若需要更嚴謹的論證,可參考我們一些詳細論文。<a href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/08/%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%b6%b2%e4%b8%8a%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96%e6%94%bb%e7%95%a5%ef%bc%88%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%80%e5%9b%9e%ef%bc%89/#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[1]</a></span></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF的要點</strong></h2>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">免得被扣帽子,先要指出要區分個人問題與政治問題,反對高度政治化的同運(如同性「婚姻」的立法)不代表反對同性戀者本身。我們贊同要對同性戀者寬容、愛護。</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我們也反對歧視同性戀者,但反對同性戀行為不等於歧視。難道反對爸爸吸煙,就是歧視爸爸和其他吸煙人士?</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我們重視民主精神,多元社會中對同性「婚姻」有不同立場是正常的,雙方儘管辯論,但不應妖魔化對手。</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我們也重視人權,大概如《世界人權宣言》列出、且有國際共識的人權項目。但正因為我們重視人權,我們要小心辨別不同權利訴求,是否真正貨真價實的人權(這需要標準和論據),還是冒牌的「人權」?</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">我們重視理性精神,同性「婚姻」在全世界和學術界仍有高度爭議性,雙方都要批判檢視正反論據,不能武斷否定任何一方的理由。</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG經常提出不少說法,如「同性『婚姻』是人權」,我們可質疑它是否只是未經證實的假設。</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">要區分同性戀生活方式的自由與及同性「婚姻」制度。這是因為「婚姻」是一種嘉許和鼓勵性的制度,而不是一種強制性措施:它對某種結合方式給予社會認可和其他支持(如免稅額),但卻不會強逼人結婚,也不會懲罰不以這種方式結合的人(如一夫多妻的同居者、同性同居者等),所以一夫一妻制以外的生活方式其實也有生存空間,只是缺少了整體社會認同。</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">如哈佛大學的哲學教授邁可.桑德爾(Michael J. Sandel)在近作《正義──一場思辨之旅》指出,<a href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/08/%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%b6%b2%e4%b8%8a%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96%e6%94%bb%e7%95%a5%ef%bc%88%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%80%e5%9b%9e%ef%bc%89/#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[2]</a>「要分辨一社會制度之目的,就等於是分辨它應該推崇獎勵哪些美德。這場辯論基本上辯的是,同性結合在我們社會配不配享受到政府認可婚姻所賦予的榮譽和肯定。因此,背後的道德問題是躲不掉的。」(頁283)</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">既然「婚姻」是嘉許的制度,那就要有值得嘉許之處(如促進公共利益)。因此,面對婚姻制度的辯論,「平等人權」的進路並非唯一的,也可訴諸公共利益(common good)。而且後者進路較可取,我們支持某種家庭結構,是因為它能促進最大程度的公共利益。</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">一夫一妻對公共利益有甚大的貢獻。而同性「婚姻」對公共利益沒有同樣的貢獻,甚或會產生重重問題。所以一夫一妻制是合理的。</span></li>
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<h1 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 34px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 44px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 22px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dialogue One</strong></span></span></h1>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG1:你們對同性戀者有偏見!</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF1:不,首先要澄清,我們不針對同性戀者,但認為要認真檢視同運的訴求,但要case by case,合理的當然沒問題,但難道我們認為是不合理的訴求,也要被逼接受?連反對聲音也不可以發出?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG2:你們反對同性「婚姻」是基於你們宗教的偏見,和陳舊的道德!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF2:我們不贊成同性「婚姻」的人,有些有宗教信仰,有些沒有,反正我在討論的過程沒有引用宗教的論證,請你不要「屈」我。何況你認定宗教立場一定是錯,有證明嗎?若沒有,豈不也是歧視宗教的偏見?此外,道德標準最重要的是正確,新或舊是不相干的,盲目追逐「新」道德也可能誤入歧途。</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG3:同性「婚姻」是世界大潮流,你們仍然反對?真是OUT!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF3:是有點這種趨勢,但整體而言全球只有約10%的國家通過同性「婚姻」,因此說它是全球不可抵擋的趨勢,還是言之尚早。此外,這潮流主要是西方國家帶動,但西方浪潮就一定對嗎?當然不是,一,我們要有獨立思考的精神;二,我們不能盲目跟隨別人,還要考慮自己處境、文化和價值觀。為了追隨真理,OUT又如何?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG4:同性戀是兩個人的私事,為何你們要干預?太霸道了!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF4:慢著,我們何時有干預同性戀者的私生活呢?沒有!我們有去襲擊、綁架或纏擾同性戀者嗎?沒有!</span></span></span></div>
<blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; color: #404040; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[攻略提示:有時PG一方會把一些指控沒頭沒腦加諸PF一方,要保持頭腦清醒,知道自己真正的立場和真正反對的是甚麼,若對方有誤解,要即時澄清,和要求對方具體交待理據。]</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG5:你們批評同性戀,就是干預同性戀者的私生活!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF5:難道批評婚外情就是干預出軌者的私生活嗎?奇怪的邏輯!那你們經常批評PF的人,也是干預他們(如明光社人士)的私生活嗎?難道你們做乜都得,別人做就唔得?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG6:但你們反對同性「婚姻」,就是干預同性戀者的生活!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF6:這似乎混淆了同性戀的私人生活方式和同性「婚姻」的公共制度。對同性戀私人生活的接納和尊重,與政府把同性「婚姻」制度化,是兩碼子事。例如一男兩女自願同居,我們也不會干預,但若那男人想正式娶兩個妻子,就會犯重婚罪。人們有自由過「一男兩女」的生活方式,但這卻不被公共制度肯定,這兩個層次要分開。</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG7:你們誤解了!同性戀者just want to be left alone!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF7:恐怕是你誤解了!我們現在不是討論同性戀非刑事化,而是爭取同性「婚姻」,這牽涉公共的辯論(甚或訴訟)、社會制度與法律的改變和福利的分配。如何能說是“just want to be left alone”?</span></span></span></div>
<blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; color: #404040; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[攻略提示:有時PG一方會把真實訴求隱瞞或說些籠統的說話,因此一些理據可能根本不適用於同性「婚姻」的辯論,要經常提醒對方現在討論的是制度問題,而並非自由的問題。]</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG8:反正你們阻止同性戀者相愛,就是不對!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF8:其實同性性行為早已非刑事化多年(在香港是1991年),今天兩個同性戀者若兩情相悅,隨時可以山盟海誓、住在一起、永不分離,甚至可以大宴親朋(香港已有這種案例),若有機構願意,也可以給予他們夫妻般的福利。誰阻止同性戀者相愛了?老實說,我們也阻止不了,你太看得起我們了!</span></span></span></div>
<blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; color: #404040; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[攻略提示:有時PG一方會把一些虛假的指控加給PF一方,謹記不要「對號入座」!]</span></span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG9:同性戀者結婚,只是兩人之事,根本對別人沒有影響!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF9:假若單純論同性戀者同居,對別人的影響的確相當有限,但同性「婚姻」的制度化卻影響深遠,和衝擊別人的權利:</span></span></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 20px 3em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">社會整體對同性戀全然認同,同性戀和異性戀再沒有分別,這種價值觀會強加於每一個人——無論他認不認同。長遠來說,社會制度、價值觀念和整體文化的改變,對每個人都有影響。</span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">例如一些回教僱主會被逼違反他們的宗教信念,承認僱員的同性伴侶,並給他們福利。</span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">學校也不能單單教異性戀婚姻,而是同性戀的價值觀。這影響《世界人權宣言》所肯定的家長教育權。</span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">政府給與同性伴侶的福利會動用公費,這來自納稅人,但不少納稅人未必贊成同性戀。</span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">家庭結構的改變會直接影響孩子的成長,同性「婚姻」的制度化肯定導致更多孩子於同性家庭中成長。假若這對孩子的成長有不良影響,那關注同性「婚姻」是理所當然的。</span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">美國最高法院幾位大法官指出,同性「婚姻」制度化會危害宗教自由。西方不少案例都印證這說法。</span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG10:你不想納稅支持同性伴侶福利,我也不想出糧給特首,不想贊助給某些政府部門,根據此邏輯,是否也可以不出糧予他們?</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF10:看來你已承認同性戀者結婚不只是兩個人的事,對別人也有影響吧。另外,你說得對,早前有人因此提出以$6.89分開交稅甚至拒絕交稅等不合作運動向沒有民意授權的特區政府抗爭,增加政府管治成本,因為他們認為要納稅給一個他們極不認同的特首是有違他們的良心,若你也不想出糧給特首,可以考慮這個方法。不過,其實你使用的比喻並不恰當,畢竟政府需要稅收維持運作,納稅給政府的制度原則上沒有問題,但若果有一天香港人要「以公帑支持外國首長及有關職員」,這就是制度本身的問題,是整個制度的不合理。</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG11:同性「婚姻」代表多元,表示我們接受所有人的生活方式。你們卻是心胸狹窄,排斥別人!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF11:又是誤解,在社會層面,我們是接納不同人有不同生活方式的自由的。其實同性「婚姻」是「二人婚姻」的制度,也排斥更前衛的三人婚姻、多元婚姻、人與死物的婚姻、牽涉未成年人士的婚姻、近親婚和廢除婚姻論,豈不也心胸狹窄?五十步笑百步!</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG12:接納同性「婚姻」代表開明和先進,我們是站在歷史的前進一方!你們真的又封閉,又落伍!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF12:你們經常用這些負面的標籤抹黑對手,我沒興趣討論太多。我最想知道,你們究竟有沒有理性論據證明你們的觀點是對的呢?接受同性「婚姻」代表「前進」嗎?只要讀少少批判思考,就知道這犯了乞求論點(begging question) 的謬誤。何況歷史如何發展誰知道呢?說不定同性「婚姻」發展下去,大家慢慢看到它的問題,最後把它摒棄呢?共產主義也曾被視為歷史的前進一方!</span></span></span></div>
<blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; color: #404040; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[攻略提示:有時PG會使用不少標籤,但PF一方要保持冷靜。一方面這是實踐民主辯論的精神,另一方面若動氣、互罵,PF一方會「蝕章」,因為現在的文化有一種奇怪的不平衡,PG一方如何罵人、攻擊別人,主流傳媒和城中名人都會視如不見,但PF一方輕微的失言就會被大做文章。不可不察!]</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG13:我們當然有論據!首先,同性「婚姻」是基本人權,不接受的人根本就是漠視和敵視人權!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF13:慢著,你只是重覆提出你的觀點:「同性『婚姻』是基本人權」,但論據何在?你怎麼知道這是真理?如何判定甚麼是基本人權,甚麼不是?</span></span></span></div>
<blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; color: #404040; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[攻略提示:不要被人「大到」,不要因為對方人多勢眾就膽怯,你最少可以做到的,就是清醒看到對方的一些主張是沒有論證的,你要反問對方,要求對方交待理據。]</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG14:婚姻權不都記錄在國際人權文憲中嗎?所以把婚姻定性為一男一女的做法,有違國際人權法案。</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF14:其實聯合國的《世界人權宣言》16條這樣說:「一)成年男女,……有權婚嫁和成立家庭。(二)祗有經男女雙方的自由的和完全的同意, 才能結婚。(三)家庭是天然的和基本的社會單元, 並應受社會和國家的保護。」另外《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》23條亦論到婚姻權,也大同小異。這些條文提到的婚姻是男女之間的結合,不包同性「婚姻」。(參聯合國人權委員會2002年的解釋, Joslin v. New Zealand, Communication No 902/1999)。歐洲人權法庭近年有三個判決,都明言同性「婚姻」並非所有締約國都一定要接受的。</span></span></span></div>
<blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; color: #404040; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[攻略提示:有些常見支持同性「婚姻」的論證根本與事實不符,你要凡事查證,看看對方所說的是否真實。]</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG15:對人權的理解是漸進的,那些人權公約其實反映那個時代過分保守。</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF15:那你即是同意現時的聯合國人權公約沒有包含「同性『婚姻』啦,但你前言不對後語。當然,你可以提倡自己對人權的新理解,但我們為何要接受你的說法呢?你話係就係?再者,不少學者已指出不斷發明新的「人權」只會使本來對人權有的基本共識模糊,這種把人權無限膨脹的做法並無理據,也不可取,只會做成混亂和人權的「貶值」。如人權學者維曼(Carl Wellman)寫了《真實的人權》(<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Real Right</em>) ,指出要區分真實的人權與冒牌的人權。</span></span></span></div>
<blockquote style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247); border: 0px; color: #404040; display: inline-block; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 20px 1.5em 20px -40px; outline: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 1px 80px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">[攻略提示:有時支持同性「婚姻」的人會「搬龍門」,一時一樣,你要頭腦清醒,看看對方所說的有否前後矛盾。]</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG16: 人權是好東西,愈多愈好,有甚麼問題?!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF16:正因為真正的人權是好的,所以冒牌的「人權」特別壞。真正的人權可成為立法的基礎,甚或逼使人尊重那人權。若用冒牌的「人權」立法,去逼使別人接受冒牌「人權」為人權,那就是不公義的壓逼!問題非常嚴重。</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG17:「同性『婚姻』是人權或平權」其實已是學者的共識,你們無謂再強辯下去了!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF17:錯!如著名哈佛哲學家桑德爾(Michael J. Sandel) 指出,從「平權」的理念證立同性「婚姻」的做法,是不能成立的。他認為「要決定政府該不該承認同性『婚姻』,怎可能不先為婚姻之目的、同性戀的道德地位,來一場道德辯論呢?」(頁282)婚姻作為社會制度並非人有我有的基本權利,而是對某種生活方式賦予「榮譽和肯定」,是一種推崇和獎勵。</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG18:但讓異性戀者結婚,不讓同性戀者結婚,就是不平等!這是誰也不能駁斥的邏輯。何況異性婚姻可享有配偶免稅額,但同性伴侶卻沒有。</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF18:你對「公平」的理解過分簡化了,A君可以進大學,但B君不能,那就是對B君不公平嗎?回到婚姻制度上,你贊成同性「婚姻」吧,但現時的同性「婚姻」基本上是「二人婚姻制」,但二人就可以結婚,三人(三男、三女、一男二女或一女二男)卻不可以(更遑論四人或以上的婚姻),那不是對後者不公平嗎?美國同性「婚姻」判決之後不久,Montana州就出現一男二女要求一起結婚的案例。</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG19:你別用這些「九唔搭八」的比喻了,我們爭取的是同性「婚姻」,不是三人婚姻,不要拉埋黎講!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF20:我只是講理性和邏輯,婚姻是公共制度,要有一致性。我指出你的理據邏輯上也同樣支持三人婚姻,你大可解釋我的推理那裡出錯(若能)。無論你如何抹黑我,都不能消解邏輯上的矛盾。</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG20:三人就三人,多少少無所謂,有甚麼大不了?</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF19:你若承認這邏輯,當然也不能到三人婚姻就止步,也要接受三十人,和數目、性別都不限的多元婚姻(polyamory) 。當然,有些人(如吳敏倫)可以接受這些後果,但若同性「婚姻」真的有這樣的涵意,就要向所有市民說清楚,讓他們好好考慮。</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG21:二人就和三人不同,但同性戀和異性戀根本沒分別,當然應該有一樣待遇。</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF21:你這說法已<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">假設了</em></strong>這種價值觀:「同性戀沒有道德問題,且與異性戀在各方面都有相同價值」,但有何論據呢?多元社會中有不同道德和宗教傳統,有些人接受你這前設,別些人不接受,你不能強逼別人都接受你的前設。當然,二人與三人在某些屬面是不同(正如同性戀和異性戀在不少屬面都是不同的),但在你經常強調的「自願相愛」這點上卻可以沒有分別!</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG22:那有這麼多人愛那麼多人?!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF22:愛兩三個女人的男人肯定有!即使愛多幾個的人較少,但人權不是保障少數的嗎?愛同性是「大愛」,那愛多幾個同性則是「超級大愛」了!(讓他們組成「超級大愛協會」吧!)為何要禁止多人結婚?</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PG23:你說的都是偽理性,但今晚倦了,下次再踢爆你!</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 標楷體; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PF23:若我的是偽理性,那你的連理性的偽裝也沒有!好,下回待續吧。</span></span></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">結語</strong></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #404040; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.5em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: medium; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">希望PF一方能從以上的「設計對白」舉一反三,在公共辯論中有更扎實的表現。當然,這樣的辯論可以沒完沒了,遲點再推出Dialogue Two、Three…</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #404040; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">註釋:</strong></h2>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;"></span><br />
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<a href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/08/%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%b6%b2%e4%b8%8a%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96%e6%94%bb%e7%95%a5%ef%bc%88%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%80%e5%9b%9e%ef%bc%89/#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[1]</a> 參關啟文, 〈「婚姻平權」的反思〉<a href="http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2015/06/blog-post_30.html" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2015/06/blog-post_30.html</a>;<br />
〈同性婚姻是人權嗎?〉<a href="http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2012/11/blog-post_22.html" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2012/11/blog-post_22.html</a>。<br />
<a href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/08/%e5%90%8c%e6%80%a7%e3%80%8c%e5%a9%9a%e5%a7%bb%e3%80%8d%e7%b6%b2%e4%b8%8a%e8%be%af%e8%ab%96%e6%94%bb%e7%95%a5%ef%bc%88%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%80%e5%9b%9e%ef%bc%89/#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">[2]</a> 邁可.桑德爾《正義──一場思辨之旅》,台北:雅言文化,2011。參第10章 – 「從美德到共善 / 重建公民意識」。</div>
關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-3088477427518837412015-07-06T03:09:00.000-07:002015-07-06T04:22:56.237-07:00美國最高法院的同性「婚姻」裁決問題何在?──讓四位異議法官告訴你<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; line-height: 19.2pt;">香港性文化學會</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAE87_2hqvHUq33VK2KxlutSRQ-1ZB1HJ0_oLtVKeroPoRqgzzhmgmccxj_4BPZG5C5gExVDNJ4faw3ZH6XMAOkK-EqcNjtSndalDZtEou7-waKiUJPMudsDwi_Fujlf_7PS3mNA8uR_m3/s1600/11130227203059-supreme-justices-super-169.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAE87_2hqvHUq33VK2KxlutSRQ-1ZB1HJ0_oLtVKeroPoRqgzzhmgmccxj_4BPZG5C5gExVDNJ4faw3ZH6XMAOkK-EqcNjtSndalDZtEou7-waKiUJPMudsDwi_Fujlf_7PS3mNA8uR_m3/s400/11130227203059-supreme-justices-super-169.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">日,美國聯邦最高法院五位大法官(以下簡稱五法官)宣判同性「婚姻」是美國憲法所肯定的基本人權,所以全國五十個州都要接受同性「婚姻」。同運支持者高度讚揚那五位法官站在理性、正義和歷史的前進那一方,但縱使撇開道德與信仰角度,這裁決也是問題重重的。其實持異議的法官有四位之多,當中包括首席大法官羅伯茨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(John Roberts)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和<span style="background: white;">最資深的大法官斯卡利亞</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Antonin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Scalia)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,另外有湯馬斯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Clarence Thomas)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">及</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">塞繆爾.阿利托</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Samuel Alito)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。他們已尖銳地批判最高法院的主流意見,用理性指出這判決的很多問題,和嚴重的後果。我們已就著他們的四份異議意見書作出撮要,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US%202015_%20%20%20%20%20(1).doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">本文把這些異議綜合起來,讓我們更容易一窺全貌。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">要評價最高法院的判決,先要明白美國政治體系和最高法院的角色。美國的政制是一種聯邦主義</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(federalism)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,每個州都有獨立的憲法、民選議員等,原則上是有很高的自主性(特別就著每州的社會政策而言)。只有當州的法律清楚違反憲法時,最高院才有理據宣佈州的法律違憲。現在美國各州有不同情況,可各自採取民主程序(如立法、公投)去決定包含同性「婚姻」,還是維持一夫一妻制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">所以羅伯茨開宗明義指出,最高法院並不是一個立法機關,因此同性「婚姻」從立法角度看(如在州的層面)是否一個良好政策,根本不是最高法院考慮的問題。最高法院的角色是去判決州政府的法律,會否違反美國憲法,法官的權限和專長就在於此,他們應按照憲法作出判斷,而不是把自己意願強加於不同州的人民。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 2)</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US%202015_%20%20%20%20%20(1).doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">現時最高法院的主流意見是:結婚權是憲法保護的基本人權,雖然美國憲法原初理解的結婚權不包括同性「婚姻」,但五法官認為這結婚權可合理地擴充到同性「婚姻」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">然而羅伯茨認為,支持這種擴充的法律論點並無說服力。雖然結婚權是基本權利,但這不代表我們有權強制一個州去改變婚姻的定義。特別當一個州想維持的婚姻定義,是在人類歷史中每種文化都廣泛肯定的婚姻定義時,這並不能說是非理性的。「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一言以蔽之,我們的憲法並沒有提出一種特定的婚姻理論。一個州的人民有自由擴充婚姻的定義來包括同性伴侶,他們也有自由選擇保持歷史性定義。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">因此最高法院的決定是否定了每個州在決定婚姻制度上的自主權。「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">對於那些相信法治的政府,而不是人治的人來說,多數法官的進路是令人深深沮喪的。<span lang="EN-US">…</span>五位法官終結了<span lang="EN-US">[</span>民主的<span lang="EN-US">]</span>辯論,把他們個人對於婚姻的遠象制訂為憲法的要求。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">五法官宣判同性「婚姻」是基本權利,並否定了每個州在決定婚姻制度上的自主權,但憲法完全沒有提到「同性婚姻」,這「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在最高法院的先例中都沒有根據。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">」</span><span lang="EN-US">(p. 2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">因此那五位法官,其實是把「同性婚姻的基本權利」強行讀進憲法。多數法官的論據說到底,就是說通過同性「婚姻」對同性伴侶和社會都好,羅伯茨說他若是一個立法者,的確會考慮這些觀點。「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">但是作為一個法官,我認為多數法官的立場從憲政法律的觀點看是不能維護的。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">」</span><span lang="EN-US">(p. 10)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">他們拒絕了司法審慎和謙遜的進路,是公然依賴他們的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">新洞見」去改造社會。他們輕率地否定超過半數州的婚姻法,並強行改變一個數千年來形成人類社會基礎的社會制度,羅伯茨問:「我們到底把自己當成誰了?」</span><span lang="EN-US">(p. 3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">他也</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">概嘆:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">贊成同性「婚姻」的人儘管慶祝這判決吧,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">但請不要為了憲法慶祝,因為它與憲法一點關係也沒有!</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">」</span><span lang="EN-US">(p. 29) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阿利托</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也同意</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,今次判決對解釋憲法的法治概念造成深遠及無法補救的傷害</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p.8)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">過分的</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">司法活躍主義</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">(judiciam activism) </span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">放棄了司法自制</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官提出了四個</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">原則和傳統」去支持同性「婚姻」的基本權利,但羅伯茨認為「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多數法官的進路在原則和傳統上都沒有根據。他們所依據的所謂傳統其實是無原則的傳統:比如已經被駁回的最高法院先例<i><span lang="EN-US">Lochner v. New York</span></i>。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">(p.
