Kai-man KWAN, Department of Religion and Philosophy, Hong KongBaptistUniversity
Liberalism has
long been the dominant political philosophy in the West. However, since the
eighties, it has been challenged by communitarian critics like Michael Sandel
(1982), Charles Taylor (1985, 1990), Alasdair MacIntyre (1981, 1988, 1990), and
Michael Walzer (1983). One typical example of the liberal-communitarian
controversy is the prolonged debate between Michael Sandel, a prominent
communitarian, and John Rawls, a leading liberal, which has gone on for nearly
thirty years. The earlier Rawls’ A Theory
of Justice (1971) attempts to provide a universalist justification of
liberalism,[1]
and argues for the priority of the right over the good. Sandel, in his Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (1982),
argues that Rawls has presupposed a controversial and defective theory of
self-identity: a conception of unencumbered self who can choose to attach to any
community at will. Sandel argues instead that personal identity is at least
partially constituted by his communal ties and the values he is committed to.
Later Rawls moves towards a political conception of liberalism which eschews
controversial doctrines, tries to be neutral towards different comprehensive
theories, and builds the just political order upon the overlapping consensus
alone (Rawls 1980, 1985). This culminates in his Political Liberalism (1993).