10)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官的唯一憲法論點是,同性「婚姻」的基本權利<i>隱含</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(implied)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在憲法的十四修正案內,而一夫一妻的法例「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">未經正當法律程序而剝奪了這種自由</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">(p.
10)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,所以就違反了憲法的「正當法律程序」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Due Process Clause)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的要求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">但有兩個問題:一,同性「婚姻」的權利並未明文記載於憲法內(但言論自由和宗教自由就有),所以五法官不得不說這權利是「隱含」於十四修正案內,但這種說法當然需要證明,難道甚麼權利都可隨意說是隱含於憲法內嗎?!而這種「證明」能否成立,當然需要批判分析,也經常有高度爭議性。現在他們的推演</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(imply)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">過程確有很大空間被質疑,因此羅伯茨說:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">允許非民選的聯邦法官來選擇哪些未明言的權利是「基本的」<span lang="EN-US">——</span>然後根據此來廢除州法律<span lang="EN-US">——</span>這令我們對司法角色有明顯的憂慮。我們的先例因此堅持法官應<span lang="EN-US">“</span>極度審慎<span lang="EN-US">”</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">地認定哪些是隱含的基本權利</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 11)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,不然「正當程序條款」只會流於法官推動自己喜愛的政策的工具(或借口)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨從美國司法歷史指出司法審慎或自制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(judicial self-restraint)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的重要性。例如在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Dred Scott v. Sandford </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(1857)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">案中,最高法院廢除了密蘇里州的一條限制奴隸制度的法例,因為他們認為按照正當程序條款,實質上隱含了奴隸主的基本權利,而那法律卻違反這些權利,因此違憲!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 11)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在這案中持反對意見的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Curtis</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">法官就提出警告:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">當固定的法律解讀規則被拋棄,當個人的理論意見控制著憲法的意義時,我們就失去了憲法;我們的政府是人治的,被那些暫時有權利解釋憲法的人統治著。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp. 11-12)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">這判決後來被推翻了,但在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">世紀初的</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lochner v. New York</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">案件中,最高法院又裁定一條最高工時的法律違憲,之後的幾十年間,最高法院又用類似進路廢除了接近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">200</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">條法律。最高法院儼然變成了立法會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">終於,最高法院認識到了錯誤,認定他們並不是一個超級立法機關,因此不應輕易使用實質方式去詮釋「正當程序條款」,並判法律違憲。因此,在推演隱含權利時,這些權利必須是「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">客觀並且深深植根於國家的歷史和傳統,並且隱含於有序自由<span lang="EN-US">(ordered
liberty)</span>的概念中</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp. 13-14)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">五法官認為第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">修訂案的正當</span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">程序</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">條款</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(due
process clause)</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">內的</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">自由」</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(liberty)</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">包括了</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">同性「婚姻」的權利,這是從實質權利</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(substantive rights)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">的角度去詮釋正當</span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">程序</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">條款</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不少人聽到一夫一妻法例有違「正當法律程序」都感到奇怪,這些法例源遠流長,在美國法制中有深厚基礎,究竟違反了那些法律程序呢?再者,有超過三十個州是用全州公投的方式重新確立一夫一妻的法例,但公投不是至高無上的民主程序嗎?為何這又有違「正當法律程序」呢?在這裡我們要明白在美國法律界有一爭議,「正當法律程序」一般而言是從形式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(formal)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和程序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(procedural)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的角度理解,但另一些人卻從實質內容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(substantive)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">角度去理解。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">湯馬斯基本上是反對這種進路,其他異議法官不完全否定這進路,但卻強調採納這種進路時要高度克制,不能隨意把實質權利</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(substantive rights)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">讀進正當</span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">程序</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">條款內。</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">例如</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨指出,若「正當法律程序」有實質內容,也只應限於一些深深「植根於我們人民的傳統和良知內」的自由或權利,而不是一些牽強附會的「基本權利」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 10) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阿利托</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">也同意,法院過去一直認為,第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">修訂案的</span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">正當程序</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">條款</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(due
process clause)</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">縱使能用</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">實質權利角度去詮釋,也<span class="mr-0">只能保障那些深深地植根於國家的</span>歷史及傳統的權利,而這些權利不包括同性「婚姻」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p.2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。所以,今次興訟者所爭取的,是要求確認一個<i>新的權利</i>。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">對</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">多數派來說,同性「婚姻」權利是否缺乏深厚的歷史根源或違反長久建立的傳統是不相干的,他們給同性「婚姻」權利予憲法的保障,純粹因為他們認為這權利是基本的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p.3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。然而這就產生嚴重的問題,這是否代表憲法可按多數法官的個人價值觀隨意解釋,並隨意創造新的基本權利?但這是人治,還是法治?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官倚賴幾個主要案例去論證結婚權是基本權利:在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Loving</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">案中,禁止跨種族通婚被視作違憲;在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Zablocki</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">中,未交贍養費的父親仍有結婚權;在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Turner</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">中,限制囚犯結婚也是違憲。但羅伯茨指出,這些案例並不能證明,「只要任何人想</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">按他的方式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">結婚,他就有憲法權利去結婚」,而且「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以上案例沒有一個涉及婚姻的核心定義:一男一女的結合</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">」,更「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">沒有提及逼令州修改婚姻定義的權利。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 16)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">總結而言,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">上訴方和多數法官都沒有列舉一個判例或其他法律資源去支持<span lang="EN-US">[</span>同性婚姻的<span lang="EN-US">]</span>憲法權利。這樣的判例不存在,而這已經足夠駁回他們的上訴。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp. 16-17)<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多數法官又援引隱私權的案例,如</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Griswold</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年的</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lawrence</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">案。然而這些案例牽涉的是政府禁制使用避孕藥或肛交的私人行為,但一夫一妻的法例「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">並不涉及政府侵入私人空間。婚姻法沒有創造任何的罪名,也沒有施加任何的懲罰。同性伴侶可以自由地生活在一起,進行親密行為,並且按他們意願建立家庭。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 17)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">因此,這些案例或隱私權的概念,並不能支持同性「婚姻」基本權利的「創造」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US%202015_%20%20%20%20%20(1).doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">再者,隱私權要求的是不受干擾,但同性「婚姻」的支持者「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">並非要求隱私,剛好相反,他們尋求的是政府對他們的關係的公共認可,和相應的政府福利。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 18)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">其實在法律的案例中,我們經常發現一些人往往打著爭取不受干擾的自由的幌子,但實際上是向政府正面要求福利。打著隱私權的幌子,去爭取同性「婚姻」的正面肯定和福利,也是混淆視聽。這點湯馬斯也有強調。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">除了援引「正當程序論點」外,五法官亦援引「平等保護條款」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Equal Protection Clause)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。但羅伯茨指出現代最高法院考慮平等保護條款時一般會採納手段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">目標分析:政府作出的區分是否與其所追求的目標有足夠的關連嗎?(這是說在公共政策裡,平等不是說在所有事情上都不能作出區分,所以「區分」不等同「不平等」,我們還要在每個處境中,考慮所作出的區分,是否因著達成政府一些合理的目標是必須且合乎比例嗎?)但五法官並沒有跟隨這進路,也沒有解釋為何平等保護條款支持他們的判決。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 24)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨認為,一夫一妻中的婚姻法並沒有違反平等保護條款,因為按照以往判例,「保持傳統婚姻架構」是州政府應關注的合理利益(目標),而區分異性和同性伴侶則與這目標的實現有合理的相關性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">最高法院的合法性最終建立於人們對於它判斷的尊重,這種尊重建基於人們看到同性「婚姻」的判決是謙虛而克制的。但今天多數法官高舉以司法改造社會的角色,這與謙虛和克制正好相反。他們認為自己對真理與正義有更正確的理解,所以可以停止民主的辯論,主動創造「自由的新向度」。但「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">立國之父一定不能認同多數法官對其司法角色的理解。畢竟他們冒著生命和財產的危險,爭取的是自我管治的權利。他們從來都不會想到將社會政策的決定權讓渡給不能問責和非民選的法官。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 25)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">我們不能為民主辯論設定一個時限,一旦過了時限就以司法介入的方法停止辯論!這只是對民主過程的踐踏。最高法院權力的累積意味著人民權力的削弱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨解釋,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">當我們通過民主手段做出決定時,必定有些人會對於結果感到失望。但是失敗的人們至少知道他們曾經有發聲的權利,並且因此<span lang="EN-US">… </span>甘願接受一個公平與誠實的辯論的結果。同時,他們可以準備再次提出此問題,希望說服足夠多的人重新思考這個問題。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 26) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">但是今天的最高法院停止了這一切。在創造權利這件事情上,聯邦法院是很鈍的器具,沒有立法機關的靈活性,例如處理宗教自由的問題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">這和多數法官想像出來的同性婚姻權利不一樣<span lang="EN-US">——</span>是受到憲法的明文保護的。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 27)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以立法途徑更能處理這些複雜問題。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">湯馬斯也說:五法官把自己對憲法再強加於所有州和三億多美國公民上。這根本是程序的不公義,亦有違民主精神。五法官把</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">他們對婚姻的個人定義寫入憲,於是「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">這個法院的『輕微多數票』<span lang="EN-US">…</span>只是在電腦鍵盤按一下,就抹殺了<span lang="EN-US">30</span>多個州的政治程序的結果。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">斯卡利亞認為法院忽略了他前面提到美國政府的特色:在州層面的民主程序,透過這些程序,我們可以創造和保護憲法沒有提到的自由(如同性婚姻);再者,也可以透過民主程序修改憲法。到最後,五法官就是不耐煩這些過程,並認為可以按他們的新理解去詮釋憲法。他認為:「</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">今次是赤裸裸地以司法之名去宣示他們擁有立法權力(事實上是<i>超級</i>的立法權力),這個宣示基本上違反了我們的政府體制。</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 5) </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">他重申除非是與人民所同意的憲法有衝突,人民有自由決定制定甚麼法律。今次的判決顯示,「</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">一個使人民屈服於九個非民選大法官的政府體制不配被稱為民主。</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 5) </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">特別是因為最高法院的</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">法官沒有代表性,因著這些顯著不具民意代表性特質的人的個人觀點,令社會帶來劇變,是違反民主原則的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">誤解自由</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">──</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">申訴人要求的是政府的認可而非自由</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">當五法官引用第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">14</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">修正案推翻各州一夫一妻的法例時,言下之意是那些婚姻法不當地剝奪了同性戀者享有同性「婚姻」的「自由」,但湯馬斯批評這是與美國憲法和立國原則所理解的「自由」相衝突的:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">今天法院的決定不僅不符合憲法,而且也不符合我們國家賴以建立的原則。早在<span lang="EN-US">1787</span>年前,自由一直被理解為免受政府規管的自由,而非享受政府福利的權利。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。看來「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">多數法官以『自由』之名援引我們的憲法<span lang="EN-US">(</span>但制憲者不會承認這種『自由』的<span lang="EN-US">) </span>,結果卻是損害制憲者設法保護的自由。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">為甚麼呢?湯馬斯旁徵博引,指出正當法律程序條款內的「自由」是指物理層面上行動的自由,如沒有受監禁或限制,因此,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">很難看到受條款保障的『自由』可以解釋為包括任何比脫離身體束縛的自由更廣泛的東西。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 6) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">湯馬斯更退一步說,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">即使假定在這些條款中的『自由』包含比脫離身體束縛的自由更多的東西,也不包括多數法官聲稱的那種權利。在美國的法律傳統中,自由長久被指為個體不受政府規管的自由,而非享有特定政府福利的權利。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 7)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">他從廣泛被引用的洛克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(John Locke)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社會契約論開始,指出傳統的自由是指「消極自由」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(negative liberty)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,而且那些自由是存在於<i>政府之外</i>的。湯馬斯引用一評論家所言:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">自由在十八世紀被認為更多關於『消極自由』;那就是,不被限制的自由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(freedom from)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,而非有自由做甚麼</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(freedom to)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 9)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">無論「自由」的定義是物理上的自由行動,還是免於政府行動限制的自由,申訴的同性戀者沒有被剝奪自由。申訴人不能聲稱「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">他們因為處於同性關係被監禁或人身被限制</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,相反,他們有自由同居、養育孩子、結婚(個別承認的州)或私人「擺酒」宴請親友、到全國旅行和在屬意的地方建立家庭,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">不單沒有被監禁或受身體約束,申訴人更可不受干預地安排他們認為合適的生活。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 10)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">湯馬斯一針見血指出,州沒有限制同性戀者發展個人潛能、追求幸福的自由;相反,申訴人要求的「自由」,其實是指政府認可他們的婚姻、給予他們財務上的福利,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">但獲得政府承認和福利與任何制憲者認可的『自由』無關。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 10)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">總結而言,若要引用程序公義條款支持同性「婚姻」判決,必須首先確認同性戀者被剝奪了「生命、自由或財產」;但當五法官聲稱州法律剝奪了申訴人的「自由」時,這種所謂的「自由」根本不符合憲法中「自由」一字的意義。換言之,同性「婚姻」判決對「自由」的理解是不正確的。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阿利托</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">甚至認為多數派對「<span class="mr-0">自由」一詞的詮釋相當後現代</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(postmodern)</span></span><span class="mr-0"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">湯馬斯再退一步說:縱使五法官對「自由」的理解是正確的,他們還須證明這種「自由」被不當的程序剝奪。事實上,為免公民的自由被任意剝奪,需要制定程序令公民有機會採納和推行他們意願的法例。在美國,這樣的一個程序主要是州的代議政府,再配合聯邦憲法把關。州的日常政策無論透過代議政府或投票確立,也維護了公民的自由,但這程序不能保證每個公民都會同意最後政策。湯馬斯道:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">就算有一些居民不同意結果,[這過程]亦同樣正當;事實上,似乎難以想像任何法例,一個州的所有居民都同意。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 14)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">美國有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">35</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">個州就婚姻制度進行投票,當中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">32</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">個州的人民選擇了傳統婚姻,湯馬斯認為即使申訴人不認同公投的結果,也沒有貶損公投的合法性和正當性。結論是:申訴人的自由已被維護,並沒有不當地剝奪,所以五法官的判決再次顯得缺欠基礎。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">異議法官對宗教自由的前景感到憂慮,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阿利托</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">法官警告:這裁決一天之內把同性「婚姻」變成美國的「正統」,它會被用來攻擊那些不能認同這正統的美國人,務要滅絕殘留的異議。異議者或許能在家中深處微聲說他不認同同性「婚姻」,但「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">他們若在公共領域重覆這些觀點,他們會面對巨大風險:被標籤為偏執狂,而且政府、僱主和學校都會把他們當作偏執狂。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」奧巴馬政府已表示,一旦同性「婚姻」通過,不認同同性「婚姻」的組織(如教會)的免稅地位就有可能取消。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">憲法所建立的聯邦制提供了一個方法,使得持有不同信念的人可在同一個國家內共同生活。多數派將其自己的見解強加於整個國家,實際上是促使持有傳統觀念的美國人被邊緣化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p.7)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">其實</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阿利托</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">提到的也是我們一直關注的「逆向歧視」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨指出,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">同性「婚姻」權利是多數法官想像出來的,但宗教自由卻受憲法的明文保護(第一修正案),厚前而薄後是不合理的。的確,多數法官說有宗教信仰的人可以繼續鼓吹並且教授他們的婚姻觀,但這種對宗教自由的保障是薄弱的,因為第一修正案保障的不單是「談論」宗教的自由,而是「實行」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(exercise)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">宗教的自由。毫無疑問,新創造的同性「婚姻」的權利會與宗教自由發生衝突,比如,當一個教會學校只向異性配偶提供住宿,或者當一個宗教收容機構拒絕同性伴侶收養小孩時,也要禁止嗎?「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不幸的是,有信仰的人很難從今天多數法官的判決中得到任何安慰。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">p. 28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">湯馬斯也從美國歷史的角度力證宗教自由的重要性。追溯美洲最早期的移居者,很多是為了尋求宗教自由而來的。早在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1789</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">年,每一個州也將保護宗教自由寫入憲法;另外,第一修正案亦將宗教自由入憲;還有,自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1993</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">年起,聯邦和一些州也紛紛訂立「宗教自由恢復法」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Religious Freedom Restoration Act)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。同性「婚姻」判決引起了廣泛對宗教自由的關注,譬如一份法庭之友寫道:</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">「[判決]對宗教自由有不可避免和廣泛的意涵<span lang="EN-US">……</span>在我們社會,婚姻並非僅僅是一個政府制度,它同時是一個宗教制度。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 15) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">然後湯馬斯評論:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">今日的決定可能改變前者,但它不能改變後者。兩者的衝突看來無可避免,尤其個人和教會面對參與同性伴侶的公民婚姻和為其背書的要求。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 15) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">可悲的是,五法官對無可避免的衝突顯得漠不關心,雖然他們對宗教自由擺出了低姿態的關注,但判決書只有一小段著墨,而且主要是肯定宗教人士有<i>教導和擁護</i>他們的婚姻理念的自由,然而這有誤導成分。如湯馬斯道:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">宗教自由比僅僅保障『宗教組織和人士<span lang="EN-US">……[</span>去<span lang="EN-US">]</span><i>教導</i>一些<span lang="EN-US">[</span>信仰<span lang="EN-US">]</span>原則<span lang="EN-US">…</span>』更多<span lang="EN-US">……</span>宗教自由是關於對一般性宗教事宜行動的自由。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p. 15)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">湯馬斯警告五法官的決定可能會摧毀宗教自由。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">偏離法律一直尊重的婚姻傳統</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">強逼全國接受有爭議的婚姻理念</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨指出,上訴方經常提到婚姻權以及「婚姻平等」,但「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">真正問題是<span lang="EN-US">——</span>甚麼構成了「婚姻」,或者更準確的說,誰決定甚麼構成了「婚姻」?多數法官基本上忽略了這些問題<span lang="EN-US">… </span>將婚姻普遍定義為一男一女的結合並非歷史的偶然。婚姻的起源不是因為政治運動,也不是一個發明</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 4)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,而是「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">起源於一個本質性和至關重要的需求:確保生下孩子的父母有終生的關係,而且他們在這種穩定的環境中獻身於撫養孩子。<span lang="EN-US">… </span>因此,為了孩子以及社會的好處,導致繁衍的性行為只應該發生在獻身於一段長期關係的男女之間。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 5)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社會把這種關係稱作婚姻,並且「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">通過賦予婚姻一種受尊敬的地位,和賦予結婚夫婦物質性的福利,社會鼓勵男女在婚姻之內,而非之外,發生性關係。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 5)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">很明顯,這種婚姻的結構是異性戀的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨接著用了不少篇幅,引用了不少材料去證明這種婚姻的理念深深植根於美國的文化和歷史,也是美國憲法的背境。如深深影響美國的哲學家洛克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(John Locke)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,就認為婚姻是一個男女之間自願進入的契約,主要目的在於生育,撫養和支持孩子。「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">對於那些憲法締約的人來說,這種婚姻和家庭的觀念是毋庸置疑的:它的結構、穩定性、角色和價值都被所有人接受。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 6)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以往最高法院的判案也假設了這種婚姻的理念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 7)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多數法官曾指出婚姻在某些方面也在改變,如包辦婚姻被自由戀愛取代,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">coverture</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(已婚男女成為一個法律個體)的概念被取消,婚姻可跨種族通婚等等。然而羅伯茨指出,這些變化並沒有改變婚姻的核心結構:一男一女。婚姻的核心意義沒有改變。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 8)<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阿利托</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">也</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">指出,五法官的判決建基於對婚姻的目的的一種特別理解</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">婚姻是為了促進兩個選擇結婚的人的福祉。按他們理解,婚姻提供情感上的滿足及互相支持。有了這滿足及支持,整體社會亦會間接受益。在這方面同性「婚姻」與異性婚姻無異,故政府亦應准許同性「婚姻」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(pp. 3-4)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。但是,過去幾千年,婚姻緊緊地連繫於一個只有異性伴侶才做得到的事情</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">生育。捍衛傳統婚姻的州份認為,結婚<span class="mr-0">不同於其他人際</span>關係(如好朋友),<span class="mr-0">國家鼓勵</span>結婚及將其正規化,是為了<span class="mr-0">鼓勵</span>生育這行為在一個持久的關係中發生,而這關係長久以來被認為可為教養孩子提供最佳的環境,故有理由將婚姻規限於異性伴侶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p.4)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。若准許同性「婚姻」,將會對現已開始衰落的傳統婚姻造成進一步破壞。無論兩種對婚姻的理解誰對誰錯,不同州份應有自由去選擇。今次法院以憲法之名禁止一個州份<span class="mr-0">跟隨這沿用已久對</span>婚姻的理解<span class="mr-0">,實際上是超越了它自己</span>的權限</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p.5)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。憲法本來就是為有不同價值觀的人民製定的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">五法官可能認為他們的判決會對美國社會發揮優良影響,但</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">阿利托</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">認為沒有人會知道同性「婚姻」會帶來甚麼深遠影響,而法官更加沒有被裝備去對有關影響作出評估。法官的責任是解釋憲法,但憲法沒有就同性「婚姻」作出任何規定。在我們的政府的系統內,最終的權威來自人民,人民有權掌握自己的命運。故此,一些非常根本及重要的體制的改變應由人民通過其選出來的代表決定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(p.6)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官嘗試解釋為何憲法支持同性「婚姻」,例如說婚姻的選擇權利隱含于個人自主的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(individual autonomy)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">概念中,但這種「個人自主」有沒有界線呢?若沒有,那是否結婚權可任意被每個人詮釋呢?羅伯茨也同意五法官並沒有說個體自主是完全無限度的,但他們沒有提出明確的界線,唯一設定邊界的就是五法官的「合理判斷」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(reasoned judgment)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和有關不公正的「新洞見」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(new insights)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。所以事實上,今天的決定完全取決於五法官的信念:若否定同性「婚姻」的基本權利,就會貶低同性戀者的人格。羅伯茨堅持法官要緊守憲法基礎的原則:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不管這個信念在倫理學上有多大說服力,它與<i><span lang="EN-US">Lochner</span></i>中的赤裸裸的政策偏好一樣,在憲法上是沒有基礎的。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp. 19-20)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨接著指出一個嚴重問題,就是五法官的推論會否帶來更激進和預想不到的後果呢?雖然五法官經常提到「二人結合」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(two-person union)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,但「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">他們完全沒有理由支持,為何婚姻的核心定義中『二人』的元素可以保持,但『男女」的元素卻不能。從歷史和傳統的角度來看,從異性變成同性的跨越比從兩個人變成許多人的跨越更大,畢竟後者在世界許多文化中都有根基。如果多數法官願意跨出較大的一步,很難看出為甚麼他們不願意跨出較小的一步。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 20)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨正確地指出:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多數法官的論證大多同樣支持『多元婚姻』是基本人權。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 20)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">假若否定兩個男人或者兩個女人結婚,是否它他們的尊嚴,那否定三個人結婚不是同樣否定他們的尊嚴嗎?假若否認同性「婚姻」,是在污名化同性伴侶撫養的孩子,那這理由難道不適用於三個或者更多「配偶」的家庭麼?或許這兩者是有分別,但上訴方和五法官都沒有指出任何不同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">總結而言,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「個體自主」等觀點難以為「婚姻權」立界線,多數法官的論證長遠只會帶來婚姻制度的混亂和瓦解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">總結</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">──</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">敗壞之先</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">人心驕傲</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">四份異議的意見書有理有節,論點有根有據,也差不多回應了五法官的所有主要觀點。我們認為最高法院的主流意見在理性上是疑點重重的,姑勿論同性「婚姻」應否支持,把這種所謂「基本權利」讀進美國憲法,似乎是難以站得住腳的。如</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">湯馬斯言:「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">因為他們期望倉卒地達到結果,五法官誤用一條側重『正當法律程序』的條款給予實質性權利,無視受那條款保障的『自由』的最合理理解,以及扭曲這個國家賴以建立的原則。其決定將對我國憲法和我們的社會產生不可估量的後果。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;">(pp. 17-18)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">不幸的是,他們這些「極左」或「偏左」的法官佔了多數。這樣看來,多數法官的裁決未必代表真理與正義,反而是左傾的意識形態挾持了憲法的權威,並強加同運議程於所有美國人。這也反映他們的驕傲,如<span style="background: white;">斯卡利亞認為:「</span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">今次的司法騷亂反映出令人十分震驚的驕傲。</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 6) </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">他諷刺今次五位法官悠然自得地得出了一個結論,就是他們認為自第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">14</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">條修正案被確立直至近代的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">135</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年間,每個州都是違反憲法,他們所發現的「基本人權」似乎被當時直到近代的每一個人所忽略,五位法官看到了百多年間著名的大法官看不到的事,斯卡利亞甚至列出了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">11</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">位著名大法官的名字,諷刺地說五位法官似乎比那些法官有更好的法律知識。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US%202015_%20%20%20%20%20(1).doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「同性婚姻資料庫」:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E8%8C%A8%E5%B0%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7">https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2015/07/01/<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span lang="EN-US">美國聯邦最高法院首席大法官約翰·羅伯茨對同性</span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US%202015_%20%20%20%20%20(1).doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">正文的頁數是指放在網上的英文判辭的頁數,下載:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf">http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/14-556_3204.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US%202015_%20%20%20%20%20(1).doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">五法官判辭結束時提到同性伴侶不應「被判定孤獨終生」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(condemned to live in loneliness)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,這實在賺人熱淚,但羅伯茨特別指出在今天美國,大家都可與喜愛的人同居(同性或異性),所以「沒有任何人因為現行的婚姻法『被判定孤獨終生』」!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(pp. 17-18)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-49240415942252834742015-07-01T00:33:00.000-07:002015-07-01T19:15:24.051-07:00美國聯邦最高法院首席大法官約翰·羅伯茨對同性婚姻裁決的異議<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">關啟文</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">日,美國聯邦最高法院(以下簡稱最高法院)五位大法官(以下簡稱五法官)以輕微多數宣判同性「婚姻」是美國憲法所肯定的基本人權(意見書有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">頁),所以全國都要跟隨。另外四位大法官則持異議,其中<span style="background: white;">首席大法官約翰</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">·</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">John G. Roberts Jr</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)的異議意見更長達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">29</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">頁,內容充實,對法院主流意見作出強而有力的反駁。本文會介紹這異議的主要論點,並作出簡略評論。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US_Roberts_%20%20.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">全文在前言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp. 1-3)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">後</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">分為四個段落</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">I (pp. 4-9); II (pp. 9-23);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">III (pp. 23-24); IV (pp. 24-29)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。段落</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">II</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">最長,又再分為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IIA (pp. 10-15)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IIB (pp. 15-23)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。以下會順著這次序作出撮要,而標題也是我加的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><b>前言──我們到底把自己當成誰了?</b></span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">要評價究竟最高法院的判決是否合理,首先要明白最高法院在美國司法系統中的角色。所以羅伯茨開宗明義指出,最高法院並不是一個立法機關,因此同性婚姻從立法角度看(如在州的層面)是否一個良好政策,根本不是最高法院考慮的問題。因為最高法院的角色,是去判決一些州政府的法律,會否違反美國憲法,法官的權限和專長就在於此,他們應按照憲法作出判斷,而不是把自己意願強加於不同州的人民。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 2)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US_Roberts_%20%20.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">現時最高法院的主流意見是:結婚權是憲法保護的基本人權,雖然美國憲法原初理解的結婚權不包括同性婚姻,但五法官認為這結婚權可合理地擴充到同性婚姻。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">然而羅伯茨認為,支持這種擴充的法律論點並無說服力。雖然結婚權是基本權利,但這不代表我們有權強制一個州去改變婚姻的定義。特別當一個州想維持的婚姻定義,是在人類歷史中每種文化中都延續的婚姻定義時,這並不能說是非理性的。「一言以蔽之,我們的憲法並沒有提出一種特定的婚姻理論。一個州的人民有自由擴充婚姻的定義來包括同性伴侶,他們也有自由選擇保持歷史性定義。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 2)<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US_Roberts_%20%20.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">因此羅伯茨認為最高法院的決定是否定了每個州在決定婚姻制度上的自主權。「對於那些相信法治的政府,而不是人治的人來說,多數法官的進路是令人深深沮喪的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">… </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五位法官終結了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">民主的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">辯論,把他們個人對於婚姻的遠象制訂為憲法的要求。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 2)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官宣判同性婚姻是基本權利,但這「在憲法和最高法院的先例中都沒有根據。」他們拒絕了司法審慎和謙遜的進路,是公然依賴他們的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">新洞見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">去改造社會。他們輕率地否定超過半數州的婚姻法,並強行改變一個數千年來形成人類社會基礎的社會制度,羅伯茨問:「我們到底把自己當成誰了?」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 3)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">他強調,憲法是為了有著根本分歧的人民制訂的(如不同州有不同文化),因此法院應尊重不同州的多元性,讓人民以民主程序去辯論和作決定,而不應「把這個問題從人民的手中奪過來」!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 3)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">從最高法院的角色看,問題並非「婚姻是否應該包括同性伴侶?」而是:「在我們這個民主共和國中,決定權應屬於人民通過他們的民選代表而行使,還是屬於五個並非民選的法官呢?」他認為憲法的答案是明確的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">段落</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">IA</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:甚麼是婚姻?</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨指出,上訴方經常提到婚姻權以及「婚姻平等」,但「真正問題是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">什麼構成了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">婚姻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,或者更準確的說,誰決定什麼構成了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">婚姻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">?多數法官基本上忽略了這些問題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">… </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">將婚姻普遍定義為一男一女的結合並非歷史的偶然。婚姻的起源不是因為政治運動,也不是一個發明」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 4)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,而是「起源於一個本質性和至關重要的需求:確保生下孩子的父母有終生的關係,而且他們在這種穩定的環境中獻身於撫養孩子。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">… </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">因此,為了孩子以及社會的好處,導致繁衍的性行為只應該發生在獻身於一段長期關係的男女之間。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 5)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">社會把這種關係稱作婚姻,並且「通過賦予婚姻一種受尊敬的地位,和賦予結婚夫婦物質性的福利,社會鼓勵男女在婚姻之內,而非之外,發生性關係。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 5)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">很明顯,這種婚姻的結構是異性戀的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨接著用了不少篇幅,引用了不少材料去證明這種婚姻的理念深深植根於美國的文化和歷史,也是美國憲法的背境。如深深影響美國的哲學家洛克</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(John Locke)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,就認為婚姻是一個男女之間自願進入的契約,主要目的在於生育,撫養和支持孩子。「對於那些憲法締約的人來說,這種婚姻和家庭的觀念是毋庸置疑的:它的結構、穩定性、角色和價值都被所有人接受。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 6)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">以往最高法院的判案也假設了這種婚姻的理念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 7)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多數法官曾指出婚姻在某些方面也在改變,如包辦婚姻被自由戀愛取代,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US">coverture</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(已婚男女成為一個法律個體)的概念被取消,婚姻可跨種族通婚等等。然而羅伯茨指出,這些變化並沒有改變婚姻的核心結構:一男一女。婚姻的核心意義沒有改變。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 8)<br />
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">段落</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">IB</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:反駁主流意見</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在這段落裡,羅伯茨簡略介紹了同性婚姻爭議的背景,特別因為有四個州的一夫一妻法例被一些區域法官宣判為違憲,後來爭議就去到第六巡迴法庭,但這上訴法院認為上訴方並未能證明憲法包含了同性婚姻的權利,所以認為決定權仍然在州選民的手中。羅伯茨認為這上訴法院的「決定正確地詮釋了憲法」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p.9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,但五法官卻把這決定否決。羅伯茨在下面解釋為何五法官的裁決是錯誤的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">段落</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">I</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">IA</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:司法活躍</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> vs</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">司法自制</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官提出了四個</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">原則和傳統</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">去支持同性婚姻的基本權利,但羅伯茨認為「多數法官的進路在原則和傳統上都沒有根據。他們所依據的所謂傳統其實是無原則的傳統:比如已經被駁回的最高法院先例</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lochner v. New York</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。」多數法官的論據說到底,就是說通過同性婚姻對同性伴侶和社會都好,羅伯茨說他若是一個立法者,的確會考慮這些觀點。「但是作為一個法官,我認為多數法官的立場從憲政法律的觀點看是不能維護的。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 10)<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官經常提到同性婚姻使同性戀者可以有伴侶和尊嚴,但羅伯茨指出憲法中沒有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">伴侶和理解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">或者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">尊貴和尊嚴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">等條款。五法官的唯一憲法論點是,同性婚姻的基本權利<b><i>隱含</i></b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(implied)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在憲法的十四修正案內,而一夫一妻的法例「未經正當法律程序而剝奪了這種自由」,所以就違反了憲法的「正當法律程序」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Due Process Clause)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的要求。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">但這裡有兩個問題(這是我的補充解釋):一,大家都同意同性婚姻的權利並未明文記戴於憲法內(但言論自由和宗教自由就有),所以五法官不得不說這權利是「隱合」於其中,但這種說法當然需要證明,難道甚麼權利都可隨意說是隱含於憲法內嗎?!而這種「證明」能否成立,當然需要批判分析,也經常有高度爭議性。第二,不少人聽到一夫一妻法例有違「正當法律程序」都感到奇怪,這些法例源遠流長,在美國法制中有深厚基礎,究竟違反了那些法律程序呢?再者,有超過三十個州是用全州公投的方式重新確立一夫一妻的法例,但公投不是至高無上的民主程序嗎?為何這又有違「正當法律程序」呢?在這裡我們要明白在美國法律界有一爭議,「正當法律程序」一般而言是從形式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(formal)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和程序</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(procedural)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的角度理解,但另一些人卻從實質內容</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(substantive)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">角度去理解。羅伯茨指出,若「正當法律程序」有實質內容,也只應限於一些深深「植根於我們人民的傳統和良知內」的自由或權利,而不是一些牽強附會的「基本權利」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 10)<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">現在五法官認為同性婚姻的基本權利隱含在十四修正案內,但他們的推演</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(imply)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">過程卻有很大空間被質疑,因此羅伯茨說:「允許非民選的聯邦法官來選擇哪些未明言的權利是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">基本的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">然後根據此來廢除州法律</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">這令我們對司法角色有明顯的憂慮。我們的先例因此堅持法官應</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">“</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">極度審慎</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">地認定哪些是隱含的基本權利」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 11)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,不然「正當程序條款」只會流於法官推動自己喜愛的政策的工具(或借口)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨然後從美國司法歷史指出司法審慎或自制</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(judicial self-restraint)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的重要性。例如在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Dred Scott
v. Sandford </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(1857)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">案中,最高法院廢除了密蘇里州的一條限制奴隸制度的法例,因為他們認為按照正當程序條款,實質上隱含了奴隸主的基本權利,而那法律卻違反這些權利,因此違憲!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 11)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">在這案中持反對意見的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Curtis</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">法官就提出警告:「當固定的法律解讀規則被拋棄,當個人的理論意見控制著憲法的意義時,我們就失去了憲法;我們的政府是人治的,被那些暫時有權利解釋憲法的人統治著。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp. 11-12)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">這判決後來被推翻了,但在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">世紀初的</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lochner v. New York</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">案件中,最高法院又裁定一條最高工時的法律違憲,之後的幾十年間,最高法院又用類似進路廢除了接近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">200</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">條法律。最高法院儼然變成了立法會。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">終於,最高法院認識到了錯誤,認定他們並不是一個超級立法機關,因此不應輕易使用實質方式去詮釋「正當程序條款」,並判法律違憲。因此,在推演隱含權利時,這些權利必須是「客觀並且深深植根於國家的歷史和傳統,並且隱含於有序自由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(ordered liberty)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的概念中」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp. 13-14)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">段落</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">I</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">IB</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:回應五法官的四原則</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨論證了他的司法進路後,他指控五法官放棄了司法自制的進路,並且回到了</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lochner</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">時代那種沒有原則的進路。這段落較長,又分為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IIB1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IIB4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">四個小節。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IIB1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:五法官引用的案例</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官倚賴幾個主要案例去論證結婚權是基本權利:在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Loving</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">案中,禁止跨種族通婚被視作違憲;在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Zablocki</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">中,未交贍養費的父親仍有結婚權;在</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Turner</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">中,限制囚犯結婚也是違憲。但這些案例並不能證明,「只要任何人想</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">按他的方式</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">結婚,他就有憲法權利去結婚」,而且「以上案例沒有一個涉及婚姻的核心定義:一男一女的結合」,更「沒有提及逼令州修改婚姻定義的權利。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 16)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">總結而言,「上訴方和多數法官都沒有列舉一個判例或其他法律資源去支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">同性婚姻的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">憲法權利。這樣的判例不存在,而這已經足夠駁回他們的上訴。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp.16-17)<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IIB2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:隱私權?</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">多數法官又授引隱私權的案例,如</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Griswold</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">年的</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lawrence</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">案。然而這些案例牽涉的是一些政府禁制使用避孕藥或肛交的私人行為,但一夫一妻的法例「並不涉及政府侵入私人空間。婚姻法沒有創造任何的罪名,也沒有施加任何的懲罰。同性伴侶可以自由地生活在一起,進行親密行為,並且按他們意願建立家庭。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 17)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">因此,這些案例或隱私權的概念,並不能支持同性婚姻基本權利的「創造」。五法官判辭結束時提到同性伴侶不應「被判定孤獨終生」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(condemned to live in loneliness)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,這實在賺人熱淚,但羅伯茨特別指出在今天美國,大家都可與喜愛的人同居(同性或異性),所以「沒有任何人因為現行的婚姻法『被判定孤獨終生』」!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 17-18)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">再者,隱私權要求的是不受干擾,但同性婚姻的支持者「並非要求隱私,剛好相反,他們尋求的是政府對他們的關係的公共認可,和相應的政底福利。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 18)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">其實在法律的案例中,我們經常發現一些人往往打著爭取不受干擾的自由的幌子,但實際上是向政府正面要求福利。打著隱私權的幌子,去爭取同性婚姻的正面肯定和福利,也是混淆視聽。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IIB3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:由個人自主到多元婚姻</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官的一個論據是,婚姻的選擇權利隱含于個人自主的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(individual autonomy)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">概念中,但這種「個人自主」有沒有界線呢?若沒有,那是否結婚權可任意被每個人詮釋呢?羅伯茨也同意五法官並沒有說個體自主是完全無限度的,但他們沒有提出明確的界線,唯一設定邊界的就是五法官的「合理判斷」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(reasoned judgment)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">和有關不公正的「新洞見」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(new
insights)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。所以事實上,今天的決定完全取決於五法官的信念:若否定同性婚姻的基本權利,就會貶低同性戀者的人格。羅伯茨堅持法官要緊守憲法基礎的原則:「不管這個信念在倫理學上有多大說服力,它與</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lochner</span></i><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">中的赤裸裸的政策偏好一樣,在憲法上是沒有基礎的。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(pp. 19-20)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨接著指出一個嚴重問題,就是五法官的推論會否帶來更激進和預想不到的後果呢?雖然五法官經常提到「二人結合」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(two-person union)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">,但「他們完全沒有理由支持,為何婚姻的核心定義中『二人』的元素可以保持,但『男女」的元素卻不能。從歷史和傳統的角度來看,從異性變成同性的跨越比從兩個人變成許多人的跨越更大,畢竟後者在世界許多文化中都有根基。如果多數法官願意跨出較大的一步,很難看出為什麼他們不願意跨出較小的一步。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 20)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨正確地指出:「多數法官的論證大多同樣支持『多元婚姻』是基本人權。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 20)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">假若否定兩個男人或者兩個女人結婚,是否它他們的尊嚴,那否定三個人結婚不是同樣否定他們的尊嚴嗎?假若否認同性婚姻,是在污名化同性伴侶撫養的孩子,那這理由難道不適用於三個或者更多「配偶」的家庭麼?或許這兩者是有分別,但上訴方和五法官都沒有指出任何不同。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">〈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">IIB4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">法院必須跟隨法律</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 新細明體;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">而不是社會理論〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">五法官又有引用傷害原則,但羅伯茨再次指出這是哲學,而不是法律。,而法官在道德和哲學上都沒有特別的權威,更遑論把他們的道德、哲學或者社會思想強加於所有公民身上。「法院必須跟隨法律,而並不是某種社會理論。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 22)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">現在,一個深植人類歷史的社會制度(婚姻)都不能阻擋以司法之名制定政策,那什麼可以?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">除了授引「正當程序論點」外,五法官亦授引「平等保護條款」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(Equal Protection Clause)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">。但羅伯茨指出現代最高法院考慮平等保護條款時一般會採納手段</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">目標分析:政府作出的區分是否與其所追求的目標有足夠的關連嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">這是說在公共政策裡,平等不是說在所有事情上都不能作出區分,所以「區分」不等同「不平等」,我們還要在每個處境中,考慮所作出的區分,是否因著達成政府一些合理的目標是必須且合乎比例嗎?)但五法官並沒有跟隨這進路,也沒有解釋為何平等保護條款支持他們的判決。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 24)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨認為,一夫一妻中的婚姻法並沒有違反平等保護條款,因為按照以往判例,「保持傳統婚姻架構」是州政府應關注的合理利益(目標),而區分異性和同性伴侶則與這目標的實現有合理的相關性。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">最高法院的合法性最終建立於人們對於它判斷的尊重,這種尊重建基於人們看到同性婚姻的判決是謙虛而克制的。但今天多數法官高舉以司法改造社會的角色,這與謙虛和克制正好相反。他們認為自己對真理與正義有更正確的理解,所以可以停止民主的辯論,主動創造「自由的新向度」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「立國之父一定不能認同多數法官對其司法角色的理解。畢竟他們冒著生命和財產的危險,爭取的是自我管治的權利。他們從來都不會想到將社會政策的決定權讓渡給不能問責和非民選的法官。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 25)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">我們不能為民主辯論設定一個時限,一旦過了時限就以司法屆入的方法停止辯論!這只是對民主過程的踐踏。最高法院權力的累積意味著人民權力的削弱。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「當我們通過民主手段做出決定時,必定有些人會對於結果感到失望。但是失敗的人們至少知道他們曾經有發聲的權利,並且因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">… </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">甘願接受一個公平與誠實的辯論的結果。同時,他們可以準備再次提出此問題,希望說服足夠多的人重新思考這個問題。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 26)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">但是今天的最高法院停止了這一切。在創造權利這件事情上,聯邦法院是很鈍的器具,沒有立法機關的靈活性,例如處理宗教自由的問題</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「這和多數法官想像出來的同性婚姻權利不一樣</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">是受到憲法的明文保護的。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 27)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">的確,多數法官說有宗教信仰的人可以繼續鼓吹並且教授他們的婚姻觀,但這種對宗教自由的保障是薄弱的,因為第一修正案保障的不單是「談論」宗教的自由,而是「實行」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(exercise)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">宗教的自由。毫無疑問,新創造的同性婚姻的權利會與宗教自由發生衝突,比如,當一個教會學校只向異性配偶提供住宿,或者當一個宗教收容機構拒絕同性伴侶收養小孩時,也要禁止嗎?「不幸的是,有信仰的人很難從今天多數法官的判決中得到任何安慰。」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">p. 28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「如果你是贊成同性婚姻的美國人,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">… </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">請慶賀今天的判決。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">…</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">但請不要為了憲法慶賀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">今天的判決</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">與憲法一點關係也沒有。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(p. 29)</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我個人認為首席大法官的意見書有理有節,論點有根有據,也差不多回應了五法官的所有主要觀點(其他三個異議法官的意見也同樣精采)。我認為最高法院的主流意見在理性上是疑點重重的,姑勿論同性「婚姻」應否支持,把這種所謂「基本權利」讀進美國憲法,似乎是難以站得住腳的。不幸的是,他們這些「極左」或「偏左」的法官佔了多數。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br />
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US_Roberts_%20%20.doc#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">羅伯茨的意見書已有中文譯本:〈全文翻譯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> | </span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">首席大法官對同性婚姻法案的憤怒〉,由</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">袁幼林翻譯,</span><span style="font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">見:</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Njk5MTE1&mid=211341052&idx=1&sn=64fc73c23474e093abd60d1182a7ed53&scene=1&from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0#rd">http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Njk5MTE1&mid=211341052&idx=1&sn=64fc73c23474e093abd60d1182a7ed53&scene=1&from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0#rd</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/ET-homo(marriage)US_Roberts_%20%20.doc#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">本文會把一些羅伯茨的引句翻成中文,有參考袁幼林的翻譯,但我也會作出自己的修正。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-73330705736977722132015-06-30T01:51:00.003-07:002015-07-01T18:35:02.704-07:00「婚姻平權」的反思<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-char-indent-count: .5; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: center; text-indent: 8.0pt;">
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 16pt;">「婚姻平權」的反思</span></b><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></b></span></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">關啟文</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">*</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">摘</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">要</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">近年</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「同性婚姻」被稱為</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「婚姻平權」,因為支持者認為同性婚姻是一種</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">平等人權法。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">本文並不企圖直接論證同性婚姻不是人權,而只是指出很多試圖證明同性婚姻是人權的論據都有不少問題。首先,我會</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">處理一些支持同性婚姻的常見論點,例如「支持同性婚姻=</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">讓所有人追求幸福」,「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">反對同性婚姻=</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">性傾向歧視」,「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">反對同性婚姻=神權」,「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性婚姻</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">=</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與國際接軌」,「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同等對待</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">=</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻平權」,「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性婚姻是國際人權的共識」等等。有些人批評筆者<span class="usercontent">過於僵化地理解人權,並傾向假設「人</span>權」愈多愈好,我對這些觀點作出回應。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然後我探討同<span class="usercontent">性婚姻與多元婚姻</span>的關係,我列出九種對婚姻的理解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">[(M1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,然後大體歸納為四種立場:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P1)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一夫一妻制;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P2)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩人婚姻制;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P3)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">局部婚姻平權;和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P4)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">徹底婚姻平權。我嘗試論證:</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">若支持同性婚姻者</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">不承認其立場是非理性的,又要避免自相矛盾,那他們應提出一些原則性的理據(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">X</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">),而這些原則性的理據在邏輯上一概不會支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而只支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
(M2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。我認為同性婚姻的支持者還</span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">沒有滿意交待</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">X</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">可以是甚麼。</span></strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">最後,我批評支持者的另外兩個常用論據:「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻沒有本質」,和「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性婚姻是人權,不用訴諸社會共識」。我再解釋</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻制度是一種鼓勵和嘉獎,而</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一夫一妻的自然婚姻能清晰解答婚姻權的判準的問題。我的</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結論是,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「同性婚姻是人權」這種說法還待理性論證。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">關鍵詞:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">同性婚姻、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">婚姻平權、</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">平等人權、</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元婚姻</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Reflection on “Marriage Equality”<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Kai-Man, Kwan<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">*</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Abstract<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Recently same-sex marriage is often called “marriage equality” because the
supporters think that same-sex marriage is a kind of equal human right. In this
article, I do not claim to prove directly that same-sex marriage is not a human
right, but attempt to point out the problems with many arguments which purport
to show that same-sex marriage is a human right. Firstly, I deal with some
common arguments used to support same-sex marriage, such as “to support
same-sex marriage is to let everyone pursue his happiness,” “objection to same-sex
marriage is a kind of sexual orientation discrimination,” “objection to same-sex
marriage is a kind of theocracy,” “accepting same-sex marriage is conforming to
the international society,” “marriage equality requires identical treatment,” “same-sex
marriage is based on an international consensus on human rights.” Some critics
allege that my understanding of human rights is too rigid, and they incline to
think the more “h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">uman rights</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">,” the better. I respond to these viewpoints.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Then
I explore the relationship between same-sex marriage & polyamory. I list
nine kinds of marriage rights [(M1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)], and then point out there
can be four positions: (P1) monogamy; (P2) two-person marriage; (P3) partial “marriage
equality”; and (P4) complete “marriage equality.” I try to argue that if
supporters of same-sex marriage do not acknowledge their position is
irrational, and also want to avoid self-contradiction, they need to provide a
principled ground</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> (X),
which only support </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> (M2) without supporting (M3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9).
I argue that they have not satisfactorily explained what X can be. Finally, I
evaluate two other arguments for same-sex marriage: “marriage has no essence,”
and “since same-sex marriage is a human right, it does not need the support of
a social consensus.” I also explain why the marriage system is a kind of
encouragement and reward.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
Moreover, monogamy can have a clear answer to the question about the criterion
of marriage rights. My conclusion is that it remains to be seen what rational
arguments can be used to prove that same-sex marriage is a human right.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Keywords: S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ame-Sex Marriage,
Marriage Equality, Equal Human Rights,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Polyamory</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 14pt;">「婚姻平權」的反思</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">關啟文</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>一、前言:</b><b>同性婚姻=平權?</b><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性婚姻的爭論在西方已存在多年,而在過去幾年間,支持者開始喜歡把「同性婚姻」稱為</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「婚姻平權」。例如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2011</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">24</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日,紐約州參議院以</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">33</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">票對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">29</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">票通過同性婚姻法案,這</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">法案就叫《婚姻平權法》</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(Marriage Equality Act)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。這次同性戀運動(簡稱「同運」)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的勝利是在議會中勝出的,一些</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">本來反對同性婚姻的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">共和黨參議員也倒戈相向。其中一個變節的是</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Stephen Saland</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,他這樣解釋:「我認為去作對的事的定義就是『平等看待所有人』,而平等包括婚姻的定義。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">近年臺灣也為同性婚姻的課題爭論不休,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,立委尤美女提出民法修正案,欲將民法親屬編</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">972</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條文中「婚約應由男女當事人自行訂定」的「男女」兩字修改為「雙方」,使同性婚姻合法化,當時該法案已經通過一讀。另外,由許秀雯律師所帶領的臺灣伴侶權益推動聯盟</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(簡稱:「伴侶盟」),推動「多元成家」民法修正草案,草案強調四項特點:「同性婚姻、伴侶制度、多人家屬、收養制度」,並已於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日將法案送入立法院。臺灣各大宗教團體有見修正草案對社會帶來的重大影響,遂成立「臺灣宗教團體愛護家庭大聯盟」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(簡稱「護家盟」),並發起連署維護「一夫一妻」的婚姻價值和反對「同性婚姻」及「多元成家草案」,亦為雙方激烈爭議揭開序幕。連署於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日正式啟動,至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">201</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">5</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,網絡連紙本連署人數已超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬(分別是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">20</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬多和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬多)。護家盟在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#弱勢的多數"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span lang="EN-US">凱<span lang="EN-US">道舉<span lang="EN-US">行造勢大會</span></span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,可能有約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人參與。而伴侶盟早於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日開始的「多元成家,我支持!」連署,亦有超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人連署。這些草案,到今天還未正式通過,社會的辯論還在繼續。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴侶盟也愛把同性婚姻稱為婚姻平權,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而民進黨立法委員鄭麗君表示:「不論性向如何,都有結婚成家的權利,這次推動修法就是為了消除歧視,追求平權。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然這種修辭法在辯論中是有優勢的,假若同性婚姻就等同平等的人權,那反對同性婚姻的人,不也在反對平等或反對人權嗎?當然,這只是支持者的前設,但卻是政治上正確,也往往被主流傳媒追捧,所以不知不覺中塑造我們的思想和感覺,令我們傾向支持同性婚姻。然而從理性角度,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">我們不能不反思:究竟「同性婚姻</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等同平等人權」的說法,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有那些支持的論據?那些論據又是否真的有說服力呢?這是本文主要想探討的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">問題。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在網上的文章〈同性婚姻是人權嗎?〉(以後簡稱〈同文〉),已對這問題有不少討論,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但原文頗長,涵蓋的範圍也甚廣,本文則只集中和擴充「婚姻平權」的討論,且對一些批評作出回應。由於篇幅所限,而且問題非常複雜,<b>本文並不企圖直接論證同性婚姻不是人權,而只是指出很多試圖證明同性婚姻是人權的論據都有不少問題。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">首先讓我處理一些支持同性婚姻的常見論點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(一)支持同性婚姻=</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">讓所有人追求幸福?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡至潔說:<span style="color: #373737;">「伴侶盟以『自由戀愛、平等成家』為核心理念」,讓所有人「追求、定義屬於自己的幸福。」</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #373737; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這樣看來,反對同性婚姻者不就是阻止別人「追求屬於自己的幸福」的惡棍嗎?然而這些話有點誤導,現在究竟是哪些人不可以「自由戀愛」和「追求、定義屬於自己的幸福」呢?誰都可以,同性戀者亦有戀愛的自由,問題在於不同人自行界定的「戀愛、婚姻和幸福」是否都要被整體社會和法制肯定和鼓勵呢?這才是爭議所在,總不成無論任何人如何界定「自己的幸福」(如可以擁有大量女童和婢女作「妻子」),社會都要積極肯定吧?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #373737; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(二)反對同性婚姻=</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性傾向歧視?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡至潔又說:「還給同性伴侶平等結婚的權利,相當程度矯正臺灣社會長久以來存在的性傾向歧視」,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #373737; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而同性婚姻是否真正的平權,還是在爭議當中,假若答案是正面的,那不承認同性婚姻就的確是「性傾向歧視」;若答案是否定的,那就不是「性傾向歧視」,所以以上說法已假設了有待證立的結論,所以是一種乞求論點</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(begging
question)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的謬誤。不幸的是,類似的說法在傳媒中經常出現,很易產生一種潛移默化的作用。例如「<span style="color: #333333;">同志諮詢熱線文宣部主任呂欣潔表示,我們絕對尊重各種不同的聲音,每個人的價值觀養成也都不同,但不代表法律之前,可以因為你的價值觀而剝奪他人的法律權利。」</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是在指控反對同性婚姻的人,然而權利的訴求成千上萬,有人贊成也有人反對,只有在兩種情況下我們才能合理地指控別人在「剝奪他人的法律權利」,第一,這種權利是現存的法律已經賦予的;第二,這種權利是現存的法律沒有提到,但是<b>應該賦予</b>的。就同性婚姻而論,在臺灣第一種情況顯然還未出現,而去假設第二種情況,則又是</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">乞求論點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(三)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">語意含混的修辭問題</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(rhetorical
question)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴侶盟常務理事陸詩薇質問:「如果同性戀關係與異性戀關係一樣值得保障,為什麼不能同享婚姻之名?」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(2014:12)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「同性戀關係與異性戀關係一樣值得保障」這句話,其實可以有不同解讀方法。它可能指的是在戀愛關係中的人,所以是說:「同性戀者與異性戀者一樣值得保障」,那就很多人都會同意,我們當然認為同性戀者同樣需要保障、不可任意傷害,但這未必表示我們對同性戀的生活方式與異性戀的生活方式有同等的評價,更不消說要用制度化的方法肯定同性戀的生活方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若這句話真的說「同性戀的生活方式與異性戀的生活方式在所有方面(包括公共制度層面)都應有同等的評價」,那就可以推論出同性婚姻,然而這種推論方法又是乞求論點。又或者這是說:「同性戀的生活方式與異性戀的生活方式都應被法律容許,不容別人惡意傷害」,那我們亦可同意,而且這種自由在臺灣和香港的社會都已賦予給同性戀者,但這也不代表要在公共制度層面肯定同性婚姻。這類修辭問題的高明之處在於,它好像沒有強逼你下結論,但問題卻已作出無形的引導。再者,它含混的語意包含一些不無道理的內容,卻不知不覺中令你接受有爭議性的結論。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(四)反對同性婚姻=神權?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持同性婚姻者往往把反對者標籤為極端和狂熱的宗教分子,如「吳紹文表示,臺灣不是神權立國,宗教是個人信仰,不該凌駕於基本人權。宗教團體說不能人工流產、不能殺生,政府就要立法禁止人工流產跟吃葷嗎?」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我認為這種反駁有點混淆視聽!</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">反對多元成家法案的人士,的確有不少來自宗教界,但亦有社會各個界別,例如社福、教育、政治及商業等。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可是,仍有些人高舉「政教分離」的旗幟,譴責宗教人士在民事法案修訂一事上表態,是以宗教信仰介入政府事務,甚至是「踐踏法治」!這種批評對嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">首先,就算在當代歐美民主憲政國家,宗教信仰在公共社會皆有不同角色:美國強調政教分離,聯邦憲法第一修正案規定「聯邦議會不得立法建立宗教」;</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">但英國、挪威及丹麥等國以憲法或法律規定基督教為國家宗教;</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">在德國,聯邦憲法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">140</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">款規定基督教和天主教享有「法人團體」的特殊法律地位,可以向成員徵收賦稅,教會也活躍於許多公共政治領域之中。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">所以,不能斷然否定宗教信仰在當代社會,仍然可以扮演重要的角色。當然,宗教團體不能單純以宗教教義及組織權力,直接操縱政府或左右立法及司法決定。那麼,在臺灣,教會有權力直接操縱政府運作或立法程序嗎?明顯是沒有。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">所謂干涉民事法案的修訂,只不過是一些宗教人士及團體,按本身擁有的公民權利,符合民主程序表達意見而已。</span><em><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-style: normal;">2013</span></em><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年<em><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-style: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣同志遊行</span></em>於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">10</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">26</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">日舉行,參加人數便有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6</span><span style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif;">萬人,同性戀人士同樣以</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">集會、遊行及連署等方式,介入民事法案的修訂,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">為何這又不是「踐踏法治」呢?假如同運可以這樣做,為何宗教團體不能做同樣的事情?同運可以動員影響立委,為何宗教團體不可以?同樣是納稅的公民,為何有的人有權,有的人沒有權,這是平等嗎?還是赤裸裸的剝奪宗教人士的權利?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有人會批評:宗教價值觀並非所有人認同,只是部分人士的價值觀;但同運的價值觀又何嘗是所有人認同,不也僅是部分人士的看法?再者,真的不能根據宗教價值觀對法律修訂提出意見嗎?假如有宗教人士基於本身宗教價值觀,爭取立法保障動物權益或反對核電,環保人士會否批評這是「踐踏法治」呢?在中國大陸,有基督徒本於宗教理念,提出國家憲政的要求,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持民主反對極權的人士,會否也抨擊他們是「踐踏法治」呢?</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(五)同性婚姻=與國際接軌?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">同運往往以「世界潮流」或「與國際接軌」等理由支持同性婚姻。這種觀點相當有影響力,但這只是因為我們亞洲社會崇洋,喜愛追趕「先進」國家。然而作為一個哲學教授,我不得不指出這種論證基本上犯了不相干謬誤,如何界定「先進」?甚麼是世界潮流?十多個西方國家的趨勢就代表「世界」嗎?他們的發展就一定是好嗎?為何我們要跟隨他們,不能走自己的路嗎?從批判思考角度看,這些都是很差勁的論點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(六)同等對待</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">=</span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻平權?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不少人認為證立婚姻平權相當容易:異性戀者可以結婚,同性戀者當然也可以結婚,這樣才是平等人權。然而這種「平等」的概念過於簡化,也不是對「平等」的正確理解。如聖地牙哥大學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(University of San Diego)</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的法律教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Steven Smith</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指出,「平等」是指:「若</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">B</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有相同價值,那就對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">B</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作出同等對待;若</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">B</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有不同價值,那就應對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">A</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">B</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">作出相應差異的對待。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333; 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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一個支持同性婚姻的常見論據是訴諸國際人權公約或國際人權的共識,臺灣的伴侶盟在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">17</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日發表的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://tapcpr.wordpress.com/2011/11/17/%e3%80%90%e4%bc%b4%e4%be%b6%e7%9b%9f%e6%96%b0%e8%81%9e%e7%a8%bf%e3%80%91%e5%9b%9e%e6%87%89%e5%9c%8b%e5%ae%b6%e4%ba%ba%e6%ac%8a%e5%a0%b1%e5%91%8a%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%8d%e8%83%bd%e8%aa%a0%e5%af%a6%e9%9d%a2/" title="【伴侶盟新聞稿】回應國家人權報告:不能誠實面對歧視的國家,無法成為真正的人權國家"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">新聞稿說:</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「<b>目前我國就非婚伴侶及多元家庭的保障處於法律真空,已與公約規定相違:</b>公政公約〔即是指《公民及政治權利國際公約》〕第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">項明白肯認締約國應保障每個人的家庭權與結婚權,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兒童權利公約、消除一切形式對婦女歧視公約等人權機制,均認為締約國有義務盡一切努力消除基於性傾向與性別認同而來的歧視。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣政府在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年初發表了中華民國《公民及政治權利國際公約》初次報告,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">論到「<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">同性伴侶權益</span></strong>」時說:「《公約》第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
23 </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">項保障每個人的家庭權與結婚權,各項一般性意見亦明白肯認家庭的保障應納入各種非婚伴侶與多元家庭,締約國有義務盡一切努力消除基於性傾向與性別認同而來的歧視。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(#290)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這說法不單與伴侶盟的聲明意見一致,所用的字眼也非常相似!陸詩薇在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年初再次肯定這說法:拒絕同性婚姻是「違反目前已具臺灣內國法效力的國際人權公約。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而這種說法非常誤導,</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《公民權利和政治權利國際公約》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條是這樣說的:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">家庭是天然的和基本的社會單元,並應受社會和國家的保護。</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">只有經男女雙方的自由的和完全的同意,才能締婚。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上以上第一項只提到「家庭」,沒有提到「婚姻」,更遑論「同性婚姻」,論到「婚姻」的是第二和三項。然而這兩項提到的婚姻是男女之間的結合,而非男男或女女的「婚姻」。條文中明白提到「男女雙方」,若結婚不用論性別,這種提法就完全是多餘的。無論如何,說在六十年代不同國家已有同性婚姻的共識,實在是難以置信的。(這種共識在今天也不存在)紐西蘭早年的法律也是不接納同性婚姻的,一對女同性戀者不服,上訴到聯合國人權委員會(因紐西蘭有簽署公約),但按委員會在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2002</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年對《公民權利及政治權利國際公約》的解釋,人權公約提到的婚姻權利是指「單純一男一女的自願結合」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聯合國人權委員會的解釋也叫我驚訝,因為就我所知他們不單不是保守人士,反而是傾向自由化思想的。他們這種裁決,顯示人權公約的意思其實非常清晰,難以扭曲。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另外,《<em><span style="background: white; font-style: normal;">歐洲人權公約</span></em>》裡面也有婚姻權的條文(字眼和聯合國的公約也相當相似),歐洲人權法庭</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
(European Court of Human Rights)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的判決,也表明《<em><span style="background: white; font-style: normal;">歐洲人權公約</span></em>》並未賦予成員國有承認同性婚姻的義務:見</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">崔克與托夫訴奧地利案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">Schalk and Kopf vs. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Austria</st1:place></st1:country-region></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK;">, no. 30141/04</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">)</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2006</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年,法國的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Valérie Gas</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">與其女同性伴侶</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nathalie Dubois</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">向法國政府申請領養,遭拒絕後向歐洲人權法庭上訴。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2012</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">月,歐洲人權法庭也判決,法國沒有歧視同性伴侶,沒有違反歐洲人權公約。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上三個判決都顯示,同性婚姻並非有廣泛共識的國際公約所肯定的人權,特別是不能從《公約》第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">項推論出來</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《報告》的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">290</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">段又說:「《公約》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">各項一般性意見亦明白肯認家庭的保障應納入各種非婚伴侶與多元家庭」。</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這實在叫我們一頭霧水,究竟「各項一般性意見」是那幾項呢?我們在《公約》到處找,還是找不到「各種非婚伴侶與多元家庭」這些字眼或相近的意思。除了第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條外,其他的都不是以婚姻為主題的。其實臺灣同運也有以上說法,如「<span style="color: #333333;">許秀雯表示,以性傾向作為婚姻保障的標準是不合理的,兩公約雖未提及保障多元家庭,但兩公約的一般性意見確實有提到。」</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但其根據是甚麼呢?還望支持者給我們清楚說明,好讓大家進一步查證。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三、關於人權的理解問題</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2011</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">10</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">25</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日於國立中正大學所舉辦的「聖經與法律研討會」,曾提出以上論點,同光教會的小元就提出批評:「關教授</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主張世界人權宣言只保障異性戀婚姻,因此否定同性婚姻是人權。引用</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2002</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年聯合國人權委員會在</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Joslin v. New Zealand </span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的解釋為依據,他認為世界人權宣言所保障的婚姻僅止於成年男女異性戀的婚姻。然而,關教授顯然錯誤地理解世界人權宣言與人權保障的關聯,也錯誤地以僵化的方式理解人權。」為甚麼呢?因為「世界人權宣言所承載的是普世接受的『最低限度』人權保障,其可以用來檢視挑戰各國人權保障的不足,卻從來不是用來否定人權存在的藉口。」</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先,小元對我的論證存在誤解,他認為我是透過以上論點「否定同性婚姻是人權」,但我在當天研討會公開派發的論文(即〈同文〉)裡清楚解釋,我以上論點並非用來「否定同性婚姻是人權」,而只是質疑一個常用來支持同性婚姻的論據(訴諸國際人權公約),小元的文章並未對這點提出有力反駁。再者,我當然明白對人權的理解可以超出國際人權公約。事實上〈同文〉已說:「</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然,同運會說人權的理解是漸進的,那些人權公約沒有包括同性婚姻的權利,只是因為那個時代還是保守、甚或『落伍』,所以對同性戀者的人權還未有充分認識。」並清楚指出:「雖然我在上面引用了國際人權公約去證明同性婚姻並非有國際共識的人權,但從現在的趨勢看,有可能會在國際法和『先進』國家的法律系統裡,出現愈來愈多有利同性婚姻的裁決。」如何能說這樣對人權的理解是「僵化」呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小元又說:「聯合國人權委員會的解釋,儘管僵化地以條文中『男女』的文字將第</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">16</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條保障範圍限制在異性戀婚姻,但並不因此否定同性婚姻發展成為普世人權的可能性。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Joslin</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一案做成到現在,儘管世界人權宣言沒有明文提到性傾向的人權,性傾向以及其相關的行為都已經成為聯合國人權體制保障的範圍。</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2008</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年荷蘭和法國在歐盟的支持下向聯合國大會提出宣言的補充,反對任何基於性傾向和性認同的歧視和暴力。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果性傾向已經逐漸被肯認成為普世人權保障的範圍,那麼同性間交往與關係也不可能排除在法律的保護之外。僅以條文中提及『男女』而堅持婚姻權只保障異性戀婚姻的說法,將越來越站不住腳。」</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這段話問題重重。第一,我上面已釐清,我「<span class="usercontent">並不</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">否定同性婚姻發展成為普世人權的可能性」,何況一個未來的<b>可能性</b>並不能成為今天的證據。沒有人能知道未來發展如何,而且縱使將來有這樣的發展,並不能推翻這種國際共識今天並不存在的事實,也不能用來扭曲《世界人權宣言》的原意。第二,它混淆了「對有不同性傾向人士的人權保障」與「肯定同性婚姻是人權」這兩回事,我雖然不贊同同性婚姻,但多次肯定同性戀者的基本人權(如人身安全、言論自由和結社自由)應受到保護,而且同意多元社會中,我們應該容讓他們有自由去交往。在聯合國的處境中,有些成員國(如非洲)還未把同性性行為合法化,所以他們關注「基於性傾向和性認同的歧視和暴力」,甚或把「同性間交往與關係」納入「法律的保護」之內,我也贊成。我所反對的另一回事,就是把同性婚姻變成國家認可和嘉許的公共制度。因此,小元在提及這些發展後,竟跳躍到「婚姻權不應限於異性戀婚姻」的結論,是犯了概念滑轉的謬誤。</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">上面已提到</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歐洲人權法庭在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的兩個判決,其實它在大半年前有另一個類似的判決。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,歐洲人權法庭審理一宗有關男變女變性人及其妻子的案件中,該案判詞第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">96</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">段重申:「雖然事實上某些締約國已將婚姻延伸至同性伴侶,但公約第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">條(結婚及組織家庭之權利)不能被解釋為締約國有責任提供同性婚姻。」它又在第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">74</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">段表示:「在允許同性婚姻一事上,我們不能說歐洲存在任何共識。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">歐洲在全球已經是最「前衛」的了,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若同性婚姻在歐洲裡也找不到共識,更遑論要在包括亞非洲的國際社會中建立共識。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">再者,縱使將來歐洲人權法庭改變立場,支持同性婚姻是人權,也不否定上述論點,因為歐洲並不能代表全世界。而且我認為從常理看,現在他們的解釋是非常有說服力的,將來若有改變,我相信主要是一個「政治性」的改變。〈同文〉</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的小結是:「當然,同運有權提倡自己對人權的理解,但卻不應再說『同性婚姻是聯合國人權公約所肯定的』或『同性婚姻是國際社會的共識』那種謊言。」看來這結語今天仍然成立。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(二)人權愈多愈好?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在〈同文〉中也指出冒牌人權的問題,小元就質疑我「可能忘記了,非裔美人的自由權、女人的參政權、中國人的言論自由、以及許多個人的財產權等現在被普遍承認的基本人權,都是歷史上曾經不被承認、被指為『冒牌』的人權。人權本來就是在不斷的爭取與辯論中成長的,如果任意地指稱某個人權主張冒牌而否定,那麼我們現在不可能有任何人權可言。」我沒有忘記在歷史中,一些人權的承認是要努力爭取的,也要指出小元提到的基本人權,如自由權、參政權、言論自由和財產權等,今天性小眾也已擁有,與別人無異。我也沒有「任意地否定」同性婚姻是人權,我只是指出今天的處境已不同,特別在西方社會,「</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不少學者已指出不斷發明新的『人權』只會使本來對人權有的基本共識模糊,是否任何團體只要夠『大聲』,就可把自己的利益變成『人權』呢?這種把人權無限膨脹的做法並不可取,只會做成混亂和人權的『貶值』。」不錯,營養不良、骨瘦如柴的人要多吃東西,但若後來體重已超過二百公斤,還要狂吃下去嗎?當然不可。</span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此,過往人權發展的不足,不代表人權的項目就要無止境增添下去,我同意人權「是在不斷的爭取與辯論中成長的」,但這不能證明同性婚姻是人權,更不能證明加添這一項目是人權的「成長」。那究竟應用甚麼標準區分冒牌與真實的人權呢?如何證立同性婚姻是人權呢?小元並沒有正面回應這些關鍵問題。整體而言,小元的論證方法是大有問題的,他先以「追求高標準、與時俱進的人權保障」的標題暗示同性婚姻是人權,然後指出過往對人權的不當收窄,最後得出「聯合國對於婚姻的狹隘解釋也勢必要不斷的檢討調整」的結論。但他沒有解釋究竟是用怎麼樣的「高標準」去判定爭取同性婚姻是與時俱「進」,而不是「退」呢?假若聯合國要對婚姻權的「狹隘解釋</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不斷的檢討」,那當然也要面對一夫多妻、一妻多夫、多夫多妻等的訴求,那時這些「婚姻權」的支持者也可隻字不改地引用小元那一段。小元似乎對「多人婚姻」還有點保留,例如他說:「將同性婚姻和多人婚姻連結,顯然是毫無根據的,」好像是把兩者的地位區分開來。</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但他若否定「多人婚姻」是人權,那別人不也可指摘小元的人權標準不夠「高」,也不是「與時俱進」嗎?換而言之,他的論證方法可用來支持<b>所有</b>「婚姻權」,不僅是同性婚姻。</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">四、同性婚姻與多元婚姻</span></b></span><span class="usercontent"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在〈同文〉我提出如此的論點:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">我們可列出各種婚姻的理解:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(A)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻是一男一女的終身結合;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(B)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻是兩個人(不論男女)的終身結合;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(C)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻是一男多女或一女多男的終身結合;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(D)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻是多男多女的終身結合(多元婚姻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">polyamory</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(E)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻制度違反人權,應該取消,因為它歧視了終身結合以外的性表達方式(如一夜情)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同運認為若接受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(A)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而不接受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(B)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,會侵犯同志的平權。然而平權思路難以停留在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(B)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:若只接受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(B)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而不接受</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(C)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(D)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,多妻(夫)傾向者或多元婚姻愛好者也會指控我們侵犯他們的平等人權。<b>單從</b>平權邏輯看,如何防止由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(B)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">向</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(C)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(E)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">滑落呢?所以一種泛公平主義或泛人權論不單導向多夫多妻制,更不能把婚姻限於人,甚或不能限於生物,我能否與心愛的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hello
Kitty</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、電腦、機械人或古董結婚,為何不可?若反駁說婚姻<b>必然</b>是二種生物的結合,婚姻的原意就是如此,那即是說婚姻有一定本質,不只是約定俗成。但只考慮「公平」,那就應該沒有界線,「同性婚姻是平權」的說法最終會導致婚姻制度的瓦解。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小元這樣理解我的論證:「允許同性婚姻會造成多人婚姻的結果,是對於婚姻制度的徹底破壞。」並批評說:「將同性婚姻和多人婚姻連結,顯然是毫無根據的,」因為他「看不出同性婚姻如何會導致多人婚姻。」陸詩薇也說:「部分反對婚姻平權者將此次修法連結至近親結婚、多人結婚、人與動物甚至人與板凳的婚姻合法化,實為無的放矢。」</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(2014:5)</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首先要指出,小元對我的論證的理解是有缺陷的,因為我不是說允許同性婚姻<b>本身</b>會造成多人婚姻的結果,而是說<b>若用「</b></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">平權思路」去證立同性婚姻</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,那就很難不導致多人婚姻的合法性(在現實處境是否會產生如此結果則要看很多偶然的因素),小元忽略了論證中最重要的前提,是對我論證的嚴重扭曲。為了避免誤解,我在下面重整我的論證。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我先更全面列出各種婚姻的理解:</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M1)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻包括一男一女的終身結合(但只限於成人和排除近親);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M2)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻包括兩個人(不論男女)的終身結合(但只限於成人和排除近親);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M3)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻包括一男多女或一女多男的終身結合(但只限於成人和排除近親);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M4)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻包括多男多女的終身結合(但只限於成人和排除近親);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M5)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻不應有年齡限制,小童也有結婚權;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M6)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻不應排除近親,父女、父子、母子、母女和兄弟姊妹之間也有結婚權;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M7)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人與非人類動物(甚或其他生物)也有結婚權;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M8)
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人與電腦的虛擬人物或機械人也有結婚權;</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(M9)
</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">人與其心愛的死物(如跑車、吉他等)也有結婚權。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">面對這麼多婚姻權的宣稱,大體上我們可以有四種立場</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(positions)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P1) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一夫一妻制,只同意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而不同意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要補充一點,否定</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不代表要把那些形式的關係全面禁止,如禁止亂倫,但容讓同性或多人關係的自由。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P2) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兩人婚姻制:只同意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而不同意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只把「婚姻」擴充到同性婚姻,但亦止步於此。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P3) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">局部婚姻平權:最少同意</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中有某一些不同意,其他則同意且以公共制度肯定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P4) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">徹底婚姻平權:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都同意,並且以公共制度肯定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(一)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">找不到的</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">X</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">同性婚姻者可以持守</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P3)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P4)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,有些人斷然否認同性婚姻與多人婚姻或人獸交等等有甚麼關連,似乎是採納</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,而同時排除</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P1)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P3)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P4)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,但我們可對他們如此提問:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">支持同性婚姻者能提出一些原則性的理據,或不能提出一些原則性的理據。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">若支持同性婚姻者不能提出一些原則性的理據,那他們的立場是非理性的(例如建基於利益、感情等),我們也並無理由去接受同性婚姻這麼重大的變革。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">若支持同性婚姻者能提出一些原則性的理據(如平等、「人權」),而這些原則性的理據在邏輯上同樣會合理化「多人婚姻或人獸交」(或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">任何一項),那</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這些支持者應該同時支持「多人婚姻或人獸交」(或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M3)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">某</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一項)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。這與前述</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的立場矛盾。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">若支持同性婚姻者</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P2)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">不承認其立場是非理性的,又要避免自相矛盾,那他們應提出一些原則性的理據(</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">X</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">),而這些原則性的理據在邏輯上一概不會支持</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M3)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而只支持</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
(M2)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">事實上,同意同性婚姻者<b>不一定</b>會接納多人婚姻或人獸交等,然而這可能是因為他們從開始就不是考慮原則性的理據,而只是基於感性;又或者他們有理據,但沒有深思他們的理據有甚麼進一步的後果;亦有可能在後現代年代,有些人不介意他們思想的內在矛盾。無論如何,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">假若以上的分析正確,理性地支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(P2)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的人還是須要找到他們的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,我不敢說</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不存在,但我還未看到一個合理的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">舉例,支持同性婚姻者最多提的論據是平等,這或許是說所有婚姻形式的平等,那為何停在同性婚姻呢?不是對多夫多妻者不平等嗎?若說人權的內容要擴充(早期的人權公約太保守了!),那為何不加添「多夫多妻人權」和「獸交權」?其實他們這樣做也沒有傷害我們。甚至</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Michael Sandel</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">指出,若用平權等理據,最終我們要取消婚姻制度。其他類似的論據都有同樣後果,例如小元訴諸的是「</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">愛和包容,不是歧視與排斥」;「從來沒有拒斥或制裁任何以愛為基礎的關係」;「對差異和多元更多的平等包容」;和「對人的平等尊重與關懷。」然而這些能扮演</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">X</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的角色嗎?不能,因為沒有理由把它們的應用範圍局限於同性戀上,而不擴充到其他性傾向上。難道對待喜愛</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一男多女、一女多男、多男多女的結合者,和喜愛與小童、近親、動物、虛擬人物或機械人、甚或死物結婚者,我們就不應付出</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">愛和包容」和「平等的尊重與關懷」嗎?難道我們要「歧視與排斥」他們嗎?他們的關係不也是以愛為基礎嗎?我們又怎能「拒斥或制裁」他們呢?若這樣做,又怎能說是「對差異和多元更多的平等包容」呢?這樣看來,雖然小元信誓旦旦說:「同性婚姻和多人婚姻連結,顯然是毫無根據的」,但只要細察他為同性婚姻提供的理據,就可看到同樣的理據不單支持多人婚姻,更支持近親婚和人獸婚等等。</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又如陸詩薇,我在她文章裡找不到清楚支持同性婚姻的原則,她嘗試反駁反對同性婚姻者的論點後,主要是述說黑人爭取跨種族婚姻的故事,然後得出這結論:「</span></span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">隔離時常是不平等的根源,將非異性戀隔離於婚姻制度之外,正是歧視與不平等的延續。」</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">(2014:11-12)</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">她這裡談的不只是同性戀,而是「非異性戀」,無論如何,我們可把「多人戀」、「人獸戀」等代進去,她這話不也成立嗎?很明顯,陸詩薇一方面指責把同性婚姻與其他「婚姻權」拉上關係的人是「無的放矢」,但她整套論述其實為這種關連提供另一個例證</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">——</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">她沒有交待她的</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">X</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">是甚麼。</span></strong><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">我思想這些問題多年,也嘗試找尋同運那方的解釋,但至今還未聽到滿意的答案,或許是我聽得不夠仔細和深入,希望有高明能在這點上給我點亮光。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">由於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">X</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">是那麼難找到,不少支持同性婚姻的人會放棄</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P2)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,而擁抱</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P3)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、甚或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(P4)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">。當然,他們也明白「多人婚姻或人獸交」等不是大多數人都能接受的,但他們認為這只是因為大多數人仍然被性保守思想迷惑,真正的出路是超越兩人婚姻,而邁向不同程度的性解放。這並非我的臆測,在〈同文〉中我提供很多具體例證,為了避免重覆,我只在這裡摘舉一些:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">荷蘭的同運領袖施帕爾曼公開表示,成功爭取同性婚姻合法化後,下一個目標就是三人結婚。事實上荷蘭也已向這方向邁進,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">9</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日,一名男士</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Victor de Bruijn</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">與兩名雙性戀女士</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bianica de Bruijn</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mirjam Geven</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簽署「同居合約」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">cohabitation contract)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,共同組織「三人家庭」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一些荷蘭的自由主義者(如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jan Martens</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)也承認同性婚姻是導向一夫多妻的捷徑,但他說:「縱使你有兩個、三個、四個或六十九個妻子或丈夫,我也一點不介意。」綠黨</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Green Party)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的發言人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Femke Halsema</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一直是同性婚姻的支持者,他就表明綠黨亦支持多元結合的方式。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Elizabeth F. Emens</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是芝加哥大學法律學院的教授,她在法律期刊撰文維護多元婚姻,認為它也是建基於一種類同於同性戀的傾向,她相信我們每個人心底都有一點「多元性愛傾向」,不同人形成一個光譜,一端是只喜愛一人的人,而另一端則是非常喜愛多伴侶的人,無論是先天或後天,一些人若不能同時擁有多個性伴侶就是不能快樂。對這些人而言,我們現時的婚姻制度是非常不公義的。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一位美國同運領袖</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">William Safire</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說:「現在古老的一夫一妻制既重新被檢討,那正是時候爭取一妻多夫制了。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ACLU</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主席</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nadine
Strossen</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說:「我們維護個體實踐一夫多妻的權利,我們維護成熟和互相同意的個體之間的自由選擇。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,當</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tom
Green</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在猶他州因一夫多妻受審時,同運分子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Richard
Goldstein</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說:「我們的命運基本上是連結在一起的。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ACLU</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">亦介入審訊為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Tom
Green</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">提供援助,並宣告它支持廢除所有禁止多元婚姻的法律。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Michelangelo Signorile</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Out!</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》雜誌中寫道,同性戀者應「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">努力爭取同性婚姻的權利和有關福利。一旦成功,便去重新界定整個婚姻制度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">〔我們要〕揭穿婚姻的假面具,進而改變古代殘留下來的婚姻制度。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">女同性戀者和男同性戀者所能採取最顛覆(且或許令整個社會受惠)的行動,就是根本地轉化『家庭』的概念。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法律系教授及同運活躍份子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Paula Ettelbrick</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">稱:「同性戀運動不單只是建立家庭、與同性別的人同眠和爭取國家的認同</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性戀運動是指拉闊性、性愛和家庭的界限,並在過程中轉化社會的基本架構</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們必須關注兩大目標,一、在婚姻之外提供真正的另類選擇,二、徹底重整社會對事物的看法。」早期她根本不贊成同運去爭取同性婚姻,因為她認為婚姻制度本就是壓縮人性和情慾的,所以她的理想是多元婚姻。然而她後來也支持同性婚姻,明顯是在策略上先打開破口,再進一步爭取多元婚姻。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吳敏倫曾說過獸交是「很奇怪的禁制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可以奴役</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">殺戮牠們</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卻不能與牠們做愛?」,而且逐一反駁反對亂倫的觀點,然後說:「亂倫並非</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那麼有破壞性,或違反人類的天性。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吳敏倫的性教育促進會曾刊登其會員曾焯文的文章,大力提倡亂倫合法化:「近親戀是兩個人私底下的行爲,只要雙方成熟自願,無損他人,又有何不可?正如『吹皺一池春水,干卿底事?』」曾焯文在後期引用一小說家周顯:「亂倫也是兩個成年人之間的事,亦不妨礙社會大眾,為甚麼我們贊成同性戀而反對亂倫?答案是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不講科學,不講邏輯的社會規範」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣同運分子張宏誠說得很明白:「在自由主義以及平等保障的概念下,所有婚姻形態的可能性都應該被加以承認」;「就算是因此承認童婚或近親婚姻,亦未嘗不可」!</span></b><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">甯應斌(卡維波)否定變態與常態的分野,認為所有「性少數」都應平反,他們包括:「同性戀、雙性戀、第三者、濫交者、賣淫者或其他性工作者、豪放女、群交者、易裝戀、變性戀、家人戀、跨代戀、物戀、動物戀、排泄戀、屍戀、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">SM</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">、綑綁戀、窺視或觀淫戀、露陰或展示戀、追求情慾滿足的老人和青少年、愛滋病患、私生子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">等等。(口交者、肛交者、祼體模特兒、受性侵害者、殘障戀、婚前性行為、不倫的性幻想等,在保守的性文化中可能是性少數)」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">甯應斌的「家人戀」就是亂倫,「跨代戀」是戀童,「動物戀」是獸交,而「屍戀」則是姦屍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">2006</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">6</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,在荷蘭有一群孌童癖人士組成「戀愛、自由及多元化黨」,提倡可以與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲的兒童性交,可以合法擁有兒童色情照片,和爭取人獸交合法化。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">以上引的全是已發生的事實,就算基於策略理由沒有同運的支持者這樣明白地提出,我們還是可判斷,按他們的邏輯,他們是<b>應該</b>這樣提的。其實要反駁我這論點很容易,支持同性婚姻者只要提出一個原則性論據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(X)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,能贊成同性婚姻,但同時能排斥一夫多妻、多夫多妻、亂倫、獸交等婚姻形式的,而這些論據又是大多數合理的人能夠接受的。我期待同運能提出一些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">X</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">是能滿足以上條件的,那我們可進一步對話。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">五、婚姻沒有本質?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有些人認為反對同性婚姻的論點,都建基於一些性行為的道德標準,和婚姻是有某種本質的看法。然而在後現代社會裡,反本質論</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(anti-essentialism) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">相當流行,它認為所有道德標準都是相對的,事物也沒有固定本質,所以反對同性婚姻的論點必然失敗。如陸詩薇說:「於思辨制度、社會與文化時,實不應訴諸本質主義,因為無論是婚姻、道德或公序良俗,其本質從來就不是鐵板一塊,而是隨著地域與時代,透過壓迫、反省與反抗的過程,不斷變遷。」她甚至說:「『成年人』</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">放諸四海皆準的婚姻本質。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(2014:7)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們也喜歡指出歷史上婚姻的形式千變萬化,去支持「婚姻沒有本質」的說法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,「人權」的概念在歷史中也是千變萬化,在早期和很多文化根本聞所未聞,基本上是近代的發明,就算現在不同人和文化仍對人權有截然不同的理解,那人權不也沒有本質嗎?同樣道理,也難以說「公義」或「壓迫」有本質。這樣,那禁止同性婚姻也不能說是不公義或違反人權了。「同性婚姻是人權」也淪為另一種權力的論述,只是鬥爭的工具。至於誰在「壓迫」誰,也只是觀點與角度而已。因此,反本質論只會摧毀同運的論點和論述。當然,他們只會把這厲害的武器加於對手,而不會加於自己,這卻並非誠實和一致的做法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2013</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年尾,隨著社會和民意明顯的分歧,國民黨政府開始對同性婚姻採取較為謹慎的態度,有時也會說要有社會共識才可推行同性婚姻。然而同運對這種論調非常反感,如「世新大學性別所所長陳宜倩表示,憲法要保障的是少數人的權益,少數人的權益不是多數決可以決定的。」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陸詩薇亦引述</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2013</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">3</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月,《對中華民國(臺灣)政府落實國際人權公約初次報告之審查國際獨立專家通過的結論性意見與建議》的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">78</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">點:「政府對全體人民的人權有履行義務且不應以公眾之意見做為履行的條件。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(2014:12)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然,不應讓大多數人的意願主宰法庭的決定,但這就代表可以讓少數人的訴求去主宰法庭的決定嗎?</span><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人權可用來保障少數人,但這不表示所有「少數群體」對人權的宣稱就必然對,</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">難道凡是弱勢群體提出的訴求,就必然合理?當然不是,這種盲目追捧少數群體的思路是矯枉過正。例如:要求與父母和兄弟姊妹結婚的人更加少數,難道他們的訴求就更加是人權?按這思路,法庭也應判亂倫的婚姻是基本人權嗎?多數也好、少數也可,<b>關鍵是如何釐定何為人權的標準。</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以上思考人權的方法其實是片面的,人權是指「我可以合理地要求得到一些事物」,「得到該些事物不是因為我有特權而是因為我是人,我就有這權利,故此所有人都有這權利,人權是普世性的。」及「人權是指有很高價值,且與人的尊嚴相關的,所以違反人權是侵犯了他人的基本尊嚴」。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但人權往往成為個人主義者用作爭取利益,並把社會公益及道德擱置的「理據」。其實世界人權宣言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> (Universal
Declaration of Human Rights)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第二十九條說:「(</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一)</span><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人人對社會負有義務</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,因為只有在社會中他的個性才可能得到自由和充分的發展。(二</span><span lang="ZH-HK" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">人人在行使他的權利和自由時,</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只受法律所確定的限制,確定此種<b>限制的唯一目的在於保證對旁人的權利和自由給予應有的承認和尊重,並在一個民主的社會中適應道德、公共秩序和普遍福利的正當需要。</b>」很明顯,考慮人權時不代表要全面抹殺「道德、公共秩序和普遍福利」的重要性,而這些正是多數人會考慮的因素,如何能說多數人的意見全不相干呢?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們也憂慮,以上同性婚姻的理據跟爭取三人婚姻和多元婚姻的論據相似,如同性戀作家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Andrew Sullivan</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為自己想跟誰結婚,便跟誰結婚就是最基本的公民權利。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這種訴求最終顛覆整個婚姻制度,因婚姻會變成一種隨心所欲、無邊無際的生活方式,這種「制度」又有甚麼意思?能達到保護孩子和家庭的法律效用嗎?婚姻還有神聖性,以致社會要特別肯定嗎?任何社會制度都不能滿足到所有人的渴求,往往要以社會整體利益作取捨,制度當中必定會有一定程度的排斥性,然而卻可以是合理的(縱或有不完美之處)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支持同性婚姻者不能只說同性戀者是少數,所以他們的訴求就自動成為人權,他們<b>有責任去證明</b>為何同性婚姻真的是一種人權。<b>每人都有婚姻權,但婚姻的意義卻不是每個人都可以隨意界定的。</b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">七、婚姻制度是一種鼓勵和嘉獎</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">其實法律有四個層次的功能(相對於某種行為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">):</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1. X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是禁止的(如殺人放火);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2. X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是容許的(如打球看戲);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3. X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是被鼓勵的(如婚姻和家庭);</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4. X</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是強制要求的(如交稅)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們要區分同性戀者的情愛生活和正式結婚權利,前者在第二層,他們已可以自由相愛、同居、辦婚禮等,沒有法律禁止。婚姻制度在第三層,是對社會公益的促進,政府所頒的結婚證書意味著公共權威的肯定,並代表社會整體的認同,所以才要透過立法的方式去承認和規範。陸詩薇也承認:「<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #373737; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;">婚姻從來不只關乎愛情,更是一種承諾,</span></strong></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">肯定非異性戀與異性戀享有相同的結婚權,</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">正是透過國家力量,光明正大肯認</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">不同性傾向人民都有做出承諾的資格,既然同樣是承諾,當然不分異同,一樣值得。」</span></strong><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0cm;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">這段話有不少毛病,</span></strong><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陸詩薇曾否定<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #373737; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;">婚姻有本質,但這裡卻似乎把「承諾」看作婚姻的一種本質,顯得自相矛盾!無論如何,「承諾」也並非同運需要的</span></strong></span><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">X</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">,因為</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">(M3)</span></strong><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">―</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">(M9)</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">的「婚姻」,都可說是基於承諾。</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">我這裡想強調的是</span></strong><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,陸詩薇坦白承認她們爭取同性婚姻,「<strong><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; color: #373737; font-weight: normal; padding: 0cm;">正是透過國家力量,光明正大肯認不同性傾向」,這顯示她同意婚姻制度是一種鼓勵、嘉許或「肯認」,但問題是這樣使用國家權力,對不認同他們背後價值觀的人公平嗎?事實上小元也承認「</span></strong><span class="usercontent">法律介入引發的不寬容,往往是社會轉變與正義追求的必然過程。」所以只要他們認定爭取同性婚姻才是正義,他們會毫不猶豫用法律強制不認同同性婚姻的人,這在西方社會已產生很多逆向歧視的案例。</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而這真的是正義嗎?我們看到還存在合理的疑點,在這種情況下不單</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">牽涉到整體社會,也牽涉到別人的權利和自由,那為何不需要考慮社會整體的共識?頂多可說同性戀者有權要求社會的包容甚或同情的對待(現在已存在),但他們真的有權利要求社會整體認同、肯定甚或鼓勵他們的生活方式嗎?這問題的價值觀實在有太大爭議性,別人不也有持守自己價值觀的人權嗎?總括而言,同性婚姻會影響整體社會的文化、價值觀、教育制度和其他人的權利,很難說不用理會社會的共識。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">八、為何讓不育的異性戀者結婚?</span></b><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #373737; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在這裡也回應一些對一夫一妻制的批評。有人會指出異性夫妻亦有不育的情況,那按我的說法,是否不應讓他們結婚呢?例如陸詩薇引述了這種意見:「同性結合不見有自然生育的可能性,在本質上與異性婚姻不同。」然後質問:「如果要貫徹上述以『自然生育』作為婚姻合法前提的邏輯,」那「不具生育能力的人,包括沒有精蟲的男性,沒有子宮卵巢或停經後的女性等等,全都不具結婚的資格。婚姻的成立要件不但應該加上『具有自然生育能力』,而且</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">結婚當事人都必須出示『具有自然生育能力』的有效醫療證明。」</span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-US">(</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014:5</span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聽起來「自然生育論」不是很荒謬嗎?然而以上反對理由沒有充分理解支持自然婚姻的觀點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoBookTitle"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">雖然</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">現時在西方,婚姻與家庭正在逐步被解構,然而<span class="MsoBookTitle">西方法律亦有支持自然婚姻和家庭</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(natural marriage and
natural family)</span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的深厚傳統。</span></span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">自然婚姻是指原生性別的男與原生性別的女的結合,這是一種全人互補的結合,有自然和生理的基礎。</span></span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">而自然家庭是指自然婚姻在正常情況下會產生那對夫婦的親生骨肉,然後該孩童與親生父母一同生活,在他們的照顧下成長。例如</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">1970</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的英國案件</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Corbett
v Corbett</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">otherwise
Ashley</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ormrod
J</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法官主審,他說:「婚姻本質上是一個男人與一個女人的關係</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">性顯然是婚姻關係的一個必要決定因素,因為現在和一直在以往,婚姻都被認定是男與女的結合。家庭是建立於婚姻制度之上,而在當中自然的異性性交的能力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">capacity
for natural hetero-sexual intercourse</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是一個必要元素。當然,它也有其他特徵,例如作伴和互相支持就是重要元素,但把婚姻與其他關係區別開來的特徵,就只有兩個相反性別的人才能滿足。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">#30</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這段話說得不錯,婚姻的必要元素有:(一)性行為;(二)兩性;(三)成為家庭的基礎(意味著對孩子的生產有開放性);(四)有進行自然的異性戀性交的能力。注意:這裡沒有直接提到生育,而且指的是「能力」,不是指實際後果。法官也指出「作伴」和「互相支持」是重要元素,但問題是這兩項元素難以把婚姻與好朋友分別開來(好朋友之間不是也經常作伴和互相支持嗎?),所以並非必要元素。現在很多人把婚姻還原為一種「親密關係」,但</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ormrod</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法官很有智慧,差不多半個世紀前已指出這種觀點根本不明白婚姻的特質,例如:父女之間也可以有親密關係,但這是婚姻嗎?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">此外,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Viscount
Jowitt LC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Baxter
v Baxter</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的案件中也提到婚姻的本質:「<b>假若有孩童出生</b>,這些孩童應該出生於一個家庭中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(the
children, <b>if there be any</b>, should be
born into a family)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,『家庭』應按一般基督教世界中的理解</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但這不是說,只有當生殖孩子後婚姻才完成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(consummated)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(#38)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">留意,這裡沒有說婚姻中一定要有孩子出生,只要說<b>若有孩子出生</b>,他們應出生於合宜的家庭(親生父母養育的家庭),這其實與少數夫婦的不育或不選擇生育沒有矛盾。自然家庭觀所要求的只是指原則上生殖的能力,這是從兩性互相配合且互補的生理設計可以看到的能力,那<b>實際上</b>不育和只是沒有生殖的異性夫婦並不構成反例。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然有些異性戀夫婦是不育的,但他們的性行為<b>類型</b>與其他異性戀者無異,因為他們身體結構的<b>基本設計</b>與其他異性戀者也一樣,只是在某些關節出了差錯,以致不能達成原來設計的目的。不育的異性戀夫婦之間的性行為仍然是與同性戀者或變性人的性行為截然不同的,這就如一部壞了的電視機仍然可從它的設計看出它是一部電視機。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻法保障的是一體的結合</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(one-flesh
union)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這種性關係<b>原則上</b>是與生育掛勾的,但這是從大體的結構和設計著眼,而不是指個別的性行為,因為就算是男與女的交合也不是每次都導致生育。按這理解,不育的異性夫婦的關係仍然可受法律保障。然而同性性交或變性人性行為卻是在原則上已不能生育,所以不應納入保障範圍。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">批評者似乎想透過一些不育父母的例子,去論證婚姻和生育沒有內在關係。然而按這種思路,也可論證買車與駕駛沒有內在關係:你買了車後,社會沒有法例強迫你要駕駛那車,你若從不開動那車,政府也不會吊銷你的駕駛執照,或把你的車沒收。而且的確有些人買古董車只為收藏,從不開動,這也是合法的。說到底,買車的動機相當多元化:快感、美感、經濟收益、社會地位等都有可能,但難道這就表示駕駛不是買車的主要目的嗎?</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">
Blankenhorn</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也指出:「婚姻的主要目的是確保若有孩子誕生,他會有兩位負責任的家長</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">——</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一位母親和一位父親,他們彼此獻身,也獻身給孩子。要達成這目的,社會從來也不需要(也永遠不可能)去要求每對結了婚的配偶都生孩子!」</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">事實上若要把不育的夫婦從保障範圍中剔除,這種婚姻制度的可行性也甚低。不育與否有時難以絕對確定,也可能有被醫治的可能性,若在結婚前一律進行嚴格審查,不單勞民傷財,更是讓政府有機會高度介入市民的私隱,這在政治上也不可取。而且很多配偶對要不要生孩子,希望甚麼時候生孩子,可能在婚前還未決定,婚後也可能會改變,這裡有很多因素影響,所以不能以他們婚前的生育意願作為婚姻的先決條件。因此,無論從理論或實際的角度看,陸詩薇所提到的「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">『具有自然生育能力』的有效醫療證明」,是沒有必要的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">婚姻和家庭為何要被政府肯定,並成為一種制度呢?又哪種關係應在公共制度被視作婚姻關係?上面指出,同運並沒有對這些問題提供圓滿的答案,但在自然婚姻觀中,這些問題都有清楚和固定的答案。小元質問:「</span><span class="usercontent"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果同性婚姻會引致多人婚姻,那何以存在已久的異性戀婚姻制度沒有?</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」這是因為人類自然會繁衍,而每個孩童都只有一位自然的父親和自然的母親,這些關係無論有沒有婚姻制度都會存在。對政府而言,問題是我們應否透過社會制度和法律把這些關係規範化(讓公眾都知道哪些人是夫妻、孩子的親生爸媽是誰和他們之間的權利與義務等),和稍為加以鼓勵(如給夫妻和孩子的稅務減免)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我相信很多人都同意,自然關係透過制度和法律的鞏固,會對孩子的成長和社會的發展最好。因此一夫一妻的自然婚姻有其客觀的基礎和清晰的界線,在倫理和社會功能上都難以被否認。</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這理解可以支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M1)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但不會支持</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M2)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">―</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">(M9)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,所以能為婚姻權的界線提供清楚的標準。一旦我們盲目追隨西方的婚姻變革,拋棄了婚姻的自然基礎,而改為訴諸親密關係、心理認同或純粹個人意願等「標準」,婚姻的關係頓時變得模糊,家庭與婚姻制度的界線也有無限擴充之勢。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在現今的社會中,「同性婚姻是人權」這種說法往往未經論證就被傳媒和知識分子追捧,久而久之,就成為政治正確的「真理」。然而這說法的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">理據何在?主要有兩種,一是普世人權共識;二是平等人權的哲學性理念。本文透過各種案例反駁第一點。而我也探討不同的「婚姻平權」理念,指出它們有非常爭議性的後果。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">我沒有宣稱證明了同性婚姻不是人權,但支持同性婚姻者也有舉證的責任。若雙方都不能達成這目標,那頂多是不分勝負。從較實際角度看,婚姻是重要的社會制度,我們要作任何重大的改變,都應謹慎從事,所以若我們現在已有一夫一妻的實踐,那舉證的責任更多在支持同性婚姻那方。若雙方的論述都不足以說服對方或大多數人,那更明智的做法是保持現況</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">——</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一夫一妻制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Blankenhorn,
David, 2007, <i>The Future of Marriage</i> (<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>: Encounter
Books).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Emens,
Elizabeth F., 2004, "Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous
Existence," <i>New York University
Review of Law & Social Change</i>.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Epstein,
Reid J., 2011, “Cuomo signs <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>
gay marriage bill,” POLITICO,
URL=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0611/57749.html#ixzz1QK2bsRus</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015/03/23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">George,
Robert P., “Marriage & the Illusion of Moral Neutrality,” in <i>Toward the Renewal of Civilization:
Political Order & Culture</i>, edited by Boxx, T. William and Quinlivan,
Gary M. (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Grand Rapids</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">Michigan</st1:state></st1:place>: Eerdmans), pp. 114-127.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Girgis,
Sherif and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Anderson</st1:place></st1:city>,
Ryan T. and George, Robert, 2012, <i>What is
Marriage? Man & Woman: A Defense</i>(<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New
York</st1:place></st1:state>: Encounter Books).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kurtz,
Stanley, 2003, "Beyond Gay Marriage: The Road to Polyamory," <i>The Weekly Standard </i>8(45), August 4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paul-Laughinghouse,
Crystal, 2005, “Leader of ACLU talks on agenda,” <i>Yale Daily News</i>, Jan 19.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Safire,
William, 1996, “Essay; A case for Polyandry,” The New York Times,
URL=http://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/18/opinion/essay-a-case-for-polyandry.html</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015/03/23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Signorile,
Michelangelo, 1994, "Bridal Wave," <i>OUT</i>, December/January.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Smith,
Steven, 2013,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The red herring of ‘marriage
equality’,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/the-red-herring-of-marriage-equality</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015/03/23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sullivan,
Andrew, 1997, <i>Same-sex Marriage: Pro and
Con</i> (<st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>:
Vintage Books).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Westen,
Peter, 1990, <i>Speaking of Equality: An
Analysis of the Rhetorical Force of “Equality” in Moral and Legal Discourse</i>
(<st1:city w:st="on">Princeton</st1:city>, <st1:state w:st="on">New Jersey</st1:state>:
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Princeton</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place> Press).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小元,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈同光教會對關啟文教授「同性婚姻是人權?」演講之回應〉,臺灣青少年性別文教會(好性會),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=https://www.facebook.com/Tasbravo/posts/250389388352040</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015/03/23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小元,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈同光教會對關啟文教授「同性婚姻是人權?」演講之回應〉,臺灣青少年性別文教會(好性會),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=https://www.facebook.com/Tasbravo/posts/250389388352040</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015/03/23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">加布里爾</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Karl Gabriel) </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(著),谷裕(譯)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈教會組織形式及其對德國國家生活的意義〉,收入:卓新平、薩耶爾(編),《基督宗教與當代社會:國際學術研討會文集》(北京:宗教文化出版社),頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">172-175</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卡維波,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1997</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈一場性革命正在發生〉,收入:何春蕤(編),《呼喚臺灣新女性──《豪爽女人》誰不爽?》(臺北:元尊文化出版公司),頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">348-367</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴侶盟多元成家草案——臺灣同志遊行聯盟聲明稿,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">http://twpride.org/twp/?q=node/113</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2013/12/31</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吳敏倫,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1997</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,《性禁忌》(香港:聚賢館文化有限公司),頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">28</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">34</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李威,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈同性婚姻入法</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首度公開激辯〉,《臺灣立報》,資料轉引自:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=http://www.ccu.edu.tw/show_newspaper.php?id=11062</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015/02/27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">亞歷山大.漢密爾頓(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alexander Hamilton</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、詹姆斯.麥迪遜(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">James Madison</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、約翰.傑伊(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">John Jay</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(著),尹宣(譯),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,《聯邦論》(南京:譯林出版社)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法務部,《公民及政治權利國際公約》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=http://www.humanrights.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=267063&ctNode=30640&mp=200</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015/03/23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">張宏誠,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2002</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,《同性戀者權利平等保障之憲法基礎》(臺北:學林文化事業有限公司)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曼德,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈基督教憲政自成憲政一派〉,普世社會科學研究網,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=http://www.pacilution.com/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4330</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2013/12/31</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陸詩薇,(缺),〈同性婚姻制度〉,《臺灣伴侶權益推動聯盟》,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=http://tapcpr.wordpress.com/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴侶盟草案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">草案簡介</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性婚姻制度(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014/02/11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陸詩薇,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈平等奔流,不容隔離:婚姻平權三大常見法律疑義解析〉,《全國律師》,頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4-12</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曾焯文,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈近親戀文學史初稿〉,收入:何春蕤(編),《性/別政治與主體形構》(臺北:麥田出版社),頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">99-110</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">漢夫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(Theodor Hanf)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(著),卓新平(譯),</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2003</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈宗教社團與國家:合作的障礙和機遇:歐洲之經驗〉,收入:卓新平、薩耶爾(編),《基督宗教與當代社會:國際學術研討會文集》(北京:宗教文化出版社),頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">113-115</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">簡至潔,〈多元成家,我支持!你呢?〉,臺灣伴侶權益推動聯盟,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=http://tapcpr.wordpress.com/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴侶盟草案</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">草案簡介</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多元成家,我支持!你呢?(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014/02/11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啓文,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,《是非曲直:對人權、同性戀的倫理反思》(香港:宣道)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啟文,〈同性婚姻是人權嗎?〉,「關懷.啟示.文化」──關啟文個人網頁,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2012/11/blog-post_22.html</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2015/03/23</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">嚴思祺,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈臺北彩虹大遊行主推社會支持同志權利〉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BBC</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中文網,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">URL=http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/trad/china/2013/10/131026_taipeigaypride_ysc.shtml</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014/02/11</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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J. Epstein, 2011, “Cuomo signs New York gay marriage bill,” POLITICO, URL=<a href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0611/57749.html#ixzz1QK2bsRus">http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0611/57749.html#ixzz1QK2bsRus</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2015/03/23</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吳紹文亦說:「一夫一妻的神聖婚姻,根本就是基督教的概念,從來都不是普世價值。」這就奇怪了,中國大陸現在也採納一夫一妻制,難道她是基督教國家嗎?說到底,同性婚姻或多元婚姻更不是普世價值!見</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李威,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2013/10/15</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈同性婚姻入法</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首度公開激辯〉,《臺灣立報》,資料轉引自:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=<a href="http://www.ccu.edu.tw/show_newspaper.php?id=11062">http://www.ccu.edu.tw/show_newspaper.php?id=11062</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2015/02/27</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 10pt;">例如</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">11</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 10pt;">月</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">30</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 10pt;">日<span style="background: white;">「為下一代幸福讚出來!」活動,便有這些界別的領袖及民眾參與,見:〈</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">1130</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="background: white; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 10pt;">為下一代幸福讚出來照片分享〉,臺灣守護家庭,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=<a href="https://taiwanfamily.com/?p=319">https://taiwanfamily.com/?p=319</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2013/12/31</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中文翻譯參考:亞歷山大.漢密爾頓(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alexander
Hamilton</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、詹姆斯.麥迪遜(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">James Madison</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)、約翰.傑伊(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Jay</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)(著),尹宣(譯),</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 2010</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,《聯邦論》(南京:譯林出版社),頁</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">640</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歐洲國家政教關係有不同模式,見漢夫</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(Theodor
Hanf)</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(著),卓新平(譯),</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2003</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈宗教社團與國家:合作的障礙和機遇:歐洲之經驗〉,收入:卓新平、薩耶爾(編),《基督</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教與當代社會:國際學術研討會文集》(北京:宗教文化出版社),頁</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">113</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">-115</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">加布里爾</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(Karl
Gabriel)</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(著),</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">谷裕</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(譯),</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2003</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈教會組織形式及其對德國國家生活的意義〉,收入:卓新平、薩耶爾(編),《基督</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">宗</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教與當代社會:國際學術研討會文集》(北京:宗教文化出版社),頁</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">17</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">-175</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <a href="http://twpride.org/twp/?q=node/113"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴侶盟多元成家草案</span>——<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣同志遊行聯盟聲明稿</span></a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=http://twpride.org/twp/?q=node/113</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2013/12/31</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曼德,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2013</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<span class="usercontent">〈基督教憲政自成憲政一派〉,普世社會科學研究網,</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=<a href="http://www.pacilution.com/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4330">http://www.pacilution.com/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4330</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2013/12/31</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小元是我的批評者,他認為「<span class="usercontent">關教授反對同性婚姻的真正理由,是來自於其對於同性婚姻的污名和狹隘的宗教理解,儘管包裝在學術和法律的說法下。」這指控是完全沒有根據的,〈同文〉根本沒有訴諸任何宗教教義。我有提到「宗教自由」的重要性,但這是因為它是一項普世人權。縱使我今天喪失宗教信仰,我仍然看不到有甚麼充足的理據去支持同性婚姻。下面也會指出小元對我有關法理的論點的批評,都是難以成立的。小元,</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2011</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同光教會對關啟文教授「同性婚姻是人權?」演講之回應〉,</span></span><span class="uistreamsource2"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Tasbravo?ref=stream"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣青少年性別文教會(好性會)</span></a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=</span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Tasbravo/posts/250389388352040">https://www.facebook.com/Tasbravo/posts/250389388352040</a></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2015/03/23</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)</span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Steven Smith, 2013,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">The red herring of ‘marriage equality’,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><a href="http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/the-red-herring-of-marriage-equality?utm_source=LifeSiteNews.com+Daily+Newsletter&utm_campaign=c1d4a651a6-LifeSiteNews_com_Intl_Headlines_04_04_2013&utm_medium=email">http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/the-red-herring-of-marriage-equality</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2015/03/23</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-HK; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Peter Westen, 1990, <i>Speaking
of Equality: An Analysis of the Rhetorical Force of “Equality” in Moral and Legal
Discourse </i>(Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press).</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我嘗試搜查《兒童權利公約》和《消除一切形式對婦女歧視公約》,實在找不到哪裡提到「性傾向與性別認同」。</span><span lang="X-NONE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">法務部,《公民及政治權利國際公約》,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=<a href="http://www.humanrights.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=267063&ctNode=30640&mp=200" target="1">http://www.humanrights.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=267063&ctNode=30640&mp=200</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2015/03/23</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陸詩薇,〈平等奔流,不容隔離:婚姻平權三大常見法律疑義解析〉,《全國律師》,頁</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">12</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一個政府竟然能寫出如此誤導性的報告,實在叫人失望,似乎她已一廂情願地認定為同運是「先進」的,而且當時過分倚賴同運的意見,並沒有做獨立和仔細的研究,也沒有廣泛諮詢各方面的專家和持不同意見的市民和社會團體。也請注意這報告提及的不單是同性婚姻,更是相當廣泛和含糊的「非婚伴侶與多元家庭」,但這究竟包括甚麼?是否包括一夫多妻、一妻多夫和多夫多妻呢?</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英文判辭是:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">“</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Covenant, has been consistently and uniformly understood
as indicating that the treaty obligation of States parties stemming from
article 23, paragraph 2, <b><i>of the Covenant is to recognize as marriage
only the union between a man and a woman wishing to marry each other.</i>” </b></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Joslin v. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New Zealand</st1:place></st1:country-region>,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Communication no. 902/1999</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">)</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李威,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2013/10/15</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈同性婚姻入法</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首度公開激辯〉,《臺灣立報》,資料轉引自:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=<a href="http://www.ccu.edu.tw/show_newspaper.php?id=11062">http://www.ccu.edu.tw/show_newspaper.php?id=11062</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2015/02/27</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小元,</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2011</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同光教會對關啟文教授「同性婚姻是人權?」演講之回應〉,</span></span><span class="uistreamsource2"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Tasbravo?ref=stream"><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺灣青少年性別文教會(好性會)</span></a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=</span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Tasbravo/posts/250389388352040">https://www.facebook.com/Tasbravo/posts/250389388352040</a></span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2015/03/23</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)</span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體;">Hämäläinen v. Finland, Application no. 37359/09</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: 細明體; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">判辭原件:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">URL=</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/fra/pages/search.aspx?i=001-145768">http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/fra/pages/search.aspx?i=001-145768</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2015/03/23</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我不能完全確定小元的最終立場,因為他「不明白多人或同性婚姻的允許,即使是對『婚姻制度徹底的改變』,又如何造成對社會的傷害。」</span></span><span class="usercontent"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我這清單未必能涵蓋所有可能性,或者還可加</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(M10)</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──其他生物/死物與其他生物/死物的結婚權,例如機械人與機械人結婚,但這應該不會影響正文的推論。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不要以為這是太遙遠的事,我在〈同文〉已提及一日本青年與虛擬人物姐崎寧寧結婚的故事,也不要忘記《我的機械人女友》和</span><i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bicentennial
Man</span></i><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等電影。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> </span><span lang="X-NONE">Stanley Kurtz, 2005, “Here Come
the Brides: Plural marriage is waiting in the wings,” <i>Weekly Standard</i>, Volume 11, Issue 15, December 26, 2005.</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> Ibid.</span><span lang="X-NONE"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: X-NONE; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE"> Elizabeth F. Emens, 2004, "Monogamy's
Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence," <i>New York
University Review of Law & Social Change</i>.</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: #0070c0;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曾焯文,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2000</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈近親戀文學史初稿〉,收入:何春蕤(編),《性/別政治與主體形構》(臺北:麥田出版社),頁</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">99-110</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">109</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">卡維波,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1997</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈一場性革命正在發生〉,收入:何春蕤(編),<span class="newsheadline1">《呼喚臺灣新女性──《豪爽女人》誰不爽?</span>》(臺北:元尊文化出版公司),頁</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">354</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李威,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2013/10/15</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,〈同性婚姻入法</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">首度公開激辯〉,《臺灣立報》,資料轉引自:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=<a href="http://www.ccu.edu.tw/show_newspaper.php?id=11062">http://www.ccu.edu.tw/show_newspaper.php?id=11062</a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2015/02/27</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關啓文,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2005</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,《是非曲直:對人權、同性戀的倫理反思》(香港:宣道),頁</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrew Sullivan, 1997, <i>Same-sex
Marriage: Pro and Con</i> (New York: Vintage Books), pp. 89, 363.</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陸詩薇,(缺),〈同性婚姻制度〉,《臺灣伴侶權益推動聯盟》,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=<a href="http://tapcpr.wordpress.com/%E4%BC%B4%E4%BE%B6%E7%9B%9F%E8%8D%89%E6%A1%88/%E8%8D%89%E6%A1%88%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6">http://tapcpr.wordpress.com/<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">伴侶盟草案</span>/<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">草案簡介</span>/<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">同性婚姻制度</span></a></span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2014/02/11</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是一個重要和複雜的課題,請參考以下網頁:性文化資料庫,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">URL=https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/category/</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">逆向歧視(</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">2015/03/23</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">瀏覽)。</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Robert P.
George, “Marriage & the Illusion of Moral Neutrality,” in <i>Toward the Renewal of Civilization:
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Quinlivan (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans), pp. 114-127.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> David
Blankenhorn, 2007, <i>The Future of Marriage
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> David
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Marriage-Equality_Taiwan-April-2015edited.doc#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-size: 10pt;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以下書籍以整本書有條理地為自然婚姻觀提供理性辯護:</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sherif
Girgis, Ryan T. Anderson, Robert George, 2012, <i>What is Marriage? Man &
Woman: A Defense</i>(New York: Encounter Books),.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-21500430973885352322015-06-01T02:41:00.001-07:002015-06-01T02:41:19.161-07:00回應同運 為的是公義和共善<img height="320" src="https://scontent-hkg3-1.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xaf1/v/l/t1.0-9/10502128_10152902133568316_7525937193495053857_n.jpg?oh=f879fed92dfcd19f2ddefdc3200d9be1&oe=55C11D76" width="320" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif;">我努力回應同運已十多年,然而也不斷反省,究竟我的堅持,是否有充足的理據?又是否能持守清潔的良心呢?最近教會內有一些聲音,擔憂教會回應同性戀議題的態度過於強硬,會最終失去同性戀者。亦有人認為我們應雍容大度,不能只維護教會自身利益,更要甘心情願去受苦,所以不應懼怕甚麼逆向歧視。另一些人認為教會的「反同運動」是一個基本錯誤,因為教會在公共空間只應回應公義議題,而不應關注道德議題。我們積極回應同運,難道真的做錯了嗎?不。</span><br />
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首先,要區分同運與同性戀者,面對同性戀者時,我們不能忘記聖經除了有性倫理外,還有最大的誡命──就是愛,所以我們要對他們有無條件的愛,教會也要學習與他們同行,我也與一些教會牧者一同發起《真愛同行牧養約章》。當然,這方面還有很多需要努力的地方。</div>
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然而我們不能把個人問題與政治問題混為一談,反對高度政治化的同運不代表反對同性戀者本身。當然,我們並不需全盤否定同運的訴求,但政治訴求最終會影響所有人,假若同運訴求是不合理的,如侵犯其他人的權利或對社會共善(common good) 有嚴重的負面影響,我們也應該質疑,不能因為同情同性戀者的困境就忘記,我們同時有守望他人權利和社會公益/共善的責任。耶穌在論到教會做光做鹽時,特別提到:「鹽若失了味,怎能叫它再鹹呢?」這是指出教會有無可替代的角色。我認為這點在回應同運時非常適用,環顧全球,同運已是一種非常強大的力量,特別在西方已開始形成霸權的局面,無人敢捋其虎鬚,惟有教會還在負隅頑抗。其實在香港情況也差不多,不少人質疑為何教會偏向關注同運,似乎是「單一議程」。我同意教會除了關心道德議題外,也應盡量關心社會公義和政制等問題,但若連教會也不關心道德議題(特別是同運),在香港還有誰去回應呢?所以教會在這裏有無可替代的角色,實在不容輕忽。</div>
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同運現在包裝成「平權」運動,聽起來好像無可指摘,但我們要認清同運的真相,特別在西方同運已演變成一種壓逼性的社運,一方面透過同性婚姻制度化和反性傾向歧視法例等法例,以強制手法把同運價值觀強加於整個社會。另一方面同運也開始當代的「獵巫」,對還敢公開反對同運意識形態的人,極力打擊和邊緣化。</div>
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例如Julea Ward是美國東密芝根大學的心理輔導碩士學生,成績非常優秀,但因感到自己不適合去輔導一個同性戀者,要求轉介其他輔導員,就被開除。攝影師Elaine會為同性戀者拍攝生活照片,只是堅持良心自由,不願承接同性commitment ceremony的生意,就被控告和罰款。(不提供花和蛋糕的基督徒也面對同樣命運。)有宗教背景的Ocean Grove Camp Meeting Association拒絕出租場地給同性伴侶舉行儀式,亦被控告。</div>
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二零一四年,美國加州州立的大學,取消了二十三個基督徒團契的學生組織地位,理由是那些團契不讓公開的同性戀者競逐領袖職位。將來香港的大學團契會否面對同等遭遇呢?二零一五年初,英國裁判官Richard Page,因為相信孩子需要父母而被停職,並要接受「平等課程」的再教育。同性戀異見人士已成為二等公民,經常被有權力的人針對,但亦得不到保障。最近美國亞特蘭大的消防總長,便因為私人出版的著作(當中表達不認同同性戀),被市長撤職。</div>
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本來言論自由、結社自由、良心自由和宗教自由都是普世人權,但只要不贊同同性戀,這些權利都一律取消,並且生計、學業和尊嚴都受到打擊,這樣合符公義原則嗎?個別基督徒固然可以雍容大度,放棄自己的權利,但教會可以為別人作決定嗎?我們不是要為別人的權利發聲和努力嗎?回應同運,本來就是為了公義。</div>
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同運與性解放運動是盟友,如香港同運領袖小曹就提倡性解放,最近亦高度讚揚婚姻中的「開放關係」,否定性忠誠的需要,即是說夫妻可相愛,但同時各自有其他性伴侶。世界性的同運都以在學校灌輸這類價值為目標,這樣對社會的風氣和青少年發展有益嗎?難道教會不應該為了守護社會的共善,也作點回應嗎?</div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 28.7999992370605px;">《基督教週報 》</span>第 <a href="http://www.christianweekly.net/2015/ti20150412.htm" style="color: #2244ee; text-decoration: none;">2642</a> 期(2015 年 4 月 12 日) ◎ 教會觸覺 ◎ 關啟文</div>
關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400905519105427685.post-60890430002367280812015-03-30T00:49:00.000-07:002015-03-30T00:49:03.060-07:00還是忘不了「理」──再請教周一嶽主席<div style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; line-height: 23.0400009155273px;">
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;">首先我們很多謝周一嶽主席撥冗蒞臨出席我們於2015年3月10日主辦的「忘不了理」交流對話公開講座,理性探討同性戀議題。是晚反應熱烈,接近二百人出席。發問環節踴躍,最後逾時40分鐘講座才結束,周主席始終耐心應對,盡顯誠意。會後我們收到不少意見,大多認為未能盡釋疑問,期望我們可以進一步跟進。鑑於周主席認同要理性對話,我們冒昧再一次請周主席賜教。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><strong>「性小眾」:定義是甚麼?哪些需要法律保障?</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 請讓我們再一次澄清,將「同性戀」與「亂倫」、「孌童」並置,稱為「性小眾」的是同運人士,譬如香港的小曹和台灣的何春蕤、張宏誠等,關啟文教授在會上是引用他們的說法。<a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[1]</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 周主席回應時表示,「社會希望保障性小眾,性小眾包括了甚麼呢?就是LGBTI……而性傾向方面則有3大類,就是LGB(女同性戀、男同性戀和雙性戀)」。(PR,1:04:50)<a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[2]</a>然而,雖經與會者多次追問,他卻沒有解釋為何不保障同運人士提出的其他性傾向。撇開犯法的不提,<a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[3]</a>有人喜歡多方關係,根據同運這也屬性小眾,亦不為社會普遍接受,既然周主席認為免受歧視是基本人權,為何周主席不將多元關係性傾向也納入保障範圍呢?究竟標準何在呢?為甚麼兩個同性之間的戀愛要保障,三人或更多卻又不用保障呢?這是否「不平等」呢?套用周主席的說法:「理據在哪裡?理論是甚麼,我們都應該講清楚。」(QA,15:30)</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><strong>性傾向天生,不能改變?</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 台下有聽眾問周主席根據哪些科學證據宣稱性傾向不可改變。<a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[4]</a>周主席回應:「我們根據世界權威性的精神科學會,他們都很清晰地表達他們的立場,包括了英國[精神科]學會、美國精神科學會,甚至香港的精神科學會。」(QA,31:30)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 然而,英國皇家精神病醫學院於2014年4月發表立場聲明,當中提到「性傾向並非不可改變,於一生之中也可能出現不同程度的變化。」<a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[5]</a>此外,我們已提出一些反面的例子,譬如前美國心理學會主席Dr. Nicholas Cummings向美國新澤西州的最高法院宣誓作證,指出他和其同事在任職的南加州凱薩醫院,治療超過一萬八千名同性戀者,有三分之二獲得正面結果。在這些求助者之中,包括那些尋求改變性傾向的,Dr. Cummings和其同事有份見證著數百名人士能成功改變性傾向。還有Joseph Nicolosi和Stanton Jones的研究。<a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[6]</a></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 我們認同改變性傾向不容易,求助者亦未必能發展出異性戀傾向。然而,改變卻非不可能,有很多「後同」群體的親身經驗不容輕率否定。而且,相信最重要的原則是尊重受困擾者的自決權利。無論是斷然否定改變性傾向的可能,或稱之為「拗直」,均是不尊重他們。周主席多次強調「尊重」,但奈何他的尊重似乎是有高度選擇性的,而選擇標準基本上是以同運論述為依歸。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 另一爭論點是性傾向是否天生。周主席同意「性傾向不一定是遺傳」,但仍強調是「與生俱來」的,這說法令與會者感到困惑:假若一種特質是與生俱來,但又不是在遺傳因子裡,那究竟是在哪裡呢?這不是不可能,但也不能隨便假設是真理。周主席實在需要進一步解釋究竟他在說甚麼?其理據又何在?</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 此外,周主席聲稱曾與某些專家討論,他們表示同性戀形成的先天因素多於後天因素。(QA,36:06)台下有精神科醫生對此表示質疑,他留意到現時研究顯示後天因素更重要,並指出研究結論是更重要的參考證據,因此要求周主席提供進一步證據。我們也希望周主席能為自己的公開言論提供堅實的根據,而不只是道聽塗說。</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><strong>同性戀者被剝奪了哪些基本權利?</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 周主席經常宣稱同性戀者的某些基本權利被剝奪,因此需要立法保障。有與會者認同關教授所言,國際人權宣言所保障的基本人權是每一位香港市民均擁有的,包括同性戀者,並問周主席,究竟同性戀者被剝奪了哪些基本權利。(QA,19:50)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 也許是周主席未有了解問題,他以為問題是問同性戀者在哪一方面受到歧視:「至於現時同性戀者他們受到哪一方面的歧視,我希望到七月的時候我可以答你,因為現正進行研究……」(QA,20:25)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 發問者再追問:「剛才我說的,不是面對歧視,而是他們缺少了哪些基本的權利,即是剛才關教授所說的,在國際人權公約下面提及的基本人權。」(QA,21:45)周主席則又是分享聽到的歧視經歷作回答(QA,22:10),其實關教授在發言時已表明,「有否在社會受歧視」不能與「有否法律的權利」混為一談,現在也有肥胖人士或同性戀異見分子受歧視,那為何周主席沒有提出肥胖人士或同性戀異見分子是「二等公民」和欠缺某些基本的法律權利呢?他的關注又似乎是選擇性的。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 最後周主席也說不上同性戀者有甚麼基本人權被剝奪。假若「制訂歧視法以保障某類別人士免受歧視」是基本人權,便應該立一條「全包」歧視法,而非挑選個別群組立法保護。若周主席說不出個所以然來,恐怕會讓人覺得周主席只是搶佔道德高地,在概念不清不楚的情況下將他要爭取的項目定義為「基本人權」,而把對手標籤為「剝奪別人基本人權的惡棍」?</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><strong><em>每一個人</em>都不應該受到歧視?</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 關教授指出周主席經常表示「每一個人都不應該受到歧視」,但往往只把這原則應用到性小眾上,卻拒絕應用到其他人身上,所以有與會者詢問周主席如何保障同性戀異見人士所受的歧視(逆向歧視)。周主席回答說:「總括剛才關教授提出的事例來說,首先我認為資料不是很足夠,因為每一個事例也沒有詳盡的描述提供。第二方面,有很多問題都是首先歧視同性戀者之後,因這行為而產生的反應……」(QA,39:30)講座中不能提供詳盡資料應無可厚非,然而我們早在2013年已跟周主席會面,並提交不同而詳盡的「逆向歧視」案例給平機會,也提供了來源資料供查考,似乎周主席從來沒有去跟進這些事例。當然,現在我們仍然歡迎平機會進一步查詢,或邀請我們去向平機會員工詳細解釋這些個案。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 然而周主席對這些逆向歧視的解釋也是非常不公正的,他們都是先歧視人嗎?如會上關教授提出一個簡單的問題(按照Adrian Smith的真實案例)<a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[7]</a>:假設一個人沒有具體行為傷害同性戀者,他只是在facebook評論同性婚姻在教堂行禮是“equality too far”(平等得過分了),就被降職和大幅減薪,對他公平嗎?(QA,40:30)其實他只是評論一個公共政策,的確與同運議程不同,但這就是應受懲罰的「歧視」嗎?他只是行使他的言論和思想自由,根本不能指控他在歧視誰。在這情況下,他受到如此惡意和傷害性的對待,難道也不算是受到歧視嗎?周主席回答:「在公眾媒體作出侮辱性言論會被控告。」(QA,41:00)關教授追問:「只是在facebook評論同性婚姻在教堂行禮“equality too far”是否侮辱性呢?」周主席最後仍以資料不足為由迴避作答,但假若他認為Adrian Smith的簡單和溫和的評論就是要受禁制的「侮辱性」言論,那實在叫人心寒。再者,周主席高調聲稱不被歧視是每一個人的基本人權,何故於不認同同性戀的人士所遇到的歧視竟猶如視而不見呢?這是平等尊重所有人嗎?</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><strong>結語</strong></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 我們重申,我們認同平機會一些提倡男女平等和種族平等、關懷弱勢社群的工作。然而,同性戀議題涉及廣泛爭議,性傾向歧視條例影響深遠,我們希望周主席能正面回應我們的憂慮,特別是當這倡議牽涉花費公帑,以及要從平機會現有資源抽調部分來推動立法。我們不是要證明周主席的同性戀論述必然錯誤,甚至認為周主席可以不認同我們的看法,但作為平機會主席及動用平機會資源,他是否應該正視合理的爭議,而非偏向某種有合理疑點的立場呢?縱使周主席聲稱他沒有偏袒同運人士,然而,同運一方的說辭和資料,他毫不質疑地全盤接納,相反,不管反對方提交多少研究數字、逆向歧視案例,他都輕輕一句「資料不足」而閉門不納,著實令人失望。期盼平機會不要在一個有巨大爭議性的社會議題上,偏向一方,而忽略另一方,真正「建設一個沒有歧視、崇尚多元、包容共濟的社會,<strong><em>人人</em></strong>共享平等機會」。</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"> 總結今次的對話交流,周主席的回應似乎只是重覆之前的論調;對於與會者的提問,他也未能提供令人滿意的數據或答案,令人感覺他在迴避問題。然而,我們期望,今次的對話是一個開始,開啟雙方真誠溝通之門,也懇請周主席和平機會繼續跟進和回應我們的問題。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[1]</a> 詳情請參關啟文,〈是誰把同性戀與戀童相提並論?回應周一嶽〉,取自:<a href="http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2013/12/blog-post_27.html" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;">http://kwankaiman.blogspot.hk/2013/12/blog-post_27.html</a>。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[2]</a> 講座錄影片段的時間,下同。錄影片段分開演講與回應和答問環節兩段,可從以下網址觀看:<br />演講與回應(PR):<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSTED4dVHyA&feature=youtu.be" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSTED4dVHyA&feature=youtu.be</a>;</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;">答問環節(QA):<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLRlyjIMDYU&feature=youtu.be" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLRlyjIMDYU&feature=youtu.be</a>。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[3]</a> 其實以前同性成年人之間的肛交也是非法的,當時就是認為這是他們的私隱權,所以要非刑事化。現在一些自由主義者已用同樣理由去質疑對亂倫等行為的禁制,所以周主席不能因為這些行為現在是非法的,就推論它們不應受法律保障。最後他還是要交待他用的是甚麼標準去區分各種性行為。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[4]</a> 其實周主席對這問題的立場也是不清楚,他好像說有一些雙性戀者是可以稍為改變,成為異性戀者的,所以也不是完全不可改變。然而有時他又好像說性傾向是完全不能改變,前後有點矛盾。首先要指出,周主席以上解釋是與研究結果不符的,不少研究首先會把對象分類,然後再紀錄他在輔導後的改變,有不少宣稱有改變的人先前是「純粹同性戀」(exclusively homosexual) 或「差不多純粹同性戀」(nearly exclusively homosexual) 的。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[5]</a> Royal College of Psychiatrists’ statement on sexual orientation, retrieved from<a href="http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/PS02_2014.pdf" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;">http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/PS02_2014.pdf</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[6]</a> 詳情請參我們在2014年初出版的《哪種平等?誰的機會?──平機會對同性戀議題的言論考察報告》第五章。本報告備有電子版本可供網上閱讀:<a href="http://issuu.com/hkscsbooks" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;">http://issuu.com/hkscsbooks</a>。</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="chi" style="font-family: SimHei, 新細明體, 黑體;"><a href="http://scs.org.hk/b5_news_details.php?id=205&type=1#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;" title="">[7]</a> 詳情請參以下逆向歧視案例:<a href="https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/facebook%E7%95%99%E8%A8%80%E4%B8%8D%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E6%96%BC%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82%E3%80%8C%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A%E3%80%8D%E9%81%AD%E5%89%8A%E8%81%B7%E5%8F%8A%E9%99%8D" style="color: #147087; text-decoration: none;">https://hkscsblog.wordpress.com/2013/10/01/facebook留言不認同同性戀於教堂「結婚」遭削職及降</a>。</span></span></div>
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關啟文http://www.blogger.com/profile/06365200490994806058noreply@blogger.